Siku Quanshu
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese四庫全書
Simplified Chinese四库全书
Literal meaningcomplete books of the four [imperial] repositories
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡩᡠᡳᠨ
ᠨᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠶᠣᡠᠨᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
Möllendorffduin namun i yooni bithe

The Siku Quanshu, also known as the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries[1], was the largest collection of books in Chinese history with 36,381 volumes (册, Cè), 79,337 manuscript rolls (卷, Juàn), 2.3 million pages and about 997 million words.[2] The complete encyclopedia contains an annotated catalogue of 10,680 titles along with a compendiums of 3,593 titles.[3] The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries ended up even longer than the Ming dynasty's Yongle Encyclopedia of 1403, which had been China's largest encyclopedia until then. A complete copy of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries are held with each of the following: the National Library of China in Beijing, the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the Gansu Library in Lanzhou, and the Zhejiang Library in Hangzhou.[4]

Name

The Siku Quanshu (simplified Chinese: 四库全书; traditional Chinese: 四庫全書; pinyin: Sìkù Quánshū), also transliterated as Si Ku Quan Shu or Ssu-k'u ch'uan-shu (literally "the complete books of the four [imperial] repositories"), is also known as the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries, The Emperor's Four Treasuries,[5] Complete Library of the Four Treasures, Complete Library in Four Sections,[6] Imperial Collection of Four, or the Complete Library in Four Branches of Literature.

History

Creation

The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty ordered the creation of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries in 1772. Local and provincial officers were put in charge of locating and collecting important books, and the emperor encouraged owners of rare or valuable books to send them to the capital. At first, few did, because of concerns about the Literary Inquisition, but towards the end of 1772 the emperor issued a decree stating that books would be returned to their owners once the compilation was finished and that the owners would not be punished if their books contained Anti-Qing sentiment. Less than three months after the issue of this decree, four to five thousand books were handed in.

By March 1773, an editorial board composed of hundreds of editors, collators, and copyists had been created in Beijing to gather and review books brought to them.[3] This board included more than 361 scholars, with Ji Yun and Lu Xixiong (陸錫熊) as chief editors.[7] Around 3,826 scribes copied every word by hand. They were not paid in cash, but each was given a government position after he had transcribed a set number of sections of the encyclopedia.[8] It took more than ten years to complete the encyclopedia and all seven copies were distributed.

By 1782, the Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries, a guide to the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries, had also been completed. It contains bibliographical information about the 3,593 titles in the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries and about 6,793 other books that were not included in it.[9] The Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries, which was published in 1793, became the largest Chinese book catalog of the time.

Compilation

The initial compilation of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries started with the Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries and was completed in 1773. The first workable drafts were completed in 1781. These included bibliographical information on all the works included in the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries in full as well as a large number of works that are mentioned only by title.[10]

As its title indicates, the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries contains four sections: Confucian Classics, which contains important works of Confucius; Belles-Lettres, which contains literary works ranging from personal letters to poems and writings meant for the masses; Historiography; and Masters. The contents of these latter two sections range from works on science and technology to writings on military affairs.[9]

In the course of editing, a large number of corrections were made to local records. Personal documents, often describing the actions of noteworthy local people, were often included in the Annotated Bibliography of the Four Treasuries if their contents could be verified through central government records. In the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries itself, documents that could not be verified were often included by title only. Even officially sponsored writings, such as local gazetteers, were not safe from the scrutiny of the compilers.[10]

Medical knowledge was often documented through case studies, on the model of twenty-five instances in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, which blended narrative with analysis.[11] Similarly, works on philosophy took Huang Zongxi's writings as their model, though they came to be divided into two types: "archival", meaning scholarly articles, and "cultural", meaning Buddhist Kōans. Because authors and previous compilers had not considered philosophical works to form part of historical records, the compilers of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries redefined the classifications in several compilations and set boundaries based on authors' biographies and the purposes of their writings.[11]

The Qianlong Emperor reviewed many of the works that were being compiled, and his opinions were conveyed through direct comments or imperial edicts. These colored the compilers' criteria for works suitable for inclusion in the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries, especially in relation to works expressing anti-Qing sentiments.[10] This can be exemplified in the compilers' handling of the story of Zhang Shicheng and his rival Zhu Yuanzhang. The Qianlong Emperor sought to discredit the Ming dynasty by highlighting the cruelty of its early rulers and contrasting it with the policies of his own Qing. The compilers did not see Zhang Shicheng's rule as legitimate, but as a natural response to the tyranny imposed on the people under the Ming dynasty.[10]

Distribution

The Qianlong Emperor commissioned seven copies of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. The first four copies were for the emperor himself and were kept in the north, in specially constructed libraries in the Forbidden City, Old Summer Palace, Shenyang, and Chengde. The remaining three copies were sent to the south, where they deposited in libraries in the cities of Hangzhou, Zhenjiang, and Yangzhou.[7] All seven libraries also received copies of the imperial encyclopedia Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China, completed in 1725.

