Tail chasing is a behaviour exhibited in dogs that is characterized by spinning in tight circles in either direction, and can be slow and focused on the tail or fast and unfocused.[1] It is a compulsion similar to those seen in humans suffering from OCD[2][3] and it can be quite disruptive to the lives of the dogs themselves, as well as their owners.[4][5] Some causes have been suggested, including genetic factors,[6] and environmental factors that vary depending on the individual dog.[7][2] Furthermore, treatment options include drugs that decrease the frequency of tail chasing by targeting the underlying mechanisms, and behavioural changes regulated by the dog's owners.[4][5][8]

Problematic behaviour

It is common for problems to arise when dogs compulsively chase their tails.[4][5] One case study described a dog who began to lose weight, demonstrated aggressive behaviour when its owner attempted to stop the chasing, and became uninterested in enjoyable daily activities, such as walks and eating.[5] Another case study described a dog with similar symptoms but who also injured its tail and head while chasing its tail.[4] Furthermore, with increased tail chasing behaviour, the injuries become more serious, such as fractures from the animals often banging into things while chasing their tails, getting skin abrasions and infections from creating open wounds on the tail, and abrasions on the pads of their feet.[1] The most serious cases can result in amputation or even euthanasia if other treatments are unsuccessful. Surveys from owners suggest that tail chasing diminishes quality of life for the dog and usually interferes with the relationship between dog and owner.[1]

Parallels with human disorders

Dog chasing tail

OCD

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in humans is characterized by the onset of intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges (obsessions), that are typically eased through a certain behaviour (compulsions).[9] In addition, it can present early in life or later. One study also found that OCD has a high comorbidity with other disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).[10] Dogs who chase their tails are often described as having Canine Compulsive Disorder (CD), as they seem to compulsively chase their tails,[2] it has been described as appearing as early as two months old,[1] and the behaviour can worsen or become more frequent when the animal is stressed.[4]

ASD

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has also been known to develop early in life and a common symptom is repetitive behaviours. It has also been shown that most of the children with ASD were also hard to distract from any task they were focused on.[11] Tail chasing has been compared to autism as it usually starts with random outbursts and then as the compulsion progresses, it becomes more frequent and more difficult to distract the dog from doing it.[1] Bull Terriers who exhibit tail chasing have been found to have increased serum neurotensin and corticotropin-releasing hormone levels, an increase also seen in children with ASD. The same study found elevated noise sensitivity amongst the Bull Terriers who tail chased, which is a common sensitivity for people with ASD.[12]

Causes and treatments

Causes

Bull Terrier, one of the most common tail chasers

Tail chasing and other compulsive behaviours in dogs, such as fly snapping and blanket suckling, have been associated with breed,[7] stressful situations, seizures,[4][5] and possibly the CDH2 gene.[6] Tail chasing behaviour is most common in Bull Terriers and German Shepherds,[1] but can also be seen in other breeds, like Doberman Pinschers[6] and Shiba Inus.[7] A study in Japan found significant effect of breed on tail chasing,[7] while another found bull terriers and German Shepherds had the earliest onset of the behaviour.[2]

In regards to stressful situations, case studies have shown that common triggers for tail chasing are situations in which the dog is uncomfortable, such as meeting new people or anticipating a stressful event.[4][5] Another study showed similar findings in that about 30% of owners reporting that stressful or frustrating situations triggered tail chasing.[1]

Seizure activity has also been associated with tail chasing. A correlation between tail chasing and seizure activity was insignificant, but it was higher than the correlations between tail chasing and sex, trance-like behaviour, noises, and skin allergies, which are all also associated with tail chasing.[1] Further, a case study showed seizure activity localized in the lateral hypothalamus or cerebellum as one of the diagnosing criteria in a dog who problematically chased its tail.[4]

In terms of genetic contributions, there is some debate, as one finding suggests that all compulsive-type behaviours are linked to higher expression of the CDH2 gene,[6] while another found no such correlation between gene and tail chasing behaviour.[2]

Other potential causes have been suggested in addition to those listed above.[13] One study suggests a possible influence of where the dog was bought (pet store or breeder), saying that dogs bought from pet stores were more likely to chase their tails, and they also suggested the possibility that being homed with other dogs may be a trigger.[7] Another study found that tail chasing was more common in males than in females, suggesting a possible sex difference.[1]

Treatments

Treatment for tail chasing is usually a combination of drug and behavioural therapy that is suited to the cause of tail chasing for the specific animal.[4][5] Fluoxetine, an SSRI used to treat compulsive disorders, is a common drug used to treat CD and tail chasing. One study did find that hypericin was more effective at treating tail chasing than fluoxetine.[8] Other drugs used to treat tail chasing include sedatives such as acepromazine, for those who are triggered by stressful or fearful situations, and anti-seizure medication such as gabapentin, for those who have seizures that could be increasing the behaviour.[4][5]

