Spilomelinae
Mother of pearl, Patania ruralis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Crambidae
Subfamily: Spilomelinae
Guenée, 1854[1]
Genera

see text

Spilomelinae is a very species-rich subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. With 4,135 described species in 344 genera worldwide, it is the most speciose group among pyraloids.[1]

Description

Imagines – the adult life stage – vary considerably in size: the forewing span ranges from 11.5 mm e.g. in Metasia to 50 mm in the robust-bodied Eporidia.[2][3] In resting position, the moths exhibit a characteristic triangular shape, with the wings usually folded over the abdomen, the forewings covering the hindwings. Some Spilomelinae diverge from this common resting pattern, like Maruca with widely spread wings, and Atomopteryx and Lineodes with narrow wings folded along the body. All Spilomelinae moths have well developed compound eyes, antennae and mouthparts, although in the genera Niphopyralis and Siga the proboscis is lost.[4]

Synapomorphic characters of the subfamily comprise minute or obsolete maxillary palpi, ventrally projecting fornix tympani, and the female genitalia's ductus bursae with a weak sclerotization or a granulose texture.[4] The moths are furthermore characterized by an often bilobed praecinctorium, pointed spinula, and the absence of chaetosemata and of a retinacular hook. A gnathos or pseudognathos can be present or absent and is therefore of little diagnostic value, except for several genera of Agroterini, where the gnathos has a well-developed medial process.[4][5]

Food plants

Food plant use is diverse within Spilomelinae, ranging from ferns[6] over gymnosperms[7] to a wide spectrum of angiosperms. The larvae of Niphopyralis live in nests of weaver ants, where they feed on ant larvae.[8][9] Steniini caterpillars are detritivores.[4]

Many Spilomelinae tribes have a narrow food spectrum, with the larvae feeding on plants of only one or a few plant families, e.g. Lineodini on Solanaceae, Hydririni primarily on Sapindaceae and Convolvulaceae, and Trichaeini on Rubiaceae.[4]

Economic impact

A number of Spilomelinae are considered "pest species", with their larvae feeding on a variety of economically important crops. Notable representatives are the genera of Leucinodes and Neoleucinodes with larvae feeding on Solanaceae,[10] Cnaphalocrocis and Marasmia damaging Poaceae like Oryza, Sorghum and Zea,[11] the legume pod borers of the genus Maruca on Fabaceae and Amaranthaceae,[12] and Spoladea, who feeds on a variety of different agriculturally important plant families.[13]

The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, whose larvae feed on box trees, a prominent ornamental plant in many parks and gardens, has been accidentally introduced to Europe in the mid-2000s and to North America in 2018.[14][15]

Systematics

Cladogram of Spilomelinae tribes
Spilomelinae

Hydririni

Lineodini

Udeini

Wurthiini

euspilomeline

Agroterini

Margaroniini

Spilomelini

Herpetogrammatini

Hymeniini

Asciodini

Trichaeini

Steniini

Nomophilini

tribes
Spilomelinae phylogeny after Mally et al. (2019)[4]

Until the late 1990s, Spilomelinae were included in the subfamily Pyraustinae as tribe Spilomelini.[16][17][18]

In the past, Spilomelinae were believed to be polyphyletic.[19][20] However, a recent phylogenetic study by Mally et al. (2019), based on molecular genetic and morphological data, found the subfamily to be monophyletic.[4] The study's authors furthermore proposed 13 tribes within Spilomelinae:

"Non-euspilomeline" tribes

Hydririni, Lineodini, Udeini and Wurthiini share several plesiomorphic characters with the sister group of Spilomelinae, the Pyraustinae. These plesiomorphies are: absence of longitudinal strips on the male abdominal segment 8; male genitalia with a straight to concave valva costa and a phallus with an evenly sclerotized apodeme; female genitalia with a lanceolate “ediacaroid” signum in the corpus bursae and in several taxa with an appendix bursae attached to the corpus bursae.

