Sterling submachine gun
Sterling L2A3 (Mark 4) submachine gun
TypeSubmachine gun
Place of originUnited Kingdom
Service history
In service1944–present
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
DesignerGeorge William Patchett
Designed1944
ManufacturerSterling Armaments Company
Produced1953–1988
No. built400,000+
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Mass2.7 kilograms (6.0 lb)
Length686 millimetres (27.0 in)
Folded stock: 481 millimetres (18.9 in)
Barrel length196 millimetres (7.7 in)
Cartridge9×19mm Parabellum
ActionStraight blowback
Rate of fire550 rounds/min
Effective firing range200 metres (220 yd)
Suppressed: 50–100 metres (55–109 yd)
Feed system34-round box magazine or 32- or 50-round box magazine from the Sten and Lanchester
SightsIron sights

The Sterling submachine gun is a British submachine gun (SMG). It was tested by the British Army in 1944–1945, but did not start to replace the Sten until 1953. A successful and reliable design, it remained standard issue in the British Army until 1994,[18] when it began to be replaced by the L85A1, a bullpup assault rifle.

History

In 1944, the British General Staff issued a specification for a new submachine gun to replace the Sten. It stated that the new weapon should weigh no more than six pounds (2.7 kg), should fire 9×19mm Parabellum ammunition, have a rate of fire of no more than 500 rounds per minute, and be sufficiently accurate to allow five consecutive shots (fired in semi-automatic mode) to be placed inside a one-foot-square (30 cm × 30 cm) target at a distance of 100 yd (91 m).

To meet the new requirement, George William Patchett, the chief designer at the Sterling Armaments Company of Dagenham, submitted a sample weapon of new design in early 1944.[19] The first Patchett prototype gun was similar to the Sten insofar as its cocking handle (and the slot it moved back and forth in) was placed in line with the ejection port[20] though it was redesigned soon afterwards and moved up to a slightly offset position.[21] The army quickly recognised the Patchett's significantly increased accuracy and reliability compared to the Sten and ordered 120 examples for trials. Towards the end of the Second World War, some of these trial samples were used in combat by airborne troops during the battle of Arnhem[22] and by special forces at other locations in Northern Europe[23] where it was officially known as the Patchett Machine Carbine Mk 1.[24] For example, a Patchett submachine gun (serial numbered 078 and now held by the Imperial War Museum), was carried in action by Colonel Robert W.P. Dawson while he was Commanding Officer of No. 4 Commando, during the attack on Walcheren as part of Operation Infatuate in November 1944.[25] Because the Patchett/Sterling can use straight Sten magazines as well as the curved Sterling design, there were no interoperability problems.

After the war, with large numbers of Sten guns in the inventory, there was little interest in replacing them with a superior design. However, in 1947, a competitive trial between the Patchett, an Enfield design, a new BSA design and an experimental Australian design was held, with the Sten for comparison. The trial was inconclusive but was followed by further development and more trials. Eventually, the Patchett design won and the decision was made in 1951 for the British Army to adopt it.[26] It started to replace the Sten in 1953 as the "Sub-Machine Gun L2A1". Its last non-suppressed variation was the L2A3 but the model changes were minimal throughout its development life.

Sterling submachine guns with minor cosmetic alterations were used in the production of the Star Wars films as Imperial-issue E-11 blaster rifle props;[27][28] more drastically altered Sterlings were used as Rebel Alliance-issue DH-17 blasters, though this weapon was mostly depicted via resin replicas that were cast from a "hero" prop and only a few live-firing Sterlings were modified compared to those used as E-11s.[29] The E-11 itself would later come to be depicted by non-firing Sterling replicas, namely Model Gun Corporation replicas which were used in Return of the Jedi[30] and S&T Sterling L2A1 airsoft guns which have been used from Rogue One onwards.[31]

