Public Investment Fund
Native name
صندوق الإستثمارات العامة
Founded17 August 1971 (1971-08-17)
FounderFaisal bin Abdulaziz
Headquarters
Riyadh
,
Saudi Arabia
Key people
AUMUS$776 billion (£538 billion)[1]
Websitepif.gov.sa

The Public Investment Fund (PIF; Arabic: صندوق الاستثمارات العامة) is the sovereign wealth fund of Saudi Arabia. It is among the largest sovereign wealth funds in the world with total estimated assets of US$776 billion (£538 billion).[2] It was created in 1971 for the purpose of investing funds on behalf of the Government of Saudi Arabia.[3] The wealth fund is controlled by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Saudi Arabia's de facto ruler since 2015.[4][5]

More than 60% of the fund's activities are within Saudi Arabia.[6] Within Saudi Arabia, the fund's investments primarily go to private conglomerates owned by prominent Saudi business families who have close ties to the Saudi ruling family.[6] Outside of Saudi Arabia, the fund's investments into prominent foreign assets such as Premier League football club Newcastle United have generated controversy due to the fund's lack of transparency and close control by the Saudi government, which has itself faced significant criticism around the lack of human rights in the country.[7][8]

History

PIF governor Yasir Al-Rumayyan in 2016

The Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund (PIF) was established by the King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud in 1971[9] by Royal Decree M/24[10] with the stated intent to provide financing support for projects of strategic significance to the national economy.[11] For much of its history, the PIF was a passive entity that oversaw the Saudi state's equity in listed firms. When neighboring petrostates began using their sovereign wealth funds for influence, Saudi Arabia followed them. The PIF expanded its staff from 50 in 2015 to nearly 500 in 2018.[9]

In July 2014, the Council of Ministers granted the PIF authority to fund new companies inside and outside the Kingdom, either independently or in cooperation with the public and private sectors, without the council's prior approval.[12] In March 2015, oversight of PIF was moved from the Ministry of Finance to the Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA). As part of this process, a new PIF was appointed, chaired by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.[13] The board says PIF is aligned with the government's Vision 2030[14] with the aim to diversify the economy.[15] To bolster the resources of the PIF and help in the financing of investments into foreign companies such as Uber and Tesla, the PIF received cash from the Saudi Central Bank, issued debt, and benefitted from the proceeds of the privatisation of Saudi state assets.[9]

In 2022, a 4% stake in ownership of Saudi Aramco was transferred to the PIF, which was repeated in 2023 as part of the funds plan to increase assets under management to over $1 trillion by 2025. The shares for the second 4% stake in 2023 were valued around $78 billion. The move was intended to take advantage of higher hydrocarbon prices towards funding the expansion of the PIF in its overarching goal to diversify investments.[16]

A 2021 report by Global SWF found that PIF's Governance, Sustainability, and Resilience (GSR) score had risen by 12% to an overall score of 40% (out of 100%) that year. This was partially attributed to the fact that PIF had started to build a dedicated ESG (Environmental, Social, and Sustainability) team.[17]

Investment projects

The PIF has 38% stake in Posco Engineering & Construction Co., a 5% stake in Uber (for $3.5 billion), and a 5% stake in the video game companies Capcom and Nexon (for $1 billion).[18] In March 2016, it was announced that ownership of Saudi Aramco would be transferred to the PIF and that the Kingdom will seek to list 5 percent of Aramco's shares by 2017.[19] PIF owns Qiddiya,[20] spearheads the Red Sea Project for luxury beach resorts,[21][22] and owns the closed joint-stock company named Neom.[23][24] PIF owns a 5.7% stake (valued at $500 million) in concert distributor Live Nation.[25] In 2020, PIF purchased minority stakes in major U.S. companies including Boeing, Meta Platforms (then Facebook) and Citigroup.[26] PIF disclosed a $713.7 million stake in Boeing, around $522 million in Citigroup, a $522 million stake in Facebook, a $495.8 million stake in Disney and a $487.6 million stake in Bank of America. It also disclosed a small stake in Berkshire Hathaway.[27] PIF also disclosed an $827.7 million stake in oil company BP.[28] In 2020, PIF purchased a 2.32% stake (valued at $1.5 billion) in India's Jio Platforms,[29][30] and reduced its holdings in US stocks to $7 billion from $10.1 billion in the third quarter. It instead left a stake of $2.7 billion in Uber.[31]

