The Synagogue of El Tránsito (Spanish: Sinagoga del Tránsito), also known as the Synagogue of Samuel ha-Levi or Halevi,[1] is a historic synagogue, church, and Sephardic museum in Toledo, Spain. Designed by master mason Don Meir (Mayr) Abdeil,[2] it was built as an annex of the palace of Samuel ha-Levi Abulafia, treasurer to King Peter of Castile, in 1357.

The synagogue was converted into a church after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.[3] It was briefly used as military barracks during the Napoleonic Wars of the early 1800s.[4] It became a museum in 1910, formally known today as the Sephardic Museum.[5] Besides being a historic building, it's also known for its rich stucco decoration, Mudéjar style, and women's gallery.

Ark of the synagogue

History of building

Bust of Samuel ha-Levi

Synagogue

The synagogue was built around 1357, under the patronage of Samuel HaLevi Abulafia.[3] His family had served the Castilian kings for several generations and included kabbalists and Torah scholars such as Meir and Todros Abulafia. Another of the same name, Todros Abulafia, was one of the last poets to write in the Arab-influenced style favored by Jewish poets in twelfth and thirteenth-century Spain.[6]

Located within Toledo's medieval Jewish quarter,[7] the synagogue is connected to Samuel haLevi Abulafia's house by a gate and was intended as a private house of worship. It also served as a center for Jewish religious education or yeshiva.[3]

Some scholars suggest that Peter of Castile assented to the construction of the synagogue as a token of appreciation for haLevi Abulafia’s service as counselor and treasurer to the king.[1] Peter may also have allowed it to compensate the Jews of Toledo for the persecution of Jews during the Black Death in 1348.

Throughout the 14th century, Spanish Regional Councils had sparked a prohibition on the construction of Jewish synagogues. As to why the construction of this synagogue would have been allowed remains debated, but scholars reason that it was due to Samuel halevi's relationship with the King Peter of Castile, or the fact that it was a private home.[7] It may also be that limitations did not apply in Castile to synagogues built in private houses, which was a common way to pass the ban on creating new synagogues in both Christian and Muslim areas.[8] Often times construction would be allowed after payment of a fee or bribe. More recent evidence also suggest that the synagogue was built over an older synagogue, thus forming a loophole in the ban since this was perhaps was not viewed as a new construction.[7]

Samuel haLevi eventually fell out of favor with the king .[9] He was arrested in December 1360 on corruption charges, imprisoned in Seville, and tortured to death.[8]

In 1391, during a wave of anti-Jewish killings, the Jewish quarter of Toledo was attacked, but the synagogue was saved.[2]

Church

After the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, the synagogue was converted to a church.[3] It was given to the Order of Calatrava by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.[6] The Order is said to have converted the building into a church serving a priory dedicated to Saint Benedict. It was from its time as a church that the building acquired the name “El Tránsito,” which refers to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.[3] In the 17th century the church's name changed to Nuestra Señora del Tránsito: the name derives from a painting by Juan Correa de Vivar housed there which depicted the Transit of the Virgin.[10]

Military barracks

The synagogue was used as military headquarters during the Napoleonic Wars.[4]

National monument and museum

In 1877 the building became a national monument. The transformation of the building into the Sephardi Museum, as it is now called, started around 1910. It was initiated by the Vega-Inclan Foundation.[4]  In 1964, a royal decree established the Museo Sefardi, located in the Synagogue of Samuel ha-Levi.[5] Four years later, in 1968, it was renamed the National Museum for Hispanic-Hebraic Art.[5] The building, which is in a good state of conservation, remains a museum.

Restorations

Subsequent to its conversion to a Catholic church and its use as military barracks, the building underwent several periods of restoration. The first phase began in 1879 with the cleaning and repair of the hechal (Torah ark), the restoration of at least fourteen lattices, and the removal of various Hebrew inscriptions. In 1884, Arturo Mélida y Alinari replaced Francisco Isidori as the head architect of the project, focusing mainly on the roof, façade, and reinforcements. The building fell back into disrepair before it became part of the Casa Museo del Greco in 1911, when a new large-scale phase of restorations began. Scaffolding that had been put up in previous decades was removed, along with partitions from the women's gallery. The wooden church choir and portions of the interior were restored. The addition of a library to the lower part of the gallery, which has since become an important center for Hebrew studies, entailed the demolition of large portions of the façade.[4]

