Opposition to software patents is widespread in the free software community. In response, various mechanisms have been tried to defuse the perceived problem.

Positions from the community

Community leaders such as Richard Stallman,[1] Alan Cox,[2] Bruce Perens,[3] and Linus Torvalds;[4][5] companies such as Red Hat[6] and MySQL;[7] and community groups such as FSFE[8] and IFSO[9] all believe that patents cause problems for free software.

Patent licensing

Leading open-source figures and companies[10] have complained that software patents are overly broad and the USPTO should reject most of them. Bill Gates has said "If people had understood how patents would be granted when most of today’s ideas were invented, and had taken out patents, the industry would be at a complete standstill today".[11]

Problems for free software

Free software projects cannot agree to patent licences that include any kind of per-copy fee. No matter how low the fee is, there is no way for a free software distributor to know how many copies are being made. Also, adding any requirements to pay or to notify someone each time a copy is made would make the software no longer free software.[12]

A patent licence that is royalty-free, or provides a one-time worldwide payment is acceptable. Version 2 of the GNU General Public License does not allow software to be distributed if that software requires a patent licence that does not "permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you".[13]

The Version 2 of the GNU General Public License[14] of 1991 also says that patents convert free software to proprietary software:

"Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all."

The 2004 OSRM study

In 2004, Open Source Risk Management commissioned a patent study, carried out by Dan Ravicher. For this study, Ravicher performed patent searches to estimate the patent-risk of the Linux kernel:[15]

In conclusion, he found that no court-validated software patent is infringed by the Linux kernel. However, Ravicher also found 283 issued but not yet court-validated software patents that, if upheld as valid by the courts, could potentially be used to support patent claims against Linux.

However, Mark Webbink, who was Red Hat's Deputy General Counsel, said that Ravicher did not deduce the kernel to infringe any of said patents.[16]

Techniques for opposing patents

Patent retaliation

"Patent retaliation" clauses are included in several free software licenses. The goal of these clauses is to create a penalty so as to discourage the licensee (the user/recipient of the software) from suing the licensor (the provider/author of the software) for patent infringement by terminating the license upon the initiation of such a lawsuit.

The Free Software Foundation included a narrow patent retaliation clause in drafts 1 and 2 of version 3 of the GPL, however, this clause was removed in draft 3 as its enforceability and effectiveness was decided to be too dubious to be worth the added complexity.[17]

Examples of broader clauses are those of the Apache License and the Mozilla Public License.

Patent pools

In 2005, IBM, Novell, Philips, Red Hat, and Sony founded the Open Invention Network (OIN). OIN is a company that acquires patents and offers them royalty free "to any company, institution or individual that agrees not to assert its patents against the Linux operating system or certain Linux-related applications".[18]

Novell donated the valuable Commerce One web services patents to OIN. These potentially threaten anyone who uses web services. OIN's founders intend for these patents to encourage others to join, and to discourage legal threats against Linux and Linux-related applications. Along with several other projects, Mono is listed as a covered project.

Lobbying for legislative change

Movements have formed to lobby against the existence and enforceability of software patents. The earliest was the League for Programming Freedom in the USA. Probably the most successful was the anti-software-patent campaign in Europe that resulted in the rejection by the European Parliament of the Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions which, the free software community argues, would have made software patents enforceable in the European Union. A fledgling movement also exists in South Africa.[19]

Promises from patent holders

Some software companies who hold significant patent portfolios have made non-aggression pledges to the free software community. These have varied in scope and have received a variety of responses. IBM,[20] Sun, and Nokia[21] are three examples. These have been described by Richard Stallman as "significant", "not really anything", and "next to nothing", respectively.[22]

Microsoft has irrevocably pledged not to assert any claims against open source developers[23] which CEO Steve Ballmer called "an important step and significant change in how we share information about our products and technologies."[24] This pledge has been accepted with some skepticism.[25]