The copy kept in the Old Summer Palace was destroyed during the Second Opium War in 1860. The two copies kept in Zhenjiang and Yangzhou were also completely destroyed, while the copy kept in Hangzhou was only about 70 to 80 percent destroyed during the Taiping Rebellion. The four remaining copies suffered some damage during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Today, those copies are located in the National Library of China in Beijing, the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the Gansu Provincial Library in Lanzhou, and the Zhejiang Library in Hangzhou.[7]

Censorship

It is said that the Qianlong Emperor did not keep his promise to return books to their owners. Any books that did not make it into the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries risked becoming part of the Siku Jinshu (四庫禁書), a catalogue of over 2,855 books that were rejected and banned during the completion of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries. An additional four to five hundred books were also edited or censored. The majority of the books that were banned had been written towards the end of the Ming dynasty and contained Anti-Qing sentiments. The Siku Jinshu was the Qianlong Emperor's attempt to rid China of any remaining Ming loyalists by executing scholars and burning any books that made direct or implicit political attacks on the Manchu.[3] However, it has been also pointed out that most works banned under the Qing's censorship have been preserved, whereas most of the works lost were not among those prohibited.[12]

Contents

A page from the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries.

Each copy of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries was bound into 36,381 volumes (册,Cè), with more than 79,000 volumes (卷,Juǎn). In total, each copy is around 2.3 million pages, and has approximately 800 million Chinese characters.

Complete Catalogue

The scholars working on the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries wrote a descriptive note for each book, detailing the author's name along with place and year of birth. Next, after they determined what parts of the author's work would go into the compilation, they analyzed the main points of the author's argument. This short annotation, which reflected their own opinions, was put at the beginning of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries and formed the Complete Catalogue. The Complete Catalogue was divided into four sections or kù (庫, meaning "warehouse, storehouse, treasury, repository"), in reference to the divisions in the imperial library divisions. The title Complete Library of the Four Treasuries is a reference to these four sections:[7]

44 Sub-Categories

The books are divided into 44 sub-categories or lèi (simplified Chinese: 类; traditional Chinese: 類). The Complete Library of the Four Treasuries includes most major Chinese texts, from the ancient Zhou Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.[7] It lacks any Western or Japanese texts.[3] Included within the 44 sub-categories are the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the I Ching, the Rites of Zhou, the Classic of Rites, the Classic of Poetry, the Spring and Autumn Annals, the Shuowen Jiezi, the Records of the Grand Historian, the Zizhi Tongjian, The Art of War, the Guoyu, Stratagems of the Warring States, the Compendium of Materia Medica, and other classics.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Complete Library of the Four Treasuries". Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  2. ↑ 中國大百科全書編委會 (ed.). "四庫七閣、《四庫全書》、《四庫全書總目提要》". 中國大百科全書（第二版）（第21冊）. p. 146-147. ISBN 9787500079583.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Guy, R. Kent (1987). The Emperor's Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in the Late Chʻien-lung Era. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. ISBN 0674251156. OCLC 15133087.
  4. ↑ "The Siku Quanshu: Probably the Most Ambitious Editorial Enterprise before the Wikipedia : History of Information".
  5. ↑ "The Emperor's Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in the Late Ch'ien-lung Era". Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  6. ↑ Xie, Meng (2022). Internationalizing the Social Sciences in China: The Disciplinary Development of Sociology at Tsinghua University. Western Washington. p. 68. ISBN 9789811901638.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Hung, William (1939). "Preface to an Index to Ssu-k'u ch'uan-shu tsung-mu and Wei-shou shu-mu". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 4 (1): 47–58. doi:10.2307/2717904. JSTOR 2717904.
  8. ↑ Porter., Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). Chinese History: A Manual (Rev. and enl ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Published by the Harvard University Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute. ISBN 0674002474. OCLC 42772193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. 1 2 Theobald, U. (15 October 2015). CHINAKNOWLEDGE - A Universal Guide for China studies. Retrieved from http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Science/sikuquanshu.html
  10. 1 2 3 4 Han, Seunghyun (2016). "After the Prosperous Age". After the Prosperous Age: State and Elites in Early Nineteenth-Century Suzhou. Vol. 101 (1 ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1dnn8ht. ISBN 9780674737174. JSTOR j.ctt1dnn8ht.
  11. 1 2 "Thinking with Cases". Thinking with Cases: Specialist Knowledge in Chinese Cultural History. University of Hawai'i Press. 2007. ISBN 9780824830496. JSTOR j.ctt6wr1vg.
  12. ↑ Fairbank, John (2008). The Cambridge Economic History of China, Volume 7. p. 781.

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