In 2016, SoftBank Group and the PIF announced that they would establish a SoftBank Vision Fund which aims to invest up to $45 billion over five years in the tech sector.[32] The SoftBank Group confirmed that during the fiscal year 2019–2020, the Vision Fund, in which Saudi Arabia invested $45 billion, incurred a loss calculated at $17.7 billion, after the value of investments was written down. The losses were related to the investments in WeWork and Uber Technologies Inc. In the 39-year history of SoftBank, the Saudi Arabia-backed funds paid the group its worst-ever losses, where the overall company losses were 1.36 trillion yen (more than $12.5 billion).[33]

During the 2017 Saudi-US CEO Forum, which was part of President Donald Trump's official trip to Saudi Arabia, PIF announced plans to "invest $40 billion in infrastructure projects, mostly in the U.S." Blackstone, whose CEO and founder—Stephen A. Schwarzman—is a top supporter of Trump, entered into a non-binding memorandum by which the PIF committed $20 billion to the project.[34] During the CEO Forum US-Saudi, arms deals were announced including a pledge to "assemble 150 Lockheed Martin Black Hawk helicopters" in Saudi Arabia, representing 450 jobs in Saudi Arabia" as part of the "$6 billion deal for Black Hawks."[35]

In October 2017, it was announced that PIF would aim to increase its assets under management to more than $400 billion and create more than 20,000 new jobs by 2020.[36][37] Al-Rumayyan presented a new investment strategy for the fund, based on four objectives of maximizing assets, investing in new sectors, localizing technologies, and developing economic partnerships.[36] He also said PIF would borrow conservatively to finance specific assets and would seek further partnerships such as those with Blackstone and SoftBank.[38][39]

In September 2018, Al-Rumayyan announced PIF's first step in incorporating loans and debt instruments into its long-term strategy, with an $11 billion loan facility.[40] The following month he said the fund would aim to increase the percentage of international assets in its portfolio from 10% to 50% by 2030.[41]

At the Milken Institute in Abu Dhabi in February 2019, Al-Rumayyan announced that PIF would open new offices in London, New York and San Francisco, and would increase its workforce from 450 to 700 by the end of 2019.[42][43] He also said the fund would invest in renewable energy projects in Saudi Arabia, including the local manufacture of solar panels.[42]

In March 2019, it was revealed that PIF paid a New York communications firm, Karv Communications, $120,000 a month in order to repair Saudis' damaged reputation after the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[44]

In 2021, they purchased stakes in the American video game companies Electronic Arts, Take-Two Interactive, and Activision Blizzard. In May 2022, they purchased a 5% stake in the Japanese video game company Nintendo,[45] and the following month, an 8% stake in Embracer Group with a $1 billion investment.[46]

PIF owned a major indirect stake in Twitter prior to its acquisition by Elon Musk although many Saudis who use the platform for political dissent and activism are arbitrarily arrested and imprisoned.[47]

In November 2023, PIF acquired a 10% stake in Heathrow Airport after Ferrovial sold its 25% share.[48] The remaining 15% was acquired by Ardian.[48]

PIF acquired a 49% stake in Rocco Forte Hotels in December 2023, valuing the hotel group at £1.4 billion.[49]

Former Donald Trump administration officials

In 2021, PIF invested $2 billion into a private equity firm that had been newly formed by Jared Kushner, Donald Trump's son-in-law, shortly after he left the White House. PIF advisers raised questions about the merits of the investment, but PIF management overruled the advisers.[4] By April 2022, Kushner's equity firm primarily depended on Saudi money, as it only had $2.5 billion under its management.[4] Within the Donald Trump administration, Kushner was a staunch defender of Saudi ruler Mohammed bin Salman.[4] According to ethics experts, the investment created the appearance of potential payback for Kushner.[4]

In 2021, PIF invested $1 billion in the investment fund established by former Donald Trump administration official Steven Mnuchin just after he left government.[4][50]