Infringement claims

Microsoft has claimed that free software such as OpenOffice.org and the Linux kernel violate 235 Microsoft patents and said that it will seek licence fees,[26] but has so far failed to disclose which patents they may violate. However, the 2009 lawsuit against TomTom involved the use of Microsoft's patents for long filenames on FAT filesystems, the code for which was in the Linux kernel, not in any TomTom-developed software.[27] The Linux kernel developers subsequently worked around it.[28]

In 2011 a company called Bedrock Technologies LLC won a judgment of $5 million against Google for use of the Linux kernel, which the court found to violate US patent 5,893,120 (which was filed in 1997 and issued in 1999, and covers techniques for software caches likely used in every modern operating system). Bedrock went on to sue Yahoo and lost; Yahoo's defense amounted to the use of a different version of Linux which did not execute the particular code that Bedrock had pointed out as infringing,[29] but the Yahoo case did not invalidate Bedrock's patent.[30] Details of exactly which code Bedrock said infringed the patent and how Yahoo managed to avoid executing that code are not publicly available.

In January 2008, Trend Micro accused Barracuda Networks of patent infringement for distribution of the ClamAV anti-virus software.[31][32]

Microsoft's patent deals

In November 2006, a highly controversial agreement was made between Novell and Microsoft that included patent licensing.[33] This led to much criticism of Novell by the free software community.[34]

In June 2007, Xandros announced a similar deal.[35][36][37]

On June 13, 2007, a deal was reached between Microsoft and Linspire.[38] In return, Linspire would change its default search engine from Google to Live search.[39]

Ubuntu founder and director Mark Shuttleworth has said that Ubuntu will not be making any such deal,[40] as have Red Hat.[41] These have been joined by a weaker statement from Mandriva[42] that "we don’t believe it is necessary for us to get protection from Microsoft".

In October 2007, IP Innovation LLC, a company specialized in patent-protection, filed a suit for patent infringement against Red Hat and Novell.[43][44][45] However, IP Innovation LLC is a subsidiary of a company classified by some as a patent troll,[46] and commentators suspect a strong connection between this company and Microsoft.[43][44] In 2010, IP Innovation lost the suit.[47]

