Sky Group Limited
Sky
Formerly
  • British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (1990–2014)
  • Sky plc (2014–2018)
TypeDivision
Industry
Predecessor
Founded2 November 1990 (2 November 1990)
HeadquartersSky Campus,
Isleworth, Greater London
,
England
Area served
Europe
Key people
ProductsDirect-broadcast satellite, pay television, broadcasting, broadband and telephony services
RevenueDecrease £14.5 billion (2022)
Number of employees
32,000 (2021)
ParentComcast (2018–present)
Divisions
Subsidiaries
Websiteskygroup.sky
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3]

Sky Group Limited[4] is a British media and telecommunications conglomerate, which is a subsidiary of the American conglomerate Comcast, and headquartered in Isleworth. It has operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. Sky is Europe's largest media company and pay-TV broadcaster by revenue (as of 2018),[5] with 23 million subscribers and more than 31,000 employees as of 2019.[2][6] The company is primarily involved in satellite television, producing and broadcasting. The current CEO is Dana Strong.

Initially formed in 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's largest digital pay television company.[7] In 2014, after completing the acquisition of Sky Italia and Sky Deutschland, the merged company changed its name to Sky plc.[8]

Prior to November 2018, Rupert Murdoch's 21st Century Fox owned a 39.14% controlling stake in the company;[9] on 9 December 2016, following a previous attempt under News Corporation that was affected by the News International phone hacking scandal, 21st Century Fox announced that it had agreed to buy the remainder of Sky, pending government approval. However, after a bidding war that included the Walt Disney Company (which was, in turn, acquiring most of 21st Century Fox's assets), US media and telecoms conglomerate Comcast acquired the entirety of Sky in 2018 for £17.28 per share. NBCUniversal, which is Sky Group's sister company, is also a subsidiary of Comcast.

Before the acquisition by Comcast, Sky was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index and had a market capitalisation of approximately £18.75 billion (€26.76 billion) as of 2018.[10]

History

BSkyB

Formation

British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) was formed by the merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting on 2 November 1990.[11] Both companies had begun to struggle financially and were suffering financial losses as they competed against each other for viewers. The Guardian later characterised the merger as "effectively a takeover by News Corporation".[12]

The merger was investigated by the Office of Fair Trading[13] and was cleared a month later since many of the represented views were more concerned about contractual arrangements which had nothing to do with competition.[14] The Independent Broadcasting Authority was not consulted about the deal; after approval, the IBA demanded precise details about the merger, stated they were considering the repercussions of the deal to ultimately determine whether BSB contracts were null and void.[15][16] On 17 November, the IBA decided to terminate BSB's contract, but not immediately, as it was deemed unfair to 120,000 viewers who had bought BSB devices.[17]

Sam Chisholm was appointed CEO[18] in a bid to reorganise the new company, which, continued to make losses of £10 million per week. The defunct BSB's HQ, Marco Polo House were sold, 39% of the new company's employees were made redundant to leave just under 1000 employees,[12] many of the new senior BSkyB executive roles were given to Sky personnel with many BSB leaving the company. In April the nine Sky/BSB channels had been condensed into five, with EuroSport being dropped soon after the Sky Sports launch.[19] Chisholm also renegotiated the merged company's expensive deals with the Hollywood studios, slashing the minimum guaranteed payments. The defunct Marcopolo I satellite was sold in December 1993 to Sweden's NSAB, and Marcopolo II went to Norway's Telenor in July 1992[20] after the Independent Television Commission (ITC) was unable to find new companies to take over the BSB licences and compete with BSkyB. News International received 50%, Pearson PLC 17.5%, Chargeurs 17.5%, Granada 12%, Reed International 2% of the new shares in the company.[21]

By September 1991, the weekly losses had been reduced to £1.5M a week, Rupert Murdoch said "there were strong financial marketing and political reason[s] for making the compromise merger instead of letting BSB die. Many of the lessons had been learnt with more than half the running cost of the combined company". Further cuts in losses were a direct result of 313,000 new customers joining during the first half of 1991.[22] By March 1992, BSkyB posted its first operating profits, of £100,000 per week, with £3.8 million weekly from subscriptions and £1 million from advertising, but continued to be burdened with £1.28 billion of debt. Stockbroker firm James Capel forecast BSkyB would still be indebted in 2000.[23]

