Worldwide commercial synthetic fuels plant capacity is over 240,000 barrels per day (38,000 m3/d), including indirect conversion Fischer–Tropsch plants in South Africa (Mossgas, Secunda CTL), Qatar (Oryx GTL), and Malaysia (Shell Bintulu), and a Mobil process (Methanol to Gasoline) plant in New Zealand.[1][2]

Numerous large projects are under construction in China and Qatar. Some analysts believe that Chinese CTL production will exceed that of South Africa by 2015,[3] and new and existing GTL capacity in Qatar should also exceed the July 2009 South African production level some time in 2011.[4]

Existing producers

The leading company in the commercialization of synthetic fuel is Sasol, a company based in South Africa. Sasol operates the world's only commercial Fischer Tropsch coal-to-liquids facility, Secunda CTL, with a capacity of 150,000 barrels per day (24,000 m3/d).[5]

Sasol's Oryx Fischer Tropsch gas-to-liquids plant in Ras Laffan Industrial City, Qatar is running at 29,000 barrels per day (4,600 m3/d) capacity, near its anticipated 34,000 barrels per day (5,400 m3/d) nameplate capacity.[6]

Royal Dutch Shell operates a 14,700 barrels per day (2,340 m3/d) Fischer Tropsch gas-to-liquids plant in Bintulu, Malaysia.[7]

The Mossgas gas to liquids plant in South Africa produces 45,000 barrels per day (7,200 m3/d) of Fischer Tropsch synthetic fuels.[8]

Shenhua Group completed a trial run in mid-2009, and achieved stable operation in November 2010 of their 1.08 million ton per year (roughly 22,200 barrels per day (3,530 m3/d)) direct coal liquefaction plant (Erdos CTL) in Ejin Horo Banner in north China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region. Shenhua eventually intends to expand the facility to 5 million tons per year (roughly 102,000 barrels per day (16,200 m3/d)).[9] The Shenhua also expects to complete a 6 Million ton per year (3 Million TPY first phase) coal-to-fuel project using its own Fischer Tropsch indirect conversion technology next to the Inner Mongolia plant in the third quarter of 2009.[10][11] In September 2011, Shenhua reported profitable operation of its new CTL plant during the first half of the year 2011. The total production of the liquid fuel during that period was 470,000 t and the cost was equivalent to ~60 USD per barrel of crude oil.[12]

Other companies that have developed coal- or gas-to-liquids processes (at the pilot plant or commercial stage) include ExxonMobil, StatoilHydro, Rentech, and Syntroleum.[13][14]

Several companies have commercially viable plastics-to-liquid-fuel plants, including Cynar PLC (UK) and Agilyx Corp. (Oregon, USA).[15]

Projects under construction

The Pearl GTL project, a joint venture of Shell and QatarEnergy, is under construction in Ras Laffan, Qatar, and will produce 140,000 barrels per day (22,000 m3/d) of Fischer Tropsch petroleum liquids starting in 2011 (first train) and 2012 (second train).[16]

The Escravos GTL project in Nigeria is expected to produce 34,000 barrels per day (5,400 m3/d) of Fischer Tropsch synthetic fuel in 2013.[17]

Yankuang expects to break ground shortly on a 22,000 barrels per day (3,500 m3/d) (1 million ton per year) indirect synthetic fuels project. Final products will include 780,800 tons of diesel, 258,400 of naphtha, 56,480 of LPG.[18]

Proposed projects

United States

In the United States, a number of different synthetic fuels projects are moving forward, with the first expected to enter commercial operation starting in 2015.

Baard Energy, in its Ohio River Clean Fuels project, is developing a 53,000 barrels per day (8,400 m3/d) Fischer Tropsch gas and biomass to liquids project with the carbon capture and sequestration. Pending close of a financing package, Baard hopes to begin on site preparation work before the end of 2009, with plant construction starting in 2010. Initial project startup is anticipated in 2013, with full production capacity targeted in 2015.[19][20][21]

DKRW Advanced Fuels LLC is developing a 10,600 barrels per day (1,690 m3/d)[22] methanol to gasoline (Mobil process) coal to liquids plant with carbon capture and sequestration (through carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery) in Medicine Bow, Wyoming.[23] The project is expected to begin operation in 2015.[24]

Germany

Choren Industries in Freiberg, Germany was the only operational Biomass to Liquids (BTL) demonstration plant that produces 300 barrels of Fischer Tropsch fuels per day.