Design details

A Sterling submachine gun in the Imperial War Museum

The Sterling submachine gun is constructed entirely of steel and plastic and has a shoulder stock that folds underneath the weapon. There is an adjustable rear sight, which can be flipped between 100 and 200 yard settings. Although of conventional blowback design firing from an open bolt, there are some unusual features: for example, the bolt has helical grooves cut into the surface to remove dirt and fouling from the inside of the receiver to increase reliability. There are two concentric recoil springs which cycle the bolt, as opposed to the single spring arrangement used by many other SMG designs. This double-spring arrangement is intended to give improved reliability when firing 9mm ammunition types other than the British '2Z' standard, which typically have different propellant charges and bullet weights.

The Sterling's double-stack, double-feed box magazine was designed in 1946 by George Patchett. While the original Patchett gun was intended to take Sten or Lanchester magazines, these magazines' lackluster reliability led Patchett to initially redesign the Sten magazine with a roller platform to reduce friction, and then to construct a new double-feed magazine that implemented the earlier roller platform, a stamped metal construction, and a curved magazine body, allowing the 9×19mm round to feed more reliably. The bolt feeds ammunition alternately from the top and bottom of the magazine lips, and its fixed firing pin is designed so that it does not line up with the primer in the cartridge until the cartridge has entered the chamber. In its final iteration, the magazine uses a four-piece construction with scalloped, spot-welded edges and positioning notches.[32][33] While originally intended to hold forty rounds, concerns over the magazine's ability to fit into the ammunition pouch of the then-new 1944 Pattern Web Equipment led the magazine to be shortened to its final capacity of thirty-four rounds;[34] when introducing the Mk 7 Pistol variant in 1983, Sterling produced magazines with capacities of ten and fifteen rounds for that weapon, as well as introducing "twin-stacked" versions of these and the original thirty-four round magazine.[35] The Sterling magazine is said to be one of the best ever designed.[36] While Sterling provided magazines for British Armed Forces weapons, with these being designated as "Magazine, 9mm, L1A1", cost issues led the Ministry of Defence to pursue the design and production of a non-Sterling L1A2 version which used a stamped and electrically seam-welded two-piece construction with a singular positioning lug and was 9.8" long down the rear spine compared to the 9.6" of Sterling-produced magazines.[37] Production Sterlings retain the earlier Patchett gun's compatibility with Sten and Lanchester magazines; while the Lanchester gun is theoretically capable of using Sterling magazines, the same cannot be said for the Sten gun since a Sterling magazine intrudes 3⁄32 inch further into the bolt way than a Sten magazine and so attempting to fire a Sten gun with a Sterling magazine fitted would cause the breech block to foul the rear of the magazine, while attempting to counteract this by withdrawing the magazine by 3⁄32 inch would merely result in the magazine's top round being out of alignment with the breech block by 3⁄16 inches. This issue is not present on Sterling guns fitted with Sten magazines; while the magazine will be 3⁄32 inch further away from the breech block's centre line, the top round remains in line with the breech and so can be reached by the Sterling's more robust feed horns. The Sterling gun and its magazine were purportedly designed this way in order to prevent a situation where, instead of buying the actual Sterling gun, prospective users might only buy its magazines and then use these with their pre-existing Sten guns.[38]

The Sterling employs a degree of what is known as Advanced Primer Ignition, in that the cartridge is fired while the bolt is still moving forward, a fraction of a second before the round is fully chambered. The firing of the round thus not only sends the bullet flying down the barrel but simultaneously resists the forwards movement of the bolt. By this means it is possible to employ a lighter bolt than if the cartridge was fired after the bolt had already stopped, as in simple blowback, since the energy of the expanding gases would then only have to overcome the bolt's static inertia (plus spring resistance) to push it backwards again and cycle the weapon; whereas in this arrangement some of this energy is used up in counteracting the bolt's forwards momentum as well; and thus the bolt does not have to be so massive. The lighter bolt makes not only for a lighter gun, but a more controllable one since there is less mass moving to and fro within it as it fires.[39]

An example of the Mk 5 suppressed variant. The wooden foregrip was unique to commercial and export models and did not not appear on the British-issue L34A1 model.

