A segmentation gene is a generic term for a gene whose function is to specify tissue pattern in each repeated unit of a segmented organism. Animals are constructed of segments; however, Drosophila segments also contain subdivided compartments. There are five gene classes which each contribute to the segmentation and development of the embryonic drosophila. These five gene classes include the coordinate gene, gap gene, pair-rule gene, segment polarity gene, and homeotic gene. In embryonic drosophila, the pair-rule gene defines odd-skipped and even-skipped genes as parasegments, showing 7 stripes in the embryo. In the next gene class, segment polarity gene, individual segments each have their own anterior and posterior pole, resulting in 14 segments.[1][2] In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, segment polarity genes help to define the anterior and posterior polarities within each embryonic parasegment by regulating the transmission of signals via the Wnt signaling pathway and Hedgehog signaling pathway. Segment polarity genes are expressed in the embryo following expression of the gap genes and pair-rule genes. The most commonly cited examples of these genes are engrailed and gooseberry in Drosophila melanogaster.[3] The segment polarity is the last step in embryonic development and a repeated pattern where each half of each segment is deleted and a mirror-image is duplicated and reversed to replace that half segment; thus, forming a pattern element.[4]

Segment polarity in Drosophila

Segmentation polarity occurs during the release of morphogens, which functions to differentiate patterns within sections.[5] The development of a pattern depends on the gradients of these morphogens.[5]

Engrailed

In Drosophila, the engrailed gene is expressed only in cells within the posterior section of every segment.[6] Its role is to distinguish posterior from anterior sections of each segment. Engrailed expression is generally restricted to cells in the posterior compartment but research suggests it may have other functions.[7]

Gooseberry

The gooseberry gene's role in segmentation was believed to be involved in segment-polarity class of segmentation genes required for the formation of larval segments because, during embryogenesis, half of the larval segments are replaced by the remain half segment, but in a reversed polarity, which suggested that gooseberry was a single gene.[8] However, it is believed that this mechanism is controlled by two duplicated genes instead of one, which are called gooseberry (gsb) and gooseberry neuro (gsbn).[9]

Development of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Research into zygotes of Drosophila have indicated that several segment polarity genes are vital for segmentation involved in neuroblast formation and differentiation of cell into their neuroblast identity; thereby, developing the central nervous system.[10] Research on the loss-of-function mutations in these genes of Drosophila suggests that segment polarity genes interactions are also responsible for neuroblast division, affecting the quantity of neuroblasts as well as their specificity.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "Interactive Fly, Drosophila". Archived from the original on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2015-10-02.
  2. ↑ Sanders, Mark Frederick; Bowman, John L. (2019). Genetic analysis : an integrated approach (Third ed.). New York: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 978-0134605173.
  3. ↑ "Polarity". Biology Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online. 2019-10-07. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  4. ↑ Perrimon, N., & Mahowald, A. P. (1987). Multiple functions of segment polarity genes in Drosophila. Developmental biology, 119(2), 587-600.
  5. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2015-10-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ↑ Brower DL. Engrailed gene expression in Drosophila imaginal discs. The EMBO Journal. 1986;5(10):2649-2656.
  8. ↑ He, H., & Noll, M. (2013). Differential and redundant functions of gooseberry and gooseberry neuro in the central nervous system and segmentation of the Drosophila embryo. Developmental biology, 382(1), 209-223.
  9. ↑ Bopp, D., Burri, M., Baumgartner, S., Frigerio, G., & Noll, M. (1986). Conservation of a large protein domain in the segmentation gene paired and in functionally related genes of Drosophila. Cell, 47(6), 1033-1040.
  10. ↑ Patel, N. H., Schafer, B., Goodman, C. S., & Holmgren, R. (1989). The role of segment polarity genes during Drosophila neurogenesis. Genes & development, 3(6), 890-904.
  11. ↑ Bhat, K. M. (1999). Segment polarity genes in neuroblast formation and identity specification during Drosophila neurogenesis. Bioessays, 21(6), 472-485.
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