In May 2022, it was reported that Affinity Partners was planning to direct Saudi Arabia's PIF money to Israel. There were multiple meetings by Kushner had with a range of Israeli startups before he picked two of them to make an investment. The Kingdom didn't have diplomatic relations with Israel and was neither a part of the Abraham Accords. Saudi Arabia was warned by Kushner that it could lose the opportunities in Israel to its neighbors who signed the accords, including the UAE and Bahrain. Through Kushner's firm, Saudi could open to Israeli businesses, which could prove to be lucrative for the Arab country. Affinity Partner's investment in Israeli startups was agreed to by Saudi officials and was also believed to have been approved by Crown Prince Mohammed. Many saw it as a groundwork for a potential normalization of relations between Saudi and Israel.[51] This will be the first known time that money from the Saudi's sovereign wealth fund will go to Israel.[51]

Takeover of Newcastle United

On 14 April 2020, it emerged that a deal to transfer ownership of Newcastle United F.C. for £300m had been agreed between incumbent owner Mike Ashley and a prospective buying consortium consisting of the Public Investment Fund, PCP Capital Partners and Reuben Brothers.[52] However, the Premier League controversially refused to ratify the deal and so Mike Ashley subsequently engaged in various legal proceedings against the Premier League in an attempt to complete the takeover.[53][54] On 7 October 2021, it was announced that the club would be acquired by the consortium led by the Public Investment Fund,[55] after the Premier League stated it had received "legally binding assurances that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia will not control Newcastle United Football Club".[56]

Human rights organizations criticized the Premier League for allowing PIF to purchase a Premier League club. Amnesty International pointed to Saudi Arabia's human rights record, and said that the Premier League must introduce standards whereby human rights violators cannot own Premier League clubs.[57][58] Amnesty called the takeover "an extremely bitter blow for human rights defenders."[59] Hatice Cengiz, the fiancée of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, who was murdered by operatives of the Saudi regime, urged the Premier League to block PIF's takeover.[58]

In April 2021, Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman reportedly asked British Prime Minister Boris Johnson to intervene so that the Premier League would approve PIF's takeover of Newcastle. Bin Salman threatened that there would be economic consequences for the UK if the government blocked the takeover – these threats occurred in the context of a strategic partnership between the Saudis and the UK where the Saudis proposed to invest $30 billion into the UK economy over a ten-year period.[60] The attempted takeover was "a blatant example of Saudi sportswashing", according to Kate Allen of Amnesty International UK.[61] The British government blocked details of its talks with the Premier League regarding the Saudi takeover, saying the disclosure could "harm" relations with Saudi Arabia.[59] The other 19 Premier League clubs condemned the takeover, saying it damaged the Premier League's brand.[62]

Establishment of LIV Golf

In October 2021, a division of the PIF, Golf Saudi funded the establishment of LIV Golf Investments, with Greg Norman declared to be its CEO. The private company introduced a professional tour, LIV Golf, also referred to beforehand as the Super Golf League. It came as a new challenge against the PGA Tour, after the World Golf Tour and the Premier Golf League.[63][64][65][66]

LIV Golf's strategy differed from other leagues as it offered the richest golf tournaments in history and was able to convince star players to take part.[67] In June 2022, the LIV Golf Invitational Series commenced its eight-event season, with total prize money of $255 million. The Saudi PIF backed the event with $2 billion in funds. LIV Golf offered the winners prize of each regular event $4 million in prize money, in comparison to the PGA Championship’s $2.7 million.[68] Some of the most prominent professional golf players participated in the event, including Phil Mickelson, Dustin Johnson, Graeme McDowell, Sergio García, Martin Kaymer, Louis Oosthuizen, Charl Schwartzel and Lee Westwood.[69] Dustin Johnson was allegedly paid $150 million to join the Saudi-backed series.[70] Phil Mickelson also committed to the series after signing a $200 million contract.[71] However, some other renowned players also rejected the new league, with Tiger Woods turned down an offer worth nearly $1 billion.[72] A vocal critic of the tournament, Rory McIlroy also stood with PGA Tour and criticized players who joined LIV, stating they were "taking the easy way out".[73]

LIV Golf was also condemned as another sportswashing tool of Saudi Arabia, which is accused of several human rights violations, including the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.[74] The CEO Greg Norman and star players had to face questions about their association with LIV Golf, despite the Kingdom's abysmal human rights records. Norman dismissed the questions saying, "We've all made mistakes" and that Saudi wanted "to move forward".[75]

