Early life

Simion "Senia"^[1] Shestopal, the scion of a Ukrainian Jewish family, was born in Odessa, officially on September 18, 1913, but more likely on September 5, 1912.^[2][3] According to literary historian Ovid Crohmălniceanu, his familiarity with Jewish mythology and the Hebrew language can be read as a clue that he was enlisted in a cheder.^[4] He lived in Odessa with his parents and his brother Fima until 1920, when they were chased out of the country by the revolutionary war.^[5]

His father obtained protection status from the Italian diplomatic mission, before moving with his family to Romania and legally changing his name to Emanoil Șestopali.^[3][5][6][7] Simion's mother, Berta née Berman, later arranged for her own relatives to settle in the new country.^[7] They lived in Galați, where Simion and Fima began their schooling, until 1923, then moved to Bucharest.^[3][5] Simion enlisted at the Matei Basarab High School, where he was colleagues with poet Gherasim Luca. Sharing a school-desk, the two became close friends.^[2][3][5][6] They also associated with Aurel Baranga, who was in the same school, but slightly younger.^[3] Their circle also included female colleagues and admirers, among them Henriette Iacobsohn, future wife of the cartoonist Saul Steinberg, and Amelia Pavel, later an essayist and art historian. Pavel, who vacationed with Simion at Sovata in summer 1930, remembered him as a "nice and well-behaved youth".^[8]

Nevertheless, all three young men made a habit of deriding cultural conventions: Pals was almost expelled from school when he burst out laughing during a lecture on poet-laureate Vasile Alecsandri.^[3] In 1930, having kept up with the Western European and Romanian avant-garde, Luca founded the radical youth magazine Alge ("Algae"), with collaborations from Șestopali (the nominal "chief editor"),^[3] Baranga, and Jules Perahim; they were later joined by Paul Păun. Șestopali experimented with literary pseudonyms, sometimes signing his work for Alge as D. Amprent^[1][5][7][9] and then, for the first time ever, Sesto Pals. A quasi-anagram of his Romanian name-and-initial, it was sometimes corrected to Șesto Pals in later reference, but the poet always signed his work sans diacritic.^[10] The family name probably originated in a Russian moniker for "six fingers" or "six toes", and Șestopali bragged that he himself had inherited an extra toe.^[8]

Obscenity scandal

Underfunded, Alge only put out six or seven issues in this 1930 edition.^[3][5][7] By February 1932, Pals had established his own single-issue magazine, titled Muci ("Snot") and distributed free of charge at one of Perahim's art shows.^[3][5] Like Păun and the other Alge men, he was also co-opted by unu, the more established avant-garde sheet, but had a tense encounter with its editor, Sașa Pană.^[3] Nonetheless, unu hosted some of Pals' prose poems, including one which mockingly advertised Perahim's art as a "horrid crime" against the state.^[3] In addition to writing poetry, he was interested in hard science, taking his baccalaureate with honors in physics.^[3][5][7] He barely passed the overall examination, after having again slammed Alecsandri's work in his Romanian literature paper.^[3]

In 1933, Luca reissued Alge in a more licentious edition, and challenged the cultural establishment by sending a copy to Nicolae Iorga, the nationalist historian and political figure. A clampdown on their activities followed: all known contributors were caught in a police investigation, and Pals' home was searched for incriminating proof. Despite no longer being a contributor (and feeling alienated by Păun and Baranga's leftist militancy), Pals was implicated by his nominal editorial contribution.^[3][7] He was eventually arrested and sent to Văcărești prison, where his colleagues were also rounded up. Pals later recalled being subjected to a thorough interrogation by the examining magistrate, and sharing a cell with a known communist. Taking his instructions from Iorga, the coroner alleged that the Șestopalis were themselves communists, sent in from the Soviet Union to subvert Romanian society.^[3][7] The family was threatened with expulsion.^[3]

The writers' parents eventually obtained their release,^[5] with Emanoil pleading with his son that he amend his ways.^[1][3][7] The court ruled against the Alge group, and issued two-year suspended sentences against them. This tarnished their judicial record, leaving Pals exposed to persecution.^[3][7] Pals was traumatized by the whole experience, and no longer bothered with his college admission,^[5] although his grades qualified him for enlistment at the Bucharest Polytechnic.^[1][3][7]