In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season.[24] British television network ITV were the current rights holders for the Football League, and fought hard to gain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to obtain the new rights.[25] BSkyB joined forces with the BBC[26] to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paid £304m for the Premier League rights, giving them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992–93 season.[27] Murdoch has described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base.[28] A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High court to get an injunction as it believed their details were leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to also investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via the newspapers had influenced the deal.[29] A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and the Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.[30] BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m for the 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital[31] for the rights from 2001 to 2004, thus it was forced to pay £1.1 billion which gave it 66 live games a year.[32] Following a lengthy legal battle with the European Commission, which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer, BSkyB's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season. In May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premiership packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn.[33]

Becoming a public limited company

In October 1994,[34] BSkyB announced its plans to float the company on the UK and US stock exchanges, selling off 20% of the company.[35] The stock flotation reduced Murdoch's holding to 40 per cent and raised £900m, which allowed the company to cut its debt in half. Sam Chisholm said "By any standards this is an excellent result, in every area of the company has performed strongly".[36] Chisholm became one of the world's most highly paid television executives.[37]

In 1995, BSkyB opened its second customer management centre at Dunfermline, Scotland,[38] in addition to its original centre at Livingston which opened in 1989. BSkyB entered the FTSE 100 index, operation profits increased to £155M a year, and Pearson sold off its 17.5% stake in the company.[39]

Sam Chisholm resigned from BSkyB due to a rift with Rupert Murdoch in June 1997.[40] A week later, Murdoch was quoted as saying "I cannot understand the fuss; BSkyB was grossly overpriced", which caused further rifts with the new management.[41]

In 1997, BSkyB formed a partnership with Carlton and Granada to bid for the right for the new digital terrestrial network. In June, it was awarded the right to start the service, ONdigital, under the condition BSkyB withdrew from the group's bid.[42] In February 2003 BSkyB wished to renegotiate its deal with MTV to reduce its payment from £20m. Chief executive Tony Ball said "We're definitely prepared to stare them down if we can't get a sensible deal. MTV, and other channels, have done particularly well out of the growth of Sky but the opportunity for savings is now there and Sky will be taking it," he added. "MTV has done extremely well out of that original deal."[43] On 17 April 2003 BSkyB launched its own range of music channels Scuzz, Flaunt and The Amp, as part of its plan to create its own original channels for the platform.[44] Within 18 months the channels failed to make impact, and were outsourced to the Chart Show Channels company.[45]

Shortly afterwards it acquired Artsworld, giving a majority of subscribers full access to the channel. The buyout was part of James Murdoch's strategy to improve the perceptions BSkyB which could lead to potential new subscribers. John Cassy, the channel manager of Artsworld, said: "It is great news for the arts that a dedicated cultural channel will be available to millions of households."[46]

In early 2007 Freeview overtook Sky Digital with nearly 200,000 more subscribers at the end of 2006, while cable broadcaster Virgin Media had three million customers.[47] In July 2007, BSkyB announced the takeover of Amstrad for £125m, a 23.7% premium on its market capitalisation.[48]

BSkyB and Virgin Media announced that they had reached agreement for the acquisition by BSkyB of Virgin Media Television. Virgin1 was also a part of the deal and was rebranded as Channel One on 3 September 2010, as the Virgin name was not licensed to Sky.[49][50] The new carriage deals are understood to be for up to nine years.[51] The deal was completed in July 2010 and Virgin Media Television was renamed Living TV Group.

In June 2010, News Corporation made a bid for complete ownership of BSkyB. However, following the News International phone hacking scandal, critics and politicians began to question the appropriateness of the proposed takeover. The resulting reaction forced News Corp. to withdraw its bid for the company in July 2011.[52][53] The scandal forced the resignation of James Murdoch, who was the chairman of both BSkyB and News International, from his executive positions in the UK, with Nicholas Ferguson taking over as Chairman of BSkyB.[54] In September 2012, Ofcom ruled that BSkyB was still fit to hold broadcast licenses in the UK, but criticised James Murdoch's handling of the scandal.[55] On 28 June 2013, News Corporation was split into two publicly-traded companies; the company's publishing operations (including News International, renamed News UK) and broadcasting operations in Australia were spun into a new company known as News Corp, while the company's broadcast media assets, including its 39.14% stake in Sky, were renamed 21st Century Fox.[56]