India

Bioleum Resources is building India's first Biomass to Liquids plant near Pune, India.

Aviation fuel

An effort has been undertaken to certify various synthetic fuels for use in US and international aviation fleets. This is being led by an industry coalition known as the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative(CAAFI),[25] also supported by a parallel initiative under way in the US Air Force to certify synthetic fuels for use in all aviation platforms.[26] The US Air Force has certified 99% of it fleet for use with a 50/50 blend of conventional and FT Synthetic Fuel.[27]

The CAAFI initiative has also succeeded in achieving full ASTM certification for a 50/50 blend of both FT-SPK and HEFA synthetic fuels for use in civilian aviation platforms.[28]

On 1 February 2008, a three-hour Airbus A380 test flight operated between Britain and France, with one of four engines using a mix of 60% standard jet fuel and 40% GTL fuel supplied by Shell.[29] The aircraft needed no modifications, Airbus said the GTL used has the same CO2 emissions but contains no sulphur for better air quality.[30]

In April 2008, Sasol announced that they have achieved the first approval for 100% synthetic jet fuel use sanctioned by global aviation fuel specification authorities.[31]

On 12 October 2009, a Qatar Airways Airbus A340-600 conducted the world's first commercial passenger flight using a mixture of kerosene and synthetic Gas-to-Liquid fuel in its flight from London's Gatwick Airport to Doha.[32]

On 15 July 2011 Lufthansa has launched a 6-month biofuel trial on regular scheduled flights. The route selected for the test flights is Hamburg-Frankfurt-Hamburg and it will be covered by an Airbus 321 with the registration D-AIDG.[33]

JBUFF (Joint Battlespace Use Fuel of the Future) fuel

Future blends and fuel formulations may result in a JBUFF (Joint Battlespace Use Fuel of the Future) or a single battlespace fuel that can be used in both diesel and jet fuel application. A JBUFF fuel will allow for rapid deployment and logistic enhancement for military and emergency aid environments where various types of equipment can be operated with one fuel in place of several types of fuel.[34][35]

ISFuel Incorporated received a patent for the formulation of fully synthetic joint fuel.[36]

Initial consumers

In addition to their certification efforts, the United States Air Force has publicly stated their intention to fuel half of their domestic US flights with synthetic fuel by 2016.[37] The commercial aviation industry, working with potential suppliers via CAAFI, is also pushing hard to secure sources of fuel.[38]

The United States Department of Energy projects that domestic consumption of synthetic fuel made from coal and natural gas will rise to 3.7 million barrels per day (590×10^3 m3/d) in 2030 based on a price of $57 per barrel of high sulfur crude.[1]

Non-transportation "synfuel"

Numerous American companies (TECO, Progress Energy, DTE Energy, Marriott) have also taken advantage of coal-based synfuel tax credits established in the 1970s, although many of the products qualifying for the subsidy are not true synthetic fuels.[39]

The coal industry uses the credit to increase profits on coal-burning powerplants by introducing a "pre-treatment" process that satisfies the technical requirements, then burns the result the same as it would burn coal. Sometimes the amount gained in the tax credit is a major factor in the economic operation of the plant. The synfuel tax credit has been used primarily in this manner since the cheap gas prices of the 1980s stopped any major efforts to create a transportation fuel with the credit, and its continuation is seen as a major "pork project" win for coal industry lobbyists, costing $9 billion per annum.[39][40] The total production of such synfuels in the United States was an estimated 73 million tons in 2002.