In 1934, when he and his family were naturalized Romanian,^[3] Pals finally matriculated with the Polytechnic, where he majored in mining engineering and metallurgy.^[5] He kept out of literary life. When, in 1939, Luca returned from Paris a committed surrealist, Pals was invited to attend the sessions of his Bucharest surrealist circle. He did so on occasion, meeting with new recruits such as Dolfi Trost and Gellu Naum, but, as Pals biographer Michäel Finkenthal notes, "chain smoked [and] kept himself dead silent."^[2] Pals himself later asserted: "I never did 'fade' out of sight, I have always been out of sight."^[10][11]

Antisemitic persecution and communist oppression

Pals graduated in 1940, just as the National Renaissance Front dictatorship had barred Jews from employment in most fields, including technical.^[5][7][6] Pushed out of literary life, Pals discovered philosophy, and became an avid reader of Hegel.^[1][7] Finkenthal notes that his "rather obsessive preoccupation" was "to quantify qualitative values", a "strange mixture of Hegelianism and abstract arithmetic".^[7] Then, at the height of World War II, the Șestopalis came to be persecuted under tighter racial laws. Pals' brother Fima escaped to Palestine.^[12] Pals was singled out for compulsory labor, and sent to work as a "Jewish engineer" for the State Railways.^{[2][5][7][12]} Making occasional returns to Bucharest,^[12] he had an amorous affair with Lucia "Lucy" Metsch, a Paris-trained painter of Bukovina Jewish extraction. She had narrowly escaped the Einsatzgruppen, and was working at The Barașeum.^[7]

Pals sought full employment after the antifascist coup of 1944, and, in 1945, was dispatched to oversee the construction of railway tunnels in Cluj County.^[5] Later that year, he returned to Bucharest, joining the City Planning Institute as founder and president of its geotechnical engineering section.^[5][6] In 1946, engineer Șestopali parted with Lucy and married Valentina Berman. This created controversy: Valentina was Pals' first cousin and his junior by 15 years.^[1][6][7] She was also Holocaust survivor, having just returned from the concentration camp in Berezivka, Transnistria.^[7][13] Although he still refrained from an open affiliation, Pals continued to visit Luca and the surrealists, introducing his wife to them.^[2] His half-sister-in-law, Mura Vlad, was a published novelist and translator from Russian.^[14]

The marriage soon crumbled: Pals was an absentee husband, and Valentina found it hard to cope with the rigors of life in Communist Romania.^[7] Working as a typist, she met the poet Ion Caraion, becoming his admirer, muse, and lover.^{[1][7][13][14][15]} Pals accepted the informal separation, resuming his love affair with Lucy Metsch,^[1][15] who now worked as a scenic painter for Sahia Film.^[5] He was increasingly withdrawn and troubled, dedicating himself to writing down a whole corpus of literary and philosophical works that he would not publish.^[5][15]

During that decade, the Șestopalis came into conflict with the communist regime. In 1957, an investigation began into Caraion's samizdat poetry, which was highly critical of the regime, and which Valentina had helped circulate. At the risk of incriminating himself, Pals returned to his conjugal home and protected his estranged wife.^[1][15] In mid 1958, Valentina was arrested by the Securitate, then implicated in Caraion's trial for sedition. She dismissed the option to denounce Caraion in exchange for freedom,^[13] and was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor.^[1][14][16]

In 1962, Pals applied for an exit visa and emigration to Israel, a rebellious gesture which saw his demotion with reduced pay and his relocation to the remote town of Dej.^[5] Valentina, released from prison under a general amnesty, divorced him in 1963, and later married Caraion.^[5][7] Pals also married Lucy in 1965, and, starting 1967, retook his position at the Bucharest Planning Institute.^[5][7] He earned respect in the engineers' community, and had several professional awards to his name,^[1][6] while privately working on a set of essays which sought to reconcile Hegelianism with existentialism and phenomenology.^[15]