The suppressed version of the Sterling (L34A1/Mk.5) was developed for covert operations. This version uses a ported barrel surrounded by a cylinder with expansion chambers. The Australian and New Zealand SAS regiments used the suppressed version of the Sterling during the Vietnam War.[40] It is notable for having been used by both Argentinian and British Special Forces during the Falklands War.[41] A Sterling was used by Libyan agents to kill WPC Yvonne Fletcher outside the Libyan Embassy in London, which sparked the 1984 siege of the building.

The Sterling has a reputation for excellent reliability under adverse conditions and, even though it fires from an open bolt, good accuracy. With some practice, it is very accurate when fired in short bursts. While it has been reported that the weapon poses no problems for left-handed users to operate,[42] it is not recommended without the wearing of ballistic eye protection. The path of the ejected cartridge cases is slightly down and backward, so mild burns can occasionally be incurred by left-handed shooters.

Side view showing ejection port and offset cocking handle

A bayonet of a similar design as that for the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle was produced and issued in British Army service, but was rarely employed except for ceremonial duties. Both bayonets were derived from the version issued with the Rifle No. 5 Mk I "Jungle Carbine", the main difference being a smaller ring on the SLR bayonet to fit the rifle's muzzle. When mounted, the Sterling bayonet was offset to the left of the weapon's vertical line, which gave a more natural balance when used for bayonet-fighting.

For a right-handed shooter, the correct position for the left hand while firing is on the ventilated barrel-casing, but not on the magazine, as the pressure from holding the magazine can increase the risk of stoppages, and a loose magazine can lead to dropping the weapon. The barrel-casing hold provides greater control of the weapon, so the right hand can intermittently be used for other tasks. A semi-circular protrusion on the right-hand side of the weapon, approximately two inches from the muzzle, serves to prevent the supporting hand from moving too far forward and over the muzzle.

Manufacture

Argentine POWs guarded by soldiers of 2 PARA with Sterling submachine guns, June 1982

A total of over 400,000 Sterlings was manufactured between 1953 and 1988. Sterling built them at their factory in Dagenham for the British armed forces and for overseas sales, while Liverpool's Royal Ordnance Factory Fazakerley constructed them exclusively for the British military. Production ceased in 1988 with the closing of Sterling Armaments[43] by British Aerospace/Royal Ordnance. Fazakerley no longer makes full weapons, but still manufactures spare parts for certified end users.

Sterling produced its own magazines, with those intended for British military use being marked "L1A1". L1A2 magazines were variously manufactured by Fazakerley, Royal Laboratories Woolwich, Rolls Razor, and Mettoy; out of the 1,723,623 magazines contracted for, Mettoy was to produce 227,262, Rolls Razor was to produce 309,800, and the remaining 1.2 million were produced by Fazakerley and Woolwich.[37]

A Chilean variant was made by FAMAE as the PAF submachine gun but was different externally as it had a shorter receiver lacking the barrel shroud.[44]

Canada also manufactured a variant under licence, called the Submachine Gun 9 mm C1 made by Canadian Arsenals Limited.[45] It is made from stamped metal instead of cast metal and is capable of handling a C1 bayonet, which is only used during public exhibition events and not for combat operations.[46]

A similar weapon, the Sub-Machine Gun Carbine 9 mm 1A1, was manufactured under licence by the Indian Ordnance Factory at Kanpur beginning in 1963,[47] along with a Sub-Machine Gun Carbine 9 mm 2A1, manufactured beginning in 1977.[47] As of 2012, it has been reported that at least 5,000 of these SMGs were made in India.[48]