Phil Mickelson gave a controversial statement before the establishment of the circuit, saying that the Saudis were "scary motherf–kers to be involved with". He said, "We know they killed Khashoggi and have a horrible record on human rights". Despite that, Mickelson joined LIV Golf, calling it "a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity" to reshape the PGA Tour.[76] Graeme McDowell also gave similar answers and said, "We're not politicians, we're professional golfers. If Saudi Arabia wants to use the game of golf as a way for them to get to where they want to be, I think we're proud to help them on that journey."[77]

On June 6, 2023, it was announced that LIV Golf and the PGA Tour would merge their commercial businesses into a new for-profit company, with the Public Investment Fund reportedly investing billions into the new company.[78] Critics of the deal accused the PGA of hypocrisy and lamented what they saw as Saudi "sportswashing."[79] Saudi exiles and human rights activists said that the PGA were accepting "Saudi blood money."[79] The Associated Press wrote that the merger of the PGA Tour and LIV Golf marked a turnaround for the authoritarian regime in Saudi Arabia, as the Mohammed bin Salman regime had been isolated for years over human rights abuses and the murder of Jamal Khashoggi.[80]

Exposure to Credit Suisse crisis

In 2022, PIF made a $1.5 billion investment in Credit Suisse as part of a broader goal of diversifying its portfolio into global banking. The PIF connected Credit Suisse to the Saudi National Bank, and made the Saudi National Bank the largest shareholder with less than 10% ownership (which, according to the Saudi National Bank, prevented them from having to deal with regulatory requirements for 10%+ shareholder ownership).[81] After the March 2023 United States bank failures had gripped the global banking sector, Saudi National Bank chairman Ammar al-Khudair publicly stated on 15 March 2023 that they would "absolutely not" supply Credit Suisse with more capital (referencing the regulatory requirements for 10%+ shareholders as the reason why), which then promptly caused the share price of Credit Suisse to drop 25% more. On 19 March 2023, UBS confirmed their planned acquisition of Credit Suisse.[82]

Criticism

PIF has been characterized as among the least transparent sovereign wealth funds in the world. In 2016, The Wall Street Journal noted that none of the fund's investments were named.[3] According to Steffen Hertog, a professor at the London School of Economics, the PIF "is seen as opaque, a black box. Few know what's going on there, including sometimes other government ministries."[9] As the PIF is a ministry-operated company with an overwhelming focus on domestic investments, some scholars characterize it as a "quasi-sovereign wealth fund."[83][84][85] The funds investments within the kingdom include dates, camels, and coffee,[86] but also amusement, sports, tourism and renewable energy.[87]

The governance structure of PIF has been called into question, specifically with respect to how much control Mohammad bin Salman holds on decision making at PIF. In October 2022, Yasir Al-Rumayyan (the governor of PIF) gave an interview where he spoke about resisting the ambitious international stock buying activities being promulgated by Mohammad bin Salman at the beginning of 2020 as the world was grappling with COVID-19. The concern was that giving the PIF tens of billions of dollars from the Saudi central bank to fund this stock buying was risky and might devalue the local currency. Although Mohammad bin Salman is the chairman of PIF, PIF has denied "any suggestion that the decision-making or conduct of the board of PIF is unduly influenced (or influenced in any way contrary to the principles of good governance) by the crown prince." Yasir Al-Rumayyan claims he was overruled by Salman of Saudi Arabia, who is still officially king. Yasir Al-Rumayyan also admitted that of the $35 billion spent by the PIF as part of this activity, it soon rose to $49 billion when markets rose.[88]

The fund's domestic investments tend to go to firms owned by elites with long-standing personal connections to the Saudi state.[89]