Due to these plesiomorphies, these four Spilomelinae tribes are referred to as "non-euspilomeline" tribes as opposed to the monophyletic "euspilomeline" group that represents a more derived group of Spilomelinae. The "non-euspilomeline" tribes form a paraphylum as they do not comprise the "euspilomelines".[4]

"Euspilomeline" tribes

Syllepis hortalis (Hydririni), adult
Leucinodes cordalis (Lineodini), adult female
Udea rubigalis (Udeini), adult
Niphopyralis chionesis (Wurthiini), adult
Pantographa limata (Agroterini), adult, from the US state of Missouri
Unidentified species of Parotis (Margaroniini), adult
Glyphodes stolalis (Margaroniini), adult
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Spilomelini), adult
Herpetogramma aeglealis (Herpetogrammatini), larva, last instar
Hymenia perspectalis (Hymeniini), adult
Psara obscuralis (Asciodini), adult
Prophantis smaragdina (Trichaeini), adult
Duponchelia fovealis (Steniini), adult
Mecyna flavalis (Nomophilini), adult

The tribes Agroterini, Margaroniini, Spilomelini, Herpetogrammatini, Hymeniini, Asciodini, Trichaeini, Steniini and Nomophilini form the monophylum of "euspilomelines" (Greek eu- for "good" or "true"), all sharing a common ancestor. The synapomorphies of euspilomelines are: male abdominal tergite 8 with an emarginate anterior edge; male genitalia with partly sclerotized hair pencils on the anterior edge of vinculum-tegumen connection, with a convex valva costa, and the phallus without a coecum and the sclerotization of the phallus apodeme reduced to a ventral, longitudinally sclerotized strip along the manica; female genitalia with a longitudinal membranous strip in the antrum, and the lack of a strongly sclerotised colliculum between antrum and ductus seminalis.[4]

Genera currently unplaced in any Spilomelinae tribe

Based on the morphological synapomorphies and characteristics of these tribes, Mally et al. (2019) assigned numerous Spilomelinae genera to these proposed tribes, so that about two thirds of the 339 Spilomelinae genera are placed in these tribes, leaving 132 genera currently unplaced:[4]