Architecture

With the apparent approval of the king, ha-Levi defied the laws that required synagogues to be smaller and lower than churches and plain when it came to decoration. The prayer hall is rectangular and measures 23 × 9.5 meters (roughly 75.5 feet × 29.5 feet) and has a 12-meter-high ceiling (close to 40 feet) and features Nasrid-style polychrome stucco-work, multi-foil arches, and a massive Mudéjar artesonado ceiling. Hebrew inscriptions praising the king and ha-Levi himself, Arabic inscriptions, and quotations from the Psalms can also be seen. There were also Christian elements in the architecture that mixed muqarnas ornament with heraldry and vegetal motifs that were common in Christian and Islamic buildings as well as in  synagogues of the time. The ornamentation also bears the ha-Levi coat of arms, a borrowing of Christian architectural customs. Arabic inscriptions surround the prayer room and are intertwined with the floral patterns in the stucco. They are in Kufic-style script and include positive devotional affirmations and praises of God common in Islamic architecture. All along the prayer hall are large larchwood frames made with inlaid carved polychrome of ivory.[11] The original floor which only some parts have been preserved were covered in mosaics.[5] It is illuminated by a multitude of windows.

Women were separated from men during services; a second-floor gallery was reserved for them. The gallery is located along the southern wall, having five broad openings looking down towards the ark of the Torah (called in the Sephardic tradition the hechal, hejal, heichal or heikal). The hechal developed a design innovation in the form of a great façade that had three vertical panels with a sebka motif in the center panel,[12] as well as muqarnas cornices with vegetal and garden motifs.

The architecture of El Tránsito influenced other 14th century synagogues, like the Cordoba Synagogue, which shared the three-panel façade hechal design and the Mudéjar architecture.

In contrast with the highly ornamented interior, the exterior of the synagogue was built of brick and stone and was plain and largely unadorned. The mixed stone and brick exterior walls are simple, with an aljima window (a pair of horseshoe arches) over the entry door.[2] This left the synagogue an unassuming building that did not stand out from its surroundings, except in that its tall roof elevated it slightly above the adjacent buildings.[13]

The eastern wall received the most extensive ornamentation. It is divided into six pieces and is made of cedar wood.[5] Its top half is decorated with septfoil arches, while the centre piece is patterned with arabesques.[14] It is thought that Samuel Ha-Levi imported the wood from Lebanon to imitate King Salomon.

Mudéjar

El Tránsito synagogue is a significant example of medieval Spain's mudéjar, or Islamic-inspired, style of art and architecture.[15] Its façade was and remains a prime example of mudéjar architecture in Al-Andalus which symbolizes the social status, power, and influence of Samuel Ha-Levi.[16] Ha-Levi often interacted with the Nasrid dynasty's court in Granada at the palace of the Alhambra and very likely spoke Arabic.[15] Because of this, it is believed he was inspired by the architecture and emulated it for the synagogue.

Around the same time as the construction of the synagogue and the Alhambra by Muhammad V, Peter of Castile restored the Alcazar of Sevilla, a historic Almohad fortification with Nasrid architectural and mudéjar design elements.[2] Muhammad V and Peter of Castile were allies on occasion.[15] They are thought to have shared their architects and artisans to build the most opulent and luxurious palaces.[15] As the king's treasurer, ha-Levi traveled between Seville, Granada, and Toledo while the synagogue was in construction.[15] He also negotiated with the king's contractors and architects over construction expenses. As a result, he must have benefited from the same architects, masons, and design and architectural ideas.[15]

Islam architecture and aesthetic mixed with the Castilian coat of arms are significant in that it indicates a connivance from Ha-Levi towards the dominating religions.[16] The fact that Samuel was entrusted with the use of the Castile seal indicates his power and reliability with Peter of Castile and his reign.[15]

Hebrew and Arabic Inscriptions

The Arabic inscriptions in the Synagogue are decorative, though legible, and are not affiliated with the Quran. They are placed away from the Eastern wall (the Synagogue's focal point) and higher up, they were also meant as a good sign of interfaith.[8] For example one of these reads: al-yumnu wa s-salāmätu wa l-ʿizzätu wa l-karāmätu:


Unpointed scriptio continua (archigraphemes):