Some of PIF's assets were transferred to the organization in 2017 after the Saudi regime conducted an "anti-corruption" purge whereby assets of 400 of Saudi Arabia's richest individuals were seized by the regime.[90]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Top 100 Largest Sovereign Wealth Fund Rankings by Total Assets – SWFI". swfinstitute.org.
  2. ↑ "Public Investment Fund (PIF) – Sovereign Wealth Fund, Saudi Arabia – SWFI". swfinstitute.org. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  3. 1 2 Clark, Simon (1 November 2016). "Saudi Wealth Fund May Be World's Least Transparent". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kirkpatrick, David D.; Kelly, Kate (10 April 2022). "Before Giving Billions to Jared Kushner, Saudi Investment Fund Had Big Doubts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  5. ↑ Montambault Trudelle, Alexis (2022). "The Public Investment Fund and Salman's state: the political drivers of sovereign wealth management in Saudi Arabia". Review of International Political Economy. 30 (2): 747–771. doi:10.1080/09692290.2022.2069143. ISSN 0969-2290. S2CID 248596678.
  6. 1 2 Montambault Trudelle, Alexis (2023). "Towards a sociology of state investment funds? sovereign wealth funds and state-business relations in Saudi Arabia". New Political Economy. 28 (3): 380–397. doi:10.1080/13563467.2022.2126448. ISSN 1356-3467. S2CID 252424148.
  7. ↑ "Newcastle United sold to Saudi consortium amid concerns about human rights abuses". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  8. ↑ "Saudi Wealth Fund May Be World's Least Transparent". WSJ. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Saudi sovereign wealth fund scrambles for resources". Financial Times. 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  10. ↑ "نظام صندوق الاستثمارات العامة" [Public Investment Fund System]. Council of Experts at the Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  11. ↑ Bianchi, Stefania (25 May 2016). "The Key Questions Asked About Saudi Arabia's $2 Trillion Fund". Bloomberg.
  12. ↑ Khrais, Rami (26 April 2016). "Saudis refine blueprint for post-oil economy". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  13. ↑ "Cabinet Session 23-3-2015 – kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  14. ↑ Kerr, Simeon (9 May 2016). "The Saudi Reshuffle: five key reforms in Riyadh, May 2016". Financial Times.
  15. ↑ "Full text of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030". Al Arabiya. 26 April 2016.
  16. ↑ Malsin, Jared; Said, Summer (16 April 2023). "Saudi Arabia Transfers Nearly $78 Billion of Aramco Shares to Wealth Fund". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  17. ↑ Omar, Abeer Abu (4 July 2021). "Biggest Gulf Wealth Funds Are Faulted for Lagging on Governance". Bloomberg. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  18. ↑ "Saudi acquires 5% stake in Capcom and Nexon gaming firms worth $1bn". Middle East Monitor. 6 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  19. ↑ Dobson, Paul Warner (2 October 2016). "Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030". Headline Hamster. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  20. ↑ "Qiddiya Investment Company officially established as standalone company". Arab News. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  21. ↑ His Royal Highness the Crown Prince Announces the Launch of ‘The Red Sea’ project as an international tourist destination as part of the Kingdom’s 2030 Vision, Pif.gov.sa, 31 July 2017, Archived 18 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ Rob Hodgetts, Saudi Arabia launches luxury Red Sea beach resorts plan, CNN, 3 August 2017
  23. ↑ "UPDATE 1-Saudi NEOM set up as joint stock company run by state fund..." Reuters. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  24. ↑ "Saudi Arabia announces creation of Neom Company". Arab News. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  25. ↑ "Saudi fund acquires $500m stake in Live Nation – as the company balances 'doing the right thing' with its $3.8bn cash pot". 27 April 2020.
  26. ↑ "Saudi sovereign fund discloses stakes in Citi, Boeing, Facebook". CNBC. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "Saudi Sovereign Wealth Fund Buys Stakes in Facebook, Boeing, Cisco Systems". The Wall Street Journal. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  28. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund invests billions of dollars in Boeing, Disney and Facebook shares". The National. 16 May 2020. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  29. ↑ "Jio-PIF deal: All you need to know about Saudi Arabia's PIF, the latest investor in Jio Platforms". Money Control. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  30. ↑ "Reliance Industries' Jio Platforms Has Raised INR 1.16 Lakh Crore Within 9 Weeks Through These 11 Deals". NDTV Profit. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  31. ↑ "Saudi Wealth Fund Cuts U.S. Stock Holdings, Holds On to Uber". BNN Bloomberg. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  32. ↑ "SoftBank Group Corp. to Establish SoftBank Vision Fund" (Press release). SoftBank Group. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  33. ↑ "SoftBank Vision Fund Posts $17.7 Billion Loss on WeWork, Uber". Bloomberg.com. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  34. ↑ Manchester, Julia (20 May 2017). "Blackstone, Saudis set to invest $40 billion in primarily U.S. infrastructure". The Hill. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  35. ↑ "Saudi-US arms deal includes plans for 150 Lockheed Martin Black Hawk helicopters". Arab News. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 20 May 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