Variants

  • British Armed Forces
    • Unassigned: Patchett Machine Carbine Mark 1 (trials commenced in 1944)
    • Unassigned: Patchett Machine Carbine Mark 1 & Folding Bayonet (same as above but with folding bayonet, never accepted)
    • L2A1: (Patchett Machine Carbine Mark 2) Adopted in 1953.
    • L2A2: (Sterling Mark 3) Adopted in 1955.
    • L2A3: (Sterling Mark 4) Adopted in 1956. Last regular version in service with the British Army, Royal Marines and RAF Regiment.
    • L34A1: Suppressed version (Sterling-Patchett Mark 5).
    • Unassigned: Various unofficial drill purpose conversions of unserviceable weapons prior to 1973.[49]
    • L49A1: Official drill purpose version introduced in 1973 and converted from unserviceable L2A3s.[50][51]
  • Sterling Mark 6 "Police": a semi-automatic-only closed-bolt version for police forces and private sales. A US export version had a longer barrel (16 in (410 mm)) to comply with Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) regulations. Beginning in 2009, Century Arms began marketing a similar semi-auto only carbine manufactured by Wiselite Arms. These too have a 16-inch barrel. They are assembled using a mix of newly made US parts, and parts from demilitarized Sterling Mark 4 parts kits. This is often marketed as the Sterling Sporter.[52]
  • Sterling Mark 7 "Para-pistol": Special machine pistol variant issued to commando and plainclothes intelligence units. It had a barrel shortened to 4 in (100 mm), fixed vertical foregrip, and weighed 4.84 lb (2.20 kg). If used with a short 10- or 15-round magazine, it could be stowed in a special holster. It also could be used as a Close Quarters Battle weapon with the addition of an optional solid stock.
  • Canadian Army
    • C1 Submachine Gun: Adopted in 1958, replacing the STEN gun in general service.[46] It was different from the British L2 in that it made extensive use of stamped metal parts rather the more expensive castings used by British production SMGs.[46] It also had a removable trigger guard for use with gloves in arctic operations as a standard option, and used a different 30-round magazine with a stamped metal follower. A 10-round magazine was also available for crews of armoured vehicles.
  • Indian Army
    • SAF Carbine 1A: Indian made Sterling L2A1.
    • SAF Carbine 2A1: Sterling Mark V silenced carbine.

7.62 NATO variant

A prototype rifle in the 7.62×51mm NATO calibre was manufactured, using some components from the SMG. The rifle used lever-delayed blowback to handle the more powerful rounds and was fed from 30-round Bren magazines.[53] To prevent ammunition cookoff, the weapon fired from an open bolt. Only one model of the rifle was produced, possibly to test the concepts of a proposed new product. It was not put into production.

Users

Royal Malaysian Police officer with Sterling L2A3 (Mk 4) submachine gun
Indian Navy officer with an Indian manufactured 1A1 Carbine
US Marines of the 2nd Marine Regiment with Kenyan-issue Sterling Mk 4s