European acquisitions

On 12 May 2014, BSkyB confirmed that it was in talks with its largest shareholder, 21st Century Fox, about acquiring 21st Century Fox's 57.4% stake in Sky Deutschland and its 100% stake in Sky Italia. The enlarged company (dubbed "Sky Europe" in the media) will consolidate 21st Century Fox's European digital TV assets into one company.[57] The £4.9 billion takeover deal was formally announced on 25 July, where BSkyB would acquire 21st Century Fox's stakes in Sky Deutschland and Sky Italia. BSkyB also made a required takeover offer to Sky Deutschland's minority shareholders,[58] resulting in BSkyB acquiring 89.71% of Sky Deutschland's share capital. The acquisitions were completed on 13 November.[8]

Sky plc

British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc to reflect the European acquisitions, and the United Kingdom operations were renamed Sky UK Limited. Sky plc bought out the remaining minority shareholders in Sky Deutschland during 2015, using a squeeze-out procedure to obtain the remaining shares and delist Sky Deutschland on 15 September 2015.[59]

Competition around being acquired

On 9 December 2016, 21st Century Fox announced that it had made an offer to acquire the remainder of Sky plc for £11.7 billion at a value of £10.75 per-share. It marked Fox's second attempt to take over Sky, as its previous attempt under News Corporation was affected by the News International scandal. The two companies reached an agreement on the deal on 15 December, subject to regulatory approval.[60][61]

Ofcom expressed concern that this purchase would give the Murdoch family "material influence over news providers with a significant presence across all key platforms" and "increased influence over the UK news agenda and the political process". However, the regulator did deem that a Fox-owned Sky would be "fit and proper" to hold broadcast licences, despite the recent sexual harassment controversies that had emerged at the US Fox News Channel, as there was no evidence to the contrary.[62][63][64] Avaaz opposed Ofcom's opinion, stating that the regulator "made mistake after mistake in deciding to give the Murdochs a clean bill of health to take over more of our media".[65]

The Walt Disney Company announced on 14 December 2017 that it would acquire 21st Century Fox, including its stake in Sky plc but barring specific US assets. Fox stated that this purchase would "not alter [its] full commitment and obligation to conclude our proposed transaction". Analysts suggested that Disney's proposed transaction could ease regulatory concerns over Fox's purchase of Sky, as the company will eventually lose its ties to the Murdoch family. Disney has a narrower scope of media ownership in the country than the Murdoch family.[66] Sky already has a relationship with Disney for its Sky Cinema service, holding pay television rights to its films in the United Kingdom and operating a dedicated Sky Cinema channel devoted to Disney content.[67]

A preliminary report by the Competition and Markets Authority issued January 2018 called for the insulation or outright divestment of Sky News as a condition of the purchase, so that it is editorially independent from the Murdoch family.[68] Sky had threatened to reevaluate the channel's continued operations if they "unduly impeded merger and/or other corporate opportunities available in relation to Sky's broader business". The channel has operated on a loss of at least £40 million per-year.[69][70] In February 2018, Fox proposed the establishment of an independent editorial board, and committing to fund the network for at least 10 years. This commitment would be inherited by Disney after the completion of its purchase of 21st Century Fox.[71][72] On 3 April 2018, Fox stated that Disney had "expressed an interest in acquiring Sky News", which would not be conditional on its proposal to acquire 21st Century Fox.[73]

A bidding war began 25 April 2018, when the competing US media and telecoms conglomerate Comcast (owner of NBCUniversal), announced a counter-offer for Sky at £12.50 per-share, or approximately £22.1 billion.[74][75][76][77] NBCUniversal CEO Steve Burke stated that purchasing Sky would roughly double its presence in English-speaking markets, and allow for synergies between the respective networks and studios of NBCUniversal and Sky.[78]