Behavioural treatment for tail chasing mainly involves physically inhibiting the dog from completing the behaviour (e.g. with a muzzle) by preventive measures or interrupting the behaviour. It is also important to keep a regular daily routine that includes walks and regular feeding times, and playing, while avoiding potential stressors, such as loud noises and strangers. In addition, it is also common to gradually return the dog into potentially stressful situations in a controlled manner to habituate them to normal activities while preventing triggering an episode.[4][5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Moon-Fanelli, Alice A.; Dodman, Nicholas H.; Famula, Thomas R.; Cottam, Nicole (2011-04-01). "Characteristics of compulsive tail chasing and associated risk factors in Bull Terriers". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 238 (7): 883–889. doi:10.2460/javma.238.7.883. PMID 21453176. The present study provides detailed phenotypic and developmental information about tail chasing in dogs and illustrates some intriguing parallels with human obsessive-compulsive disorder and possibly autism.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Tiira, Katriina; Hakosalo, Osmo; Kareinen, Lauri; Thomas, Anne; Hielm-Björkman, Anna; Escriou, Catherine; Arnold, Paul; Lohi, Hannes (2012-07-26). "Environmental Effects on Compulsive Tail Chasing in Dogs". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41684. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041684. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3406045. PMID 22844513.
  3. ↑ Frank I. Tarazi; John A. Schetz (2007). Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-59259-856-4. Other OCD-like behaviors that have been reported in canines are circling, tail-chasing...
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bain, Melissa J.; Fan, Christina M. (2012-03-01). "Animal Behavior Case of the Month". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 240 (6): 673–675. doi:10.2460/javma.240.6.673. PMID 22380802.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Denenberg, Sagi (2015-04-15). "Animal Behavior Case of the Month". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 246 (9): 967–969. doi:10.2460/javma.246.9.967. PMID 25875666 – via cabi.org. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
  6. 1 2 3 4 Dodman, N H; Karlsson, E K; Moon-Fanelli, A; Galdzicka, M; Perloski, M; Shuster, L; Lindblad-Toh, K; Ginns, E I (January 2010). "A canine chromosome 7 locus confers compulsive disorder susceptibility". Molecular Psychiatry. 15 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.111. ISSN 1476-5578. PMID 20029408.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Goto, Akiko; Arata, Sayaka; Kiyokawa, Yasushi; Takeuchi, Yukari; Mori, Yuji (2012). "Risk factors for canine tail chasing behaviour in Japan". The Veterinary Journal. 192 (3): 445–448. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.004. PMID 21993593.
  8. 1 2 Mosallanejad, Bahman; Najafzadeh Varzi, Hossein; Avizeh, Reza; Pourmahdi, Mahdi; Khalili, Fatemeh (2015). "Comparative evaluation between hypericin (hypiran) and fluoxetine in treatment of companion dogs with tail chasing". Veterinary Research Forum. 6 (2): 167–172. ISSN 2008-8140. PMC 4522532. PMID 26261714.
  9. ↑ Grover, Sandeep; Sarkar, Siddharth; Gupta, Gourav; Kate, Natasha; Ghosh, Abhishek; Chakrabarti, Subho; Avasthi, Ajit (2018). "Factor analysis of symptom profile in early onset and late onset OCD". Psychiatry Research. 262: 631–635. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.006. PMID 29033063. S2CID 39726419.
  10. ↑ Hofer, Patrizia D.; Wahl, Karina; Meyer, Andrea H.; Miché, Marcel; Beesdo-Baum, Katja; Wong, Shiu F.; Grisham, Jessica R.; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich; Lieb, Roselind (2018). "Obsessive–compulsive disorder and the risk of subsequent mental disorders: A community study of adolescents and young adults". Depression and Anxiety. 35 (4): 339–345. doi:10.1002/da.22733. ISSN 1520-6394. PMID 29489041. S2CID 3581607.
  11. ↑ Larsen, Kenneth; Aasland, Astrid; Diseth, Trond H. (2018-02-08). "Identification of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life at Day-Care Centres by Day-Care Staff: Step One in the Development of a Short Observation List". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 48 (7): 2267–2277. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3489-x. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 29423606. S2CID 46823260.
  12. ↑ Tsilioni, I; Dodman, N; Petra, A I; Taliou, A; Francis, K; Moon-Fanelli, A; Shuster, L; Theoharides, T C (14 October 2014). "Elevated serum neurotensin and CRH levels in children with autistic spectrum disorders and tail-chasing Bull Terriers with a phenotype similar to autism". Translational Psychiatry. 4 (10): e466. doi:10.1038/tp.2014.106. ISSN 2158-3188. PMC 5190146. PMID 25313509.
  13. ↑ "Why Do Dogs Chase Their Tails?". Bored Cesar. Retrieved 2018-04-10.
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