In December 2007, Microsoft granted the Samba project access to certain proprietary documents and must maintain a list of related patents for a one-time fee of 10,000 Euros.[48] Microsoft was required to make this information available to competitors as part of the European Commission March 24, 2004 Decision pertaining to antitrust violations.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Transcript of Richard Stallman speaking about software patents".
  2. ↑ "Alan Cox on software patents". 2005-08-01. Archived from the original on 2008-12-29. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  3. ↑ /home/bruce/Patents.html Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ "Linux Foundation Interview with Linus Torvalds, mostly talking about software patents". Archived from the original on 2008-02-05. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
  5. ↑ "Open Letter on Software Patents from Linux developers". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
  6. ↑ redhat.com | Red Hat Patent Policy
  7. ↑ MySQL AB :: MySQL Public Patent Policy Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ FSFE - Software Patents in Europe
  9. ↑ Software Patentability & EU Directive COD/2002/0047
  10. ↑ "Red Hat urges patent office to deny most software patents". 29 September 2010.
  11. ↑ "Late-comers guide: What is Bilski anyway? – End Software Patents".
  12. ↑ Richard Stallman. "The Dangers of Software Patents".
  13. ↑ "GNU General Public License version 2".
  14. ↑ "GNU General Public License version 2".
  15. ↑ "OSRM PR: Results of First-Ever Linux Patent Review Announced" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-03.
  16. ↑ Vernon, Mark (September 20, 2005). "Are potential legal liabilities holding back Linux adoption?". TechRepublic. Retrieved 2021-07-15.
  17. ↑ "Richard Stallman speaking about GPLv3 in April 2007".
  18. ↑ "Open Invention Network formed to promote Linux and spur innovation globally through access to key patents". Open Invention Network. November 10, 2005. Archived from the original on August 12, 2006. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
  19. ↑ "Freedom to Innovate South Africa". Archived from the original on 2007-05-20.
  20. ↑ "Top patent awardee donates 500 patents to open source". LinuxDevices.com — news. Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. 2005-01-11. Archived from the original on 2005-01-14.
  21. ↑ "Nokia gives Linux bye on patents". LinuxDevices.com — news. Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. 2005-05-26. Archived from the original on 2005-05-28.
  22. ↑ Richard Stallman (2005-05-30). "Nokia's patent announcement next to nothing". LinuxDevices.com — news. Ziff Davis Publishing Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on 2005-12-10.
  23. ↑ Microsoft. "Microsoft Patent Pledge for Open Source Developers". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2008-03-01. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  24. ↑ Microsoft. "Microsoft Makes Strategic Changes in Technology and Business Practices to Expand Interoperability". Microsoft. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  25. ↑ George J. Weiss; Matthew W. Cain; Nikos Drakos. "Microsoft Declares Interfaces Accessible; Royalties May Apply". Archived from the original on 2012-09-10. Retrieved 2009-12-07.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  26. ↑ Parloff, Roger (2007-05-14). "Microsoft takes on the free world". Fortune. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  27. ↑ Mills, Elinor (2009-02-26). "Open-source leaders see Microsoft-TomTom suit as a threat". CNet. Archived from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  28. ↑ See the kernel option VFAT_FS_DUALNAMES
  29. ↑ "Yahoo! wins verdict in Bedrock patent trial | ITworld". www.itworld.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-09.
  30. ↑ "Yahoo wins Linux patent trial that Google lost - the H Open: News and Features".
  31. ↑ "Barracuda turns to open source users for patent research". Archived from the original on 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  32. ↑ "Legal Defense of Free and Open Source Software". Barracuda Networks. Archived from the original on 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  33. ↑ "The MS-Novell patent deal". Microsoft.
  34. ↑ "Bruce Perens's petition criticising Novell". Archived from the original on 2009-01-18.
  35. ↑ "Groklaw article on Xandros' Microsoft deal".
  36. ↑ "Microsoft, Xandros Broad Collaboration Agreement Extends Bridge Between Commercial Open Source and Microsoft Software" (Press release).
  37. ↑ "Xandros community forums, first thread on this topic" (Press release). Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  38. ↑ Linspire, Microsoft in Linux-related deal Archived 2007-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ Slashdot | Linspire Signs Patent Pact With MS
  40. ↑ Mark Shuttleworth (2007-06-16). "No negotiations with Microsoft in progress". here be dragons. Retrieved 2007-06-25. We have declined to discuss any agreement with Microsoft under the threat of unspecified patent infringements.
  41. ↑ "Ubuntu, Red Hat reject Microsoft patent deal". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  42. ↑ "We will not go to Canossa". Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
  43. 1 2 Berlind, David (2007-10-11). "First patent suit against Linux has a Kevin Bacon-esque connection to Microsoft". zdnet. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. Retrieved 2007-10-12. LLC is a subsidiary of Acacia Research Corporation... This past July Acacia hired Jonathan Taub away from his job as Director, Strategic Alliances for the Mobile and Embedded Devices (MED) division at Microsoft and then, just last week, it hired Brad Brunell away from his job at Microsoft where, among other jobs, he served as General Manager, Intellectual Property Licensing.
  44. 1 2 "Patent Infringement Lawsuit Filed Against Red Hat & Novell - Just Like Ballmer Predicted". groklaw. 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  45. ↑ The U.S. patent 5,072,412 concerns the desktop User Interface, see here
  46. ↑ "Patent-troll company attacks Novell and Red Hat". 2007-08-12. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
  47. ↑ "Red Hat & Novell Beat IP Innovation and in Marshall, Texas, too". Groklaw. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 11 June 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  48. ↑ The Samba Team (2007-12-20). "Samba Team Receives Microsoft Protocol Documentation". Retrieved 2009-12-07.
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