  36. 1 2 Riyadh, Deirdre Hipwell. "Saudi Arabia to raise size of state wealth fund to $400bn". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  37. ↑ "Saudi's PIF commits $20 bln to $40 billion fund with Blackstone". Reuters. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  38. ↑ "Huge Saudi fund to be conservative borrower, chief says". Reuters. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  39. ↑ "Saudi Wealth Fund Plans to Borrow to Double Investment Returns". Bloomberg.com. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  40. ↑ Khan, Sarmad (17 September 2018). "Saudi Arabia's PIF raises $11bn through maiden syndicated loan facility". The National. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  41. ↑ "Saudi Public Investment Fund invested in 50-60 firms via SoftBank fund". Al Arabiya English. 23 October 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  42. 1 2 Saadi, Dania (13 February 2019). "PIF to open offices abroad as it seeks to boost foreign investments". The National. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  43. ↑ "Saudi Wealth Fund Plans San Francisco Office". Bloomberg.com. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  44. ↑ England, Andrew (19 March 2019). "Saudi Arabia fund hires PR firm in the wake of Khashoggi murder". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  45. ↑ Plunkett, Luke (18 May 2022). "Saudi Arabia Now Owns 5% Of Nintendo". Kotaku. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  46. ↑ Partis, Danielle (8 June 2022). "Saudi Arabia acquires $1bn stake in Embracer Group". Gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  47. ↑ "Saudi woman given 34-year prison sentence for using Twitter". The Guardian. 16 August 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  48. 1 2 Strydom, Martin (29 November 2023). "Ferrovial sells its 25% stake in Heathrow for £2.4bn". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  49. ↑ Walsh, Dominic (4 December 2023). "Saudis buy 49% stake in Forte Hotels". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  50. ↑ Rappeport, Alan (20 September 2021). "Mnuchin's Private Equity Fund Raises $2.5 Billion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  51. 1 2 "Jared Kushner's New Fund Plans to Invest Saudi Money in Israel". The Wall Street Journal. 7 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  52. ↑ "Newcastle United takeover deal worth £300m close". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  53. ↑ "Newcastle hire lawyers in dispute with Premier League over failed Saudi-led takeover". Sky Sports. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  54. ↑ "Newcastle take Premier League to competition tribunal over takeover collapse". BT Sport. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  55. ↑ "PIF, PCP Capital Partners and RB Sports & Media acquire Newcastle United Football Club". Newcastle United. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  56. ↑ "Newcastle takeover completed: Saudi-led consortium end Mike Ashley's 14-year ownership". Sky Sports. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  57. ↑ Harpur, Charlotte. "PL told to analyse human rights record for new owners by Amnesty International". The Athletic. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  58. 1 2 "Amnesty voices human rights concerns as Saudi takeover of Newcastle looms". Reuters. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  59. 1 2 George, Colin; Whannel, Kate (8 October 2021). "Newcastle United: UK blocks details of Premier League talks to protect Saudi relations". BBC News. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  60. ↑ Crafton, Adam (2023). "Newcastle's Saudi takeover: The UK government's emails revealed". The Athletic.
  61. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (15 April 2021). "Saudi crown prince asked Boris Johnson to intervene in Newcastle United bid". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  62. ↑ "Angry Premier League clubs demand emergency meeting on Newcastle deal". The Guardian. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  63. ↑ "Greg Norman named CEO of Saudi group launching 10-event series on Asian Tour. Here's what we know and don't know". Golf Digest. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
  64. ↑ "Saudi golf group set to unveil new series with Greg Norman as commissioner". Golf Week. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  65. ↑ "What is driving the Super Golf League?". Yahoo Sport. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  66. ↑ "The LIV Golf series: What we know, what we don't, and the massive ramifications of the Saudi-backed league". Golf