Syzygium densiflorum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Syzygium
Species:
S. densiflorum
Binomial name
Syzygium densiflorum
Wall. ex Wight & Arn.
Synonyms[2]
  • Eugenia arnottiana Wight
  • Syzygium arnottianum (Wight) Walp. nom. illeg.

Syzygium densiflorum is a species of evergreen tree in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats mountains, India.[3] The species is categorised as Vulnerable in the IUCN Red List.[1]

Description

These are large canopy trees up to 35 m tall. The tree trunk is cylindrical, with grey or blackish-grey bark, smooth or rough and shiny.[3][4] The canopy fans out into branchlets that are nearly cylindrical (sub-terete). The branchlets, petioles, and leaves are hairless. The leaves are simple, entire, and set in an opposite and decussate arrangement on twigs. The leaf petioles are about 1 to 2.3 cm long and canaliculate (marked with a groove). The leaf blade is about 3.5 – 9 cm long by 1.8 – 3.7 wide, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic oblong in shape with a pointed apex (acuminate to caudate) and an acute to attenuate base. The lamina is dotted with pellucid glands has a midrib that is grooved above, and a nerve running parallel to the margin (intra-marginal nerve). The leaves have many slender parallel secondary nerves, while the tertiary nerves are not prominent. When dry, the leaves are olive green in colour.[3][5]

The inflorescence and fruits form in terminal positions on the tips of branchlets as dense clusters, in 3-branched (trichotomous) cymes or cymose umbellules. The bisexual flowers are creamy white to white, about 10 – 12 mm long, and sessile. The petals are free and deciduous, with many free stamens. The ovary is inferior and 2-celled with many ovules, single style and simple stigma. The fruit is a fleshy berry, oblong or oblong to egg-shaped, green when unripe and purple when ripe, with a single seed.[3][5]

Taxonomy

The species has two known synonyms: Eugenia arnottiana Wight and Syzygium arnottianum Walp.,[6]

Common names

The species has been given a putative common name of Arnott's Mountain Black Plum,[7] probably based on the synonym Eugenia arnottiana. Other known local names include: Umanaral (Kadar), Nir-naaval, Naaval, Nagay (Tamil), Kaattunjaval, Aatunjaval, Karinjaval, Ayuri, Karayambuvu, Njaval, and Vellanjaval (Malayalam).[4]

Distribution and Status

The species is found in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, in southern Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. It has been variously reported as occurring across an elevation range of between 1500 and 2300 m,[3] 1200 and 2400 m,[8] but a recent survey records occurrence between 860 and 2300 m.[4] In Tamil Nadu, the species is reported from the Western Ghats in the Districts of Nilgiris, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Theni, Tirunelveli and Kanniyakumari.[7] In Kerala, it occurs in the mountains in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram, Idukki, Pathanamthitta, Palakkad, Kozhikkode, Kollam, Wayanad.[5]

The species is listed as Vulnerable.[1]

Ecology

This endemic, evergreen species occurs as a canopy tree in the mid- and high-elevation tropical wet evergreen rainforests and shola forests of the southern Western Ghats.[3][4][5] The trees flower between March and May,[4] and is reported to fruit between April and May[8] or in June.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Syzygium densiflorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38820A10151100. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T38820A10151100.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Syzygium densiflorum - MYRTACEAE". www.biotik.org. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Madhavan, A.P.; Bhat, Kshama; Kasinathan, Srinivasan (2022). Last Ones Standing: Eleven Threatened Trees of the Western Ghats Rainforests. Mysuru: Nature Conservation Foundation. pp. 26–29. ISBN 9788195466306.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wt. & Arn. | Species". India Biodiversity Portal. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  7. 1 2 Narasimhan, D.; Irwin, S. J. (2021). Flowering Plants of Tamil Nadu: A Compendium. Chennai: Care Earth Trust. p. 669. ISBN 9788195002009.
  8. 1 2 Fischer, C.E.C. (1921). A Survey of the Flora of the Anaimalai Hills in the Coimbatore District, Madras Presidency (Records Of The Botanical Survey Of India Vol IX, No 1: 1-218). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing.


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