ا لٮمں و ا لسلا مه و ا لعر ه و ا لكر ا مه


Transliterated:

A LBMN W A LSLA MH W A LER H W A LKR A MH


Pointed:

اليمن والسلامة والعزة والكرامة


Vocalised:

أَلْيُمْنُ وَٱلسَّلَامَةُ وَٱلْعِزَّةُ وَٱلْكَرَامَةُ


Transcribed:

al-yumnu wa s-salāmätu wa l-ʿizzätu wa l-karāmätu


Translated:

Good fortune, [and] peace, [and] power, [and] generosity


The inscription is continually repeated like in most Andalusian decorative texts:

ا لٮمں و ا لسلا مه و ا لعر ه و ا لكر ا مه ا لٮمں و ا لسلا مه و ا لعر ه و ا لكر ا مه ا لٮمں و ا لسلا مه و ا لعر ه و ا لكر ا مه


The Hebrew inscriptions, however, draw from Psalms. It mentions Ariel, a reference to Jerusalem.[16] The Hebrew inscriptions surrounding the coat of arms, reads as follows in English:

Of the graces of the Lord let us sing and of the works of the Lord according to what he has bestowed on us and hath done great things with us...instituting judges and ministers to save his people from the hand of Enemies and oppressors

And there is no King in Israel, he hath not left us without a Redeemer

He is the bulwark tower, which since the day of the exile of Ariel None like him has risen in Israel

For the Name and the glory and the praise

Known is his name in Israel since the day he dwelt on his land and stood before Kings

To him who stands in the breach

And seeks the good of his people

Head of the exile of Ariel,

The select of the leaders.

The crown and the great man of the Jews

To him peoples come from the ends of the Earth

....He is the ruler of the land

The great tamarisk

Fort of strength and greatness

He ascended in the degrees of greatness in accordance with his praise, and great and holy

Will he be called

The right pillar upon which the House of the Levite (Halevi) and the House of Israel are set

And who can count his praises?

His virtues and his deeds

Who can recount

And who will attain to complete praise

Diadem of rule Prestige of Dignity

He stands at the head of the order

Exalted among the exalted of the Levites of God Samuel Ha-Levy

The man raised on high

May God be with him and let him go up

He found grace and

Favor in the eyes of the great eagle, the great one, the man of war and the man of the middle

The fear of whom has fallen on all peoples

Great is his name among the nations

The great King, our shelter and our lord the King Don Pedro

May God aid him,

And increase His might and his glory

And guard him as the shepherd of his flock

The King has made Him great and exalted him

And raised his throne above all the ministers....

And without him shall no man lift up his hand or his foot

And the nobles bowed themselves to him with their face to the ground....

Through all the land is he known among

The peoples heard

His fame has been heard through all the kingdoms,

And he has been to Israel as a savior" [8]

Also on the Eastern wall, above the blind arches, is a foundational plaque dedicated to Samuel HaLevi. Due to its deteriorating state, the exact date is not clear; however, scholars are able to determine the year by using Hebrew words that double as numbers in the language.[17] In the plaque, the Hebrew letters טוב ליהודים that when added together amount to 5122 using the Hebrew calendar, the equivalent to 1357 in the Gregorian calendar.[17]


The exalted pious prince of princes of Levi…has exceeded in all deeds by building a house of prayer for the Lord God of Israel… and he commenced building this house in the year (1357)[8]

Below the Coat of arms of Castile and León lies yet another Hebrew inscription, expressing admiration for the beauty of the synagogue. It references Bezalel and the biblical story in which he is chosen to build the Tabernacle, creating an allusion to haLevi himself:[16]

And its atriums for those attentive to the perfect Law/and its seated places for those who sit in His shadow/of such a type that those who see it must almost say: The design of this [temple]/ is like the design of the work by Bezalel/Walk, nations, and enter through its doors/And look for God, since like the house of God it is, like Bethel" [16]

In the prayer room, on top of the four walls the ceiling, just below the ceiling we find the following inscription:

Inscription surrounding the Castile and Leon coat of arms

"See the sanctuary now consecrated in Israel

And the house which was built by Samuel with a pulpit of wood for reading the law

With its scrolls and its crowns all for God

And its lavers and lamps to illuminate

And its windows like the windows of Ariel" [8]