Non-state users

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Moss 2018, pp. 41–44.
  2. ↑ Moss 2018, pp. 38–41.
  3. ↑ "Contre les Mau Mau". Encyclopédie des armes: Les forces armées du monde (in French). Vol. XII. Atlas. 1986. pp. 2764–2766.
  4. 1 2 Moss 2018, p. 46.
  5. ↑ Perez, Jean-Claude (March 1992). "Les armes de l'O.A.S." Gazette des Armes (in French). No. 220. pp. 28–30. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  6. ↑ Moss 2018, pp. 49–51.
  7. ↑ Moss 2018, p. 47.
  8. 1 2 Suciu, Peter. "Best Guns of the Vietnam War—Beyond the AK-47 and M16". National Interest. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  9. ↑ "Arms for freedom". The Daily Star. 29 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  10. 1 2 3 Moss 2018, p. 73.
  11. ↑ Jowett, Philip (2016). Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 19 & 43. ISBN 978-1-47281-609-2.
  12. 1 2 3 Moss 2018, p. 65.
  13. ↑ Moss 2018, pp. 51–52.
  14. 1 2 Rottman, Gordon L. (1993). Armies of the Gulf War. Elite 45. Osprey Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-85532-277-6.
  15. ↑ Alpeyrie, Jonathan. "English: Three Maoist rebels are waiting on top of a hill in the Rolpa district to get orders to relocate to another location".
  16. ↑ Small Arms Survey (2012). "Surveying the Battlefield: Illicit Arms In Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia". Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets. Cambridge University Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-521-19714-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  17. 1 2 Jenzen-Jones, N.R.; McCollum, Ian (April 2017). Web Trafficking: Analysing the Online Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Libya (PDF). Working Paper No. 26. Small Arms Survey. p. 95. ISBN 978-2-940548-35-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  18. ↑ Moss 2018, p. 77.
  19. ↑ "Patchett 9 mm Mk I experimental sub machine gun, 1944". National Army Museum, London. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  20. ↑ "Patchett". firearms.96.lt. Archived from the original on 17 July 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  21. ↑ "Patchett machine-carbine". Firearms Curiosa. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  22. ↑ According to Matthew Moss (Moss 2018, p. 38), "Despite much research, however, there is currently no documentary evidence to suggest that trials Patchetts found their way to the legendary battle that consumed Arnhem."
  23. ↑ "Patchett guns". Haulerwijk.com. 19 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  24. ↑ "Patchett Machine Carbine Mk1 (FIR 6232)". Imperial War Museum. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  25. ↑ "Patchett Machine Carbine Mk1 (FIR 6365)". Imperial War Museum. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  26. ↑ "Patchett 9mm Machine Carbine, Experimental (FIR 6160)". Imperial War Museum. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  27. ↑ Rinzler, J.W. (22 October 2013). The Making of Star Wars (Enhanced ed.). New York: Random House LLC. pp. 636–637. ISBN 978-0-345-54286-1.
  28. ↑ "Submachine gun - Star Wars Imperial Stormtrooper E-11 blaster (1976)". Royal Armouries. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  29. ↑ "Submachine gun - Star Wars DH-17 rebel trooper blaster (1976)". Royal Armouries. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  30. ↑ "Lot #754 - STAR WARS: RETURN OF THE JEDI (1983) - Stormtrooper Blaster". Propstore Auction. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  31. ↑ "ROGUE ONE E-11 BLASTER REFERENCE". 1st Imperial Stormtrooper Detachment. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  32. ↑ Fowler, Will (2009). Royal Marine Commando 1950–82: From Korea to the Falklands. Osprey. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-1-84603-372-8.
  33. ↑ Laidler, Edmiston & Howroyd 2020, pp. 290–297.
  34. ↑ Laidler, Edmiston & Howroyd 2020, p. 293.
  35. ↑ Laidler, Edmiston & Howroyd 2020, pp. 299–300.
  36. ↑ Moss, Matthew (9 November 2020). "The Sterling Submachine Gun Magazine: The Best Magazine Ever Designed?". The Firearm Blog. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023.
  37. 1 2 Laidler, Edmiston & Howroyd 2020, pp. 297–299.
  38. ↑ Laidler, Edmiston & Howroyd 2020, pp. 294–295.
  39. ↑ Cutshaw, Charles Q. (28 February 2011). Tactical Small Arms of the 21st Century: A Complete Guide to Small Arms From Around the World. Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-1-4402-2709-7.
  40. ↑ Lyles, Kevin (2004). Vietnam ANZACs: Australian & New Zealand troops in Vietnam 1962–72. Elite No. 103. Oxford: Osprey. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84176-702-4.
  41. ↑ Moss 2018, p. 57.
  42. ↑ L2A3 SMG / Sterling Mk.4: mechanics and basic potted history, Bloke on the Range – via YouTube