Emigration

By his own account, Pals lived a quiet and exceptionally fulfilling life down to 1970: caught up in his work during daytime, he turned to writing literature at night, and reconnected with his avant-garde friends.^[5] He still refrained from going public, although two of his close friends, former avant-garde writers Baranga and Geo Bogza, were well regarded by the regime and could arrange him a publishing deal.^[1] He was more preoccupied with discovering (as he put it) "the mystery of existence through one's own existence".^[5] That interval came to an end in 1970, when he and his wife were allowed to emigrate. They were seen to their plane by Bogza, the dissenting communist.^[3] Pals was forced by the authorities to leave his voluminous manuscripts behind in Romania; he split them into fascicles, which he hid in various places.^[5] Ion and Valentina Caraion, together with their daughter Marta, were themselves allowed to leave in 1981, moving to Lausanne.^[17] Caraion, who had agreed to collaborate with the Securitate in return for his freedom, was repeatedly blackmailed by his former supervisors.^[16][18]

Pals resumed his professional career in Haifa, where he oversaw the digging of utility tunnels.^[6] He traveled outside the country to meet Luca, who was living in Paris.^[2] However, his health declined abruptly, and he was forced to take retirement in 1982.^[5] He suffered from gastrointestinal cancer, and was treated at the Rabin Medical Center.^[19]

Working from his home, a small apartment in Bnei Brak,^[1] Pals focused entirely on philosophical essays, which he composed in French,^[20] and a new set of visual poetry pieces. He reluctantly agreed to have samples of these works published in Romanian diaspora magazines—including Caraion's Don Quijote and Alexandru Lungu's Argo.^{[5][6][10][11]} In 1985, the Honolulu exile Ștefan Baciu dedicated him a special issue of his MELE, a poetry newsletter. It included homage pieces by his old friends Păun and Bogza.^{[5][6][10][21]} Interviewed about his work by journalist Solo Har-Herescu in 1993, Pals was oblique: "I am not fit to answer, as my head is filled with those snake-like questions, poisoning my replies, eating them up as they [...] bite into their own tails, making it hard to know where tails begin and heads end." His only reason for writing was "an inner urging", as "so much better poems" already existed, which were still "of no use to the reading public".^[11]

Final years and death

Sesto Pals the poet was rediscovered in Romania only after the 1989 Revolution: in 1998, Nicolae Tzone published a book of his poetry with Editura Vinea, as Omul ciudat ("The Bizarre Man"). It was only at this time that Pals' former colleagues in the Bucharest Planning Institute discovered that he was the same as the avant-garde poet, as one of them confessed in a letter to the editors.^[1] Omul ciudat had a small circulation and, according to critic Răzvan Voncu, was only popular among the "connoisseurs of the avant-garde".^[15] The book earned Pals the Benjamin Fondane Award, granted by the Association of Romanian Writers in Israel.^[5] Pals' health condition was declining to such a degree that he had to be carried to that ceremony; by 1999, he was bedridden and tube-fed, but fully conscious and perfecting poems that were supposed to convey his final message to the world.^[5] He was still working on this on October 17, 2002, when he had to be taken to hospital.^[5]

Pals died in Tel Aviv, on October 27, 2002.^[9][22] Just days before this happened, the Romanian review Tribuna hosted three of his final poems.^[5] Pals' last work saw print a month later, in Ultima Oră, the Tel Aviv Romanian-Jewish newspaper.^[5] A revised edition of Omul ciudat came out at Editura Paideia, with illustrations by Mariana Macri, daughter of Pals' friend Ionathan X. Uranus.^[6]

Much of Pals' sizable fortune was bequeathed to the Rabin Medical Center, founding a research unit "for early detection and prevention of gastrointestinal cancer".^[19] Pals was survived by Lucy, who died in 2006, and by Valentina Caraion, both of whom participated in the effort to recover and edit his work.^[1] Although most of Pals' texts remained unpublished and under-researched, a follow-up to Omul ciudat, titled Întuneric și lumină ("Darkness and Light") was put out in Romania in 2007.^[9][15]

His 2013 centennial was celebrated in Romania under the auspices of the Museum of Romanian Literature^[2] and Gaudeamus Book Fair.^[23] Interest in Pals' work and personality was kept alive by the philosopher-physicist Michäel Finkenthal, who also collected some of the lesser known prose works into a 2014 anthology.^[15] A fictionalized portrayal of Pals as "the bizarre poet" is found in Virgil Duda's 2011 novel, Un cetățean al lumii ("A Citizen of the World").^[24]