On 5 June 2018, Culture Secretary Matt Hancock cleared both 21st Century Fox and Comcast's respective offers to acquire Sky plc. Fox's offer was contingent on the divestiture of Sky News.[79][80] On 12 June 2018, Comcast announced a US$65 billion counter-offer to acquire the 21st Century Fox assets that Disney had offered to purchase.[81] However, Fox subsequently agreed to an increased, US$71.3 billion offer from Disney instead.[82] On 15 June 2018, the European Commission gave antitrust clearance to Comcast's offer to purchase Sky, citing that in terms of their current assets in Europe, there would be limited impact on competition. Comcast included a 10-year commitment to the operations and funding of Sky News similar to that of Disney's offer.[83][84][85] On 19 June 2018, Disney formally agreed to acquire Sky News as part of Fox's proposed bid, with a 15-year commitment to increase its annual funding from £90 million to £100 million.[86]

On 11 July 2018, Fox increased its bid for Sky to £14.00 per share, valuing it at £24.5 billion. Comcast subsequently counterbid just hours later with an offer at £14.75 per-share, valued at £26 billion.[87][88] On 19 July 2018, after Fox agreed to a Disney counter-offer,[89][90] it was reported that Comcast had abandoned its bid for 21st Century Fox to focus solely on Sky.[91][92]

On 20 September 2018, the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers ordered that a blind auction be held "in order to provide an orderly framework for the resolution of this competitive situation". In this process, Fox, followed by Comcast, made new cash-only bids for Sky. After these first two rounds of bidding, there would be a third round where both companies could make new offers. However, the third round of bidding would only be binding if both companies make a bid. The results were to be revealed on 22 September, and be confirmed by the start of trading on 24 September.[93] Comcast won the auction with a bid of £17.28 per-share, beating Fox's bid of £15.67.[94][95] Sky plc had until 11 October to formally accept this offer.[96]

Following its auction victory, Comcast began to acquire Sky shares from the open market. On 26 September 2018, Fox subsequently announced its intent to sell all of its shares in Sky plc to Comcast for £12 billion.[97][96] On 4 October 2018, Fox completed the sale of their shares, giving Comcast a 76.8% controlling stake at the time.[98]

Sky Group Ltd

On 12 October 2018, Comcast announced it would compulsorily acquire the rest of Sky after its bid gained acceptances from 95.3% of the broadcaster's shareholders with the company being delisted by early 2019.[99] Sky was delisted on 7 November 2018 after Comcast acquired all remaining shares.[100]

In August 2021, Sky Group signed a deal with ViacomCBS to launch Paramount+ in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Austria by 2022.[101] On 3 May 2022, it was announced that Paramount+ will launch on 22 June 2022 for Sky customers in Ireland and the United Kingdom.[102]

Management

List of former chairmen

  1. Rupert Murdoch (1990–2007)
  2. James Murdoch (2007–2012)
  3. Nicholas Ferguson (2012–2016)
  4. James Murdoch (2016–2018); second term

List of former chief executives

  1. Sam Chisholm (1990–1997)
  2. Mark Booth (1997–1999)
  3. Tony Ball (1999–2003)
  4. James Murdoch (2003–2007)
  5. Jeremy Darroch (2007–2021)

The first CEO of BSkyB was Sam Chisholm, who was CEO of Sky TV before the merger. Chisholm served in this position until 1997. He was followed by Mark Booth who was credited with leading the company through the introduction of Sky. Tony Ball was appointed in 1999 and completed the company's analogue to digital conversion. He is also credited with returning the company to profit and bringing subscriber numbers to new heights. In 2003, Ball announced his resignation and James Murdoch, son of Rupert Murdoch was announced as his successor. This appointment caused allegations of nepotism from shareholders.[103]

On 7 December 2007, it was announced that Rupert Murdoch would be stepping down as BSkyB's non-executive chairman and would be replaced by his son, James. In turn, James stepped down as CEO of BSkyB, to be replaced by Jeremy Darroch.[104] It was estimated that Darroch would earn around £38.2 million from selling Sky to Comcast. He sold his 775,772 shares in Sky worth £13.4 million and would cash in on previously awarded bonus shares.[105]

In January 2021, it was announced that Darroch would be standing down as CEO, and will become executive chairman of Sky for the remainder of 2021, and will then be an advisor to the company.[106] He will be succeeded as CEO by Dana Strong.[106]