Some experts believe the inscriptions also refer to another renowned Samuel, a Levite named Samuel ibn Naghrela (993-1056), a significant Jewish leader throughout the Middle Ages, both Samuels were proud of their Levitic ancestry.[18]

Motifs

Islamic vegetal patterns

The starry sky that decorates the frieze of the synagogue represents the idea of heaven. While the floor, which contains vegetal patterns, signifies the Earth. This is important, as it represents the separation of heaven and Earth, and its relation to Jerusalem.[16] According to Jewish belief, Jerusalem, being situated on the highest place on the planet, serves as a sort of in-between for heaven and Earth, and is, by consequence, the place closest to heaven. In the synagogue, there is a stucco carving within the clerestory, as well as towards the bottom of the wall a representation of Jerusalem.[16] This symbolic reference to Jerusalem comes from the story of Genesis. The symbolic placement stucco mixed with the inscriptions (discussed above) is reminiscent of the Alhambra, since Ha-Levi's intention was that the spectator could read the architecture and art like a book—as is seen in Islamic alcázar and mosques in Al-Andalus.


References

  1. 1 2 Lopez Alvarez, Ana Maria; Palomero Plaza, Santiago; Alvarez Delgado, Yasmina (1992). "Nuevos datos sobre la historia de la sinagoga del Tránsito". Sefarad. 52 (2): 473–500. doi:10.3989/sefarad.1992.v52.i2.972.
  2. 1 2 3 4 ""El Transito" Synagogue in Toledo, Spain". Museum of the Jewish People. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Borras Gualis, Gonzalo; Lavado Paradinas, Pedro; Pleguezuelo Hernandez, Alfonso (2019). Mudéjar Art: Islamic Aesthetics in Christian Art. Museum Ohne Grenzen (Museum With No Frontiers). pp. 365–368. ISBN 978-3902782144.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ortiz Pradas, Daniel (2004-07-01). "LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA SINAGOGA DEL TRÁNSITO". Goya. July/October 2004 (301/302): 275–288 – via EBSCOhost Art & Architecture Source.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Sephardic Museum of Toledo". AEJM. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  6. 1 2 ""El Transito" Synagogue in Toledo, Spain". Beit Hatfutsot. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  7. 1 2 3 The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61811-054-1. OCLC 797832961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ray, Jonathan (2011). The Jew in Medieval Iberia. Academic Studies Press. ISBN 9781618110541.
  9. ↑ Dodds, Jerrilynn D.; Menocal, Maria Rosa; Krasner Balbale, Abigail (2009). ""Brothers"". The Arts of Intimacy: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Making of Castilian Culture. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0300142143.
  10. ↑ The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61811-054-1. OCLC 797832961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ↑ “The Synagogue Known as El Tránsito in Toledo.” A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day 2013: 911-927.
  12. ↑ Muñoz-Garrido, Daniel (2020-01-12). "The Medieval Synagogue of Molina de Aragón: Architecture and Decoration". Arts. 9 (1): 9. doi:10.3390/arts9010009. ISSN 2076-0752.
  13. ↑ Meddeb, Abdelwahab; Stora, Benjamin, eds. (2014-01-01). A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations: From the Origins to the Present Day. Princeton University. 911 - 927. doi:10.1515/9781400849130. ISBN 978-1-4008-4913-0.
  14. ↑ ""El Transito" Synagogue in Toledo, Spain". Museum of the Jewish People. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61811-054-1. OCLC 797832961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Muñoz-Garrido, Daniel (2017). Gharipour, Mohammad (ed.). Synagogues in the Islamic World: Architecture, Design and Identity. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 127–144. ISBN 978-1-4744-6843-5.
  17. 1 2 Muñoz-Garrido, Daniel (2020). "The Medieval Synagogue of Molina de Aragón: Architecture and Decoration". Arts. 9: 9. doi:10.3390/arts9010009.
  18. ↑ The Jew in medieval Iberia : 1100-1500. Jonathan Ray. Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-61811-054-1. OCLC 797832961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
    • (in Spanish) Official Website
    • https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-death-of-the-virgin/54ac6ccc-5624-421c-9c48-bb4827dc0a8c
    Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinagoga del Transito.

    39°51′21″N 4°01′46″W / 39.8557°N 4.02944°W / 39.8557; -4.02944


    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.