Genera excluded from Spilomelinae

Aporocosmus Butler, 1886 was transferred to Odontiinae, Orthoraphis Hampson, 1896 to Lathrotelinae, Hydropionea Hampson, 1917 and Plantegumia Amsel, 1956 to Glaphyriinae, and Prooedema Hampson, 1896 to Pyraustinae.[4]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Nuss, Matthias; Landry, Bernard; Mally, Richard; Vegliante, Francesca; Tränkner, Andreas; Bauer, Franziska; Hayden, James; Segerer, Andreas; Schouten, Rob; Li, Houhun; Trofimova, Tatiana; Solis, M. Alma; De Prins, Jurate; Speidel, Wolfgang (2003–2022). "Global Information System on Pyraloidea (GlobIZ)". Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  2. ↑ Slamka, František (2013). Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) of Europe, Volume 3 – Pyraustinae & Spilomelinae. František Slamka. pp. 1–360. ISBN 978-80-969052-8-7.
  3. ↑ Walker, Francis (1859). "Pyralides". List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. 17: 255–508.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mally, Richard; Hayden, James E.; Neinhuis, Christoph; Jordal, Bjarte H.; Nuss, Matthias (2019). "The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology" (PDF). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 77 (1): 141–204. doi:10.26049/ASP77-1-2019-07. ISSN 1863-7221.
  5. ↑ Maes, Koen V. N. (1998). "On the morphology of the gnathos in the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)". Entomologica Scandinavica. 28 (1997) (4): 381–390.
  6. ↑ Farahpour-Haghani, Atousa; Jalaeian, Mahdi; Landry, Bernard (2016). "Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae s. l., Spilomelinae) in Iran: first record for the country and first host plant report on water fern (Azolla filiculoides Lam., Azollaceae)". Nota Lepidopterologica. 39 (1): 1–11. doi:10.3897/nl.39.6887.
  7. ↑ Inoue, Hiroshi; Yamanaka, Hiroshi (2006). "Redescription of Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) and description of two new closely allied species from Eastern Palaearctic and Oriental Regions (Pyralidae, Pyraustinae)". Tinea. 19 (2): 80–91.
  8. ↑ Roepke, Walter Karl Johann (1916). "Eine neue myrmecophile Lepidoptere aus Java (Wurthia myrmecophila n. g. n. sp.)". Zoologische Mededelingen (in German). 2 (3–4): 141–146.
  9. ↑ Kemner, Nils Victor Alarik (1923). "Hyphaenosymphilie, eine neue, merkwürdige Art von Myrmekophilie bei einem neuen myrmekophilen Schmetterling (Wurthia aurivillii n. sp.) aus Java beobachtet". Arkiv för Zoologi (in German). 15 (15): 1–28.
  10. ↑ Hayden, James E.; Lee, Sangmi; Passoa, Steven C.; Young, James; Landry, Jean-François; Nazari, Vazrick; Mally, Richard; Somma, Louis A.; Ahlmark, Kurt M. (2013). "Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae". USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP). Fort Collins, CO. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  11. ↑ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luiz M. (2010). "HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants". Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved 2019-12-07.
  12. ↑ Sharma, H. C. (1998). "Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata – a review". Crop Protection. 17 (5): 373–386. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.527.2205. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00045-3.
  13. ↑ Bhattacherjee, N. S.; Ramdas Menon, M. G. (1964). "Bionomics, biology and control of Hymenia recurvalis (Fabricius) (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera)". Indian Journal of Entomology. 26 (2): 176–183.
  14. ↑ Bras, Audrey; Avtzis, Dimitrios N.; Kenis, Marc; Li, Hongmei; Vétek, Gábor; Bernard, Alexis; Courtin, Claudine; Rousselet, Jérôme; Roques, Alain; Auger‑Rozenberg, Marie‑Anne (2019). "A complex invasion story underlies the fast spread of the invasive box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) across Europe". Journal of Pest Science. 92 (3): 1187–1202. doi:10.1007/s10340-019-01111-x. S2CID 102354781.
  15. ↑ "Box tree moth – Cydalima perspectalis (Walker)". CFIA. 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
  16. ↑ Munroe, Eugene G. (1976). "Pyraloidea Pyralidae comprising the subfamily Pyraustinae tribe Pyraustini". In Dominick, R. B.; Dominick, T.; Ferguson, D. C.; Franclemont, J. G.; Hodges, R. W.; Munroe, E. G. (eds.). The Moths of America North of Mexico. Vol. 13.2. E.W. Classey Ltd. and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London. pp. 1–78. ISBN 0900848790.
  17. ↑ Munroe, Eugene G. (1995). "Crambidae". In Heppner, John B. (ed.). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 2. Hyblaeoidea - Pyraloidea - Tortricoidea 3. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera & Scientific Publishers, Gainesville. pp. 34–79. ISBN 9780945417323.
  18. ↑ Munroe, Eugene G.; Solis, M. Alma (1998). "The Pyraloidea". In Fischer, M.; Kristensen, Niels Peder (eds.). Handbook of Zoology. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. pp. 233–256. ISBN 9783110804744.
  19. ↑ Minet, Joël (1982). "Les Pyraloidea et leurs principales divisions systématiques (Lep. Ditrysia)". Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France. 86 (1981): 262–280. doi:10.3406/bsef.1981.17984. S2CID 89963910.
  20. ↑ Solis, Maria Alma; Maes, Koen V. N. (2003). "Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Crambidae (Pyraloidea Lepidoptera)". Belgian Journal of Entomology. 4 (2002): 53–95.
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