  43. ↑ Moss 2018, p. 5.
  44. ↑ "FAMAE PAF". Modern Firearms. 17 November 2018.
  45. ↑ "Canadian Military Police Weapons/Submachineguns". Canadian Military Police Museum. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023.
  46. 1 2 3 "C1 Submachine Gun". Canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  47. 1 2 "Product Development History". Small Arms Factory, Kanpur. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019.
  48. ↑ "Manufacturing of Small Weapons". Press Information Bureau. 21 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023.
  49. ↑ Laidler, Edmiston & Howroyd 2020, p. 282.
  50. ↑ Moss 2018, p. 40.
  51. ↑ Laidler, Edmiston & Howroyd 2020, pp. 282–284.
  52. ↑ "Sterling Patchett". WLA Warehouse.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  53. ↑ "British .308 Sterling prototype". Forgotten Weapons. 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Jones, Richard D., ed. (27 January 2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  55. ↑ van der Bijl, Nick (1992). Argentine Forces in the Falklands. Men At Arms No. 250. Osprey Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-85532-227-1.
  56. ↑ Horner, David (2002). SAS Phantoms of War: A History of the Australian Special Air Service. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508647-9.
  57. ↑ "Bundesheer on the road". Bundesheer Fotoarchiv. 11 September 2006. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Moss 2018, p. 64.
  59. 1 2 3 Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
  60. ↑ "RHKR Equipment - Weapons". The Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers) Association. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  61. ↑ "Sub Machine Gun Carbine 9 mm 1A1". Ordnance Factory Board. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  62. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100928082338/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/9.htm
  63. ↑ "Successful trials of JVPC". Press Information Bureau. 12 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  64. ↑ "Guest Post: Iraqi Contract Sterling MK 4 in Syria". Silah Report. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022.
  65. ↑ "Equipment: Weapons". Jamaica Defence Force. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  66. 1 2 3 Thompson, Leroy (20 September 2012). The Sten Gun. Osprey Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-78096-125-5. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  67. ↑ "World Infantry Weapons: Libya". World Inventory. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016.
  68. ↑ Ezell, Edward (1988). Small Arms Today. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-85368-977-5.
  69. ↑ "SALW Guide Global Distribution and Visual Identification North Korea Country Report" (PDF). SALW Guide. Bonn International Centre for Conflict Studies (BICC). Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  70. ↑ "M3 Grease Guns Re-issued". Timawa.net. 22 February 2005. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
  71. ↑ Locke, Peter G.; Cooke, Peter D.F. (1995). Fighting Vehicles and Weapons of Rhodesia, 1965-80. Wellington, NZ: P and P Publications. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-47302-413-0.
  72. ↑ Cocks, Kerrin (2015). Rhodesian Fire Force 1966-80. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-91029-405-5.
  73. 1 2 Capie, David (2004). Under the Gun: The Small Arms Challenge in the Pacific. Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press. pp. 65–67. ISBN 978-0-86473-453-2.
  74. ↑ Diez, Octavio (2000). Armament and Technology. Barcelona: Lema Publications, S.L. ISBN 84-8463-013-7.
  75. ↑ "Freedom Of Information Request: F-2015-02038. Weapons" (PDF). PSNI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  76. ↑ Fitzsimmons, Scott (November 2012). "Callan's Mercenaries Are Defeated in Northern Angola". Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts. Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–156. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208727.005. ISBN 978-1-10702-691-9. The Cuban-MPLA force possessed far greater quantities and a somewhat better quality of anti-infantry weapons than the mercenaries. The mercenaries were, however, not devoid of adequate weapons to equip their tiny force. For instance, they possessed enough rifles for each soldier. Most were American-made M1 and M2 carbines, though some mercenaries were issued Belgian FN riles, AK-47s, Uzi sub-machine guns, Sten guns, or Sterling [submachine guns]. In addition, Charlie Christodoulou fought with a sawed-off Spanish-made double-barrelled shotgun. Moreover, the force fielded at least four M76 grenade launchers and a handful of general-purpose machine guns

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