The synthetic fuel tax credit, Section 45K, under which these activities occurred, expired 31 December 2007.[41]

References

  1. 1 2 Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with Projections to 2030 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Energy Information Administration. 2006. pp. 52–54. DOE/EIA-0383(2006). Retrieved 2009-07-09.
  2. ↑ Motor-fuel production at the New Zealand Synfuel site has been shut down since the mid nineties, although production of methanol for export continues. This site ran on the Mobil process converting gas to methanol and methanol to gasoline.http://www.techhistory.co.nz/ThinkBig/Petrochemical%20Decisions.htm
  3. ↑ "China CTL to Exceed South Africa by 2015". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  4. ↑ sum of existing production at Oryx and planned production at Pearl "Pearl Gas-to-Liquids Plant, Ras Laffan, Qatar". Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  5. ↑ "Sasol Inzalo |" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-07. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  6. ↑ Flak, Agnieszka (2009-03-09). "Sasol: Oryx plant running at near-design capacity". Reuters.
  7. ↑ "Shell GTL plant in Bintulu, Malaysia". Archived from the original on 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  8. ↑ "The Global Syngas Technologies Council" (PDF).
  9. ↑ "Shenhua's coal-to-oil project to start trial operation in July". Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  10. ↑ "Sasol, Shenhua Group May Complete Coal-to-Fuel Plant by 2013". Bloomberg. 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
  11. ↑ "Shenhua Coal Conversion Technology and Industry Development" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  12. ↑ "China Shenhua returns profit on CTL project". Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  13. ↑ "C&en: Cover Story - Catalyzing Gtl".
  14. ↑ "Gas to liquids". Archived from the original on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  15. ↑ "American Chemistry Council". Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  16. ↑ "Pearl Gas-to-Liquids Plant, Ras Laffan, Qatar". Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  17. ↑ "Cost of delayed Chevron Nigeria plant now $8.4 bln". Reuters News. 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
  18. ↑ "Yankuang to invest 13.5 bln yuan in CTO project". Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  19. ↑ "Baard Energy website, Ohio River Clean Fuels section". Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  20. ↑ "Investors move forward with Baard Energy plant". Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  21. ↑ "Outlook for Clean Fuels from Coal and Biomass, Steve Dopuch, Baard Energy, L.L.C., March 7, 2009". Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved 2009-07-23.
  22. ↑ "Coal-to-gas plant in discussions with national lab". CBS News. 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
  23. ↑ "DKRW website, Medicine Bow Project section". Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  24. ↑ "Coal to liquids: getting greener?". Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
  25. ↑ "Significant progress made towards adoption of semi-synthetic aviation fuel" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  26. ↑ "Synthetic Future, USAF Pushes Ahead With Fuel Production Despite Price Drop". Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  27. ↑ Undersecretary of the Air Force Erin C. Conaton (Sep 20, 2011). "Leadership, Balance and Strategic Opportunities". Remarks at the Air Force Association's 2011 Air & Space Conference & Technology Exposition. US Air Force.
  28. ↑ "ASTM Aviation Fuel Standard Now Specifies Bioderived Components". July 1, 2011.
  29. ↑ Graham Dunn (1 February 2008). "Airbus conducts A380 alternative-fuel demonstration flight". Flight International.
  30. ↑ Dan Lalor (1 February 2008). "A380 makes test flight on alternative fuel". Reuters.
  31. ↑ "Sasol - 100% Synthetic Fuel Wins First-Time Approval for Use Internationally in Commercial Aviation". April 9, 2008.
  32. ↑ "Lufthansa launches regular scheduled biofuel flights". Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved 2011-07-15.
  33. ↑ "Qatar Airways Makes GTL History". Downstream Today. 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
  34. ↑ "DOD & DOE Assured Fuels Initiative Slide 12 & 13" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02.
  35. ↑ "Integrated Synthetic Fuel Incorporated Developing 100% Joint Synthetic Fuel".
  36. ↑ "Patent application title: Formula for Joint Synthetic Jet, Rocket, And Diesel Fuel US 20120101317 A1".
  37. ↑ "U.S. Air Force Plans Coal-to-Fuel Conversion Plant". Fox News. 2008-03-24. Archived from the original on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  38. ↑ "Commercial Alternative Aviation Fuels Initiative, Function and Focus". Archived from the original on 2013-08-23. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
  39. 1 2 Barlett, Donald L.; Steele, James B. (2003-10-04). "The Great Energy Scam". Time. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
  40. ↑ Barlett, Donald L.; Steele, James B. (2006-02-26). "A Magic Way to Make Billions". Time. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  41. ↑ "Headwaters INC. 10-K SEC filing". Yahoo! Inc. 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2009-07-22.
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