The current company directors are Comcast personnel: Michael J Cavanagh (Comcast senior VP & CFO), Arthur R Block (legal counsel) and David L Cohen (senior VP & CDO).[107]

Financial performance

Financial results have been as shown in the table.[108]

Revenue and profit or loss, by fiscal year
Year ended Revenue (£m) Profit/(loss)
before tax (£m)		 Net profit/
(loss)(£m)
30 June 2018 13,585 864 815
30 June 2017 12,916 803 691
30 June 2016 11,965 752 663
30 June 2015 9,989 1,516 1,952
30 June 2014 7,632 1,082 865
30 June 2013 7,235 1,257 979
30 June 2012 6,791 1,189 906
30 June 2011 6,597 1,014 810
30 June 2010 5,709 1,173 878
30 June 2009 5,359 456 259
30 June 2008 4,952 60 (127)
30 June 2007 4,551 815 499
30 June 2006 4,148 798 551
30 June 2005 4,048 631 425
30 June 2004 3,656 480 322
30 June 2003 3,186 128 190
30 June 2002 2,776 (1,276) (1,383)
30 June 2001 2,306 (515) (539)
30 June 2000 1,847 (263) (272)
30 June 1999 1,545 (389) (285)
30 June 1998 1,434 271 249
30 June 1997 1,270 314 288
30 June 1996 1,008 257 –
30 June 1995 778 155 –
30 June 1994 550 93 –
30 June 1993 380 (76) –
30 June 1992 233 (188) –
30 June 1991 93 (759) –

In February 2019, The Economist magazine claimed that Sky enjoys gross margins of 50%.[109]

Current operations

Subsidiaries

Subsidiary companies of Sky Group
Name Details
Sky UK Limited The original Sky Television, now a holding company for Sky's United Kingdom operations.[110]
Sky Subscriber Services Limited Operating company for the Sky pay-television service.[111]
Sky In-Home Services Limited Home installations of satellite dishes and set-top boxes.[112]
Sky Broadband Limited and Sky Home Communications Limited Operating companies for Sky's broadband and telephony services, including Be Un Limited which was acquired from O2.[113]
Sky Ireland Limited Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Ireland.[114]
Sky Italia S.r.l. Operating company for Sky pay-television, broadband and telephony services in Italy.[115]
Sky Deutschland GmbH Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.[116]
Sky Studios In June 2019, Sky formed Sky Studios with the production assets from Sky Vision. Excluding distribution which was transferred to sister company NBCUniversal.[117][118]
Amstrad British electronics company acquired by BSkyB.[48]
Now An internet broadcast company owned by Sky.
Freesat from Sky A free satellite television service similar to Freesat and Freeview.
The Cloud Free Public Wi-Fi hotspot provider acquired by BSkyB.[119]

Ventures

Current venture operations of Sky Group
Venture Share Partner General information
A&E Networks UK 50% A&E Networks Operates Blaze, History, H2 and CI channels[120]
Sky Sports Racing 50% Arena Racing Company
Ginx TV Ltd 50% ITV plc[121]
Jupiter Entertainment 60%
Skybound Stories 50% Skybound Entertainment [122]
Comedy Central (British TV channel) 25%[123] Paramount British Pictures, part of Paramount Global/National Amusements
DTV Services Ltd 20% Arqiva, BBC, Channel 4, ITV plc Manages and markets the Freeview brand[124]
SkyShowtime 50% Paramount Global (through Showtime Networks)

Sky services per country

Services offered by Sky Group divisions
Division Countries Years Television Broadband Telephony
Sky UK United Kingdom1990–Pay TV satellite, free TV satellite (Freesat from Sky), pay IPTV (Sky Glass/Sky Stream)DSL and FTTPLandline and mobile
Sky Ireland Ireland1998–Pay TV satelliteDSL and FTTPLandline
Sky Italia Italy, San Marino, Vatican City2003–Pay TV satellite, pay TV terrestrial, pay IPTV (Sky Q via fibra)FiberLandline
Sky Deutschland Germany, Austria, Switzerland (through Sky Switzerland)2009–Pay TV satellite——

Former operations

Subsidiaries

Former subsidiary companies of Sky Group
Name Details
Sky España An over-the-top video streaming service in Spain. On 1 September 2020, Sky España ceased its own operations.[125]
Acetrax A video on demand movie rental service. Now closed down.[126]
Sky México (41.3%) – with Liberty Media and Grupo Televisa
Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Mexico. Sold their stake to DirecTV
Sky Brasil (80%) – with Liberty Media and Grupo Globo
Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Brazil. Sold their stake to DirecTV
Sky Vision Unit for distributing TV shows globally and investment in production assets. Assets split between Sky Studios and Universal Television Distribution following Comcast's takeover of Sky[127][118]
Japan Sky Broadcasting (JSkyB) – with SoftBank Corp.
Operating company for Sky pay-television service in Japan. Sold to DirecTV and later absorbed into SKY PerfecTV!

Ventures

Former venture operations of Sky Group
Venture Share Partner General information
Australian News Channel Pty Limited 33.3%[123] Seven Network and Nine Entertainment Co. and operated Sky News Australia Sold to News Corp Australia
Bad Wolf Ltd minority HBO, BBC Studios Sold to Sony Pictures Television[128][129]
Beamly 10% Sold to Coty
Nickelodeon UK Ltd 40%[123] Paramount Networks UK & Australia, part of Paramount Global Sold to Paramount Networks UK & Australia

Stake in ITV

ITV plc has been the subject of a flurry of rumoured take-over and merger bids since it was formed. For example, on 9 November 2006, NTL announced that it had approached ITV plc about a proposed merger.[130][131] The merger was effectively blocked by BSkyB on 17 November 2006 when it controversially bought a 17.9% stake in ITV plc for £940 million,[132] a move that attracted anger from NTL shareholder Richard Branson[133] and an investigation from media and telecoms regulator Ofcom.[134] On 6 December 2006, NTL announced that it had complained to the Office of Fair Trading about BSkyB's move. NTL stated that it had withdrawn its attempt to buy ITV plc, citing that it did not believe that there was any possibility to make a deal on favourable terms.[135] On 17 July 2014, BSkyB's 6.4% stake in ITV was sold to Liberty Global, valued at £481 million.[136]

References

  1. ↑ "Sky ad revenue down 9% as Comcast reports lower profit". the-media-leader.com. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Sky at a glance". Sky. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  3. ↑ "Sky to double down on originals under in-house Studios banner". TBI Vision. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  4. ↑ "SKY GROUP LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". Companies House. 14 May 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  5. ↑ "Leading European pay TV operators by revenue 2018". Statista. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  6. ↑ "News Corp. slows BSkyB bid". Ottawa Citizen. 14 October 2010.
  7. ↑ Mike, Snider (15 December 2016). "Murdoch's Fox acquires U.K.'s Sky network". USA Today. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
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  10. ↑ "FTSE All-Share Index Ranking". stockchallenge.co.uk. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
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  12. 1 2 Sky TV's launch: 'a wing and a prayer' , media editor Maggie Brown, Guardian Organgrinder blog, 5 February 2009 Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  13. ↑ Fair trading office to study merger of Sky and BSB. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, 6 November 1990
  14. ↑ Merger of BSB and Sky cleared. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, 19 December 1990
  15. ↑ IBA to rule this week on satellite merger. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, 5 November 1990
  16. ↑ Bsb broke contract in merger with Sky, MPs told. Peter Mulligan Parliamentary Reporter. The Times, 13 November 1990
  17. ↑ IBA to pull the plug on BSB contract. Georgina Henry Media Editor. The Guardian; 17 November 1990
  18. ↑ Shops to withdraw squarials as three BSB 0ieciitiyes go. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, 8 November 1990;
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  23. ↑ BSkyB achieves operating profit ahead of forecasts. Melinda Wittstock, Media Correspondent. The Times, 10 March 1992
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  36. ↑ £5m a week operating profits at BSkyB. Martin Waller, Deputy City Editor. The Times, 8 February 1995
  37. ↑ BSkyB trio share £3.8m bonuses. Cowe, Roger; The Guardian; 15 November 1994
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  39. ↑ BSkyB soars to £155m as Pearson seeks stake sale. Alexandra Frean, Media Correspondent. The Times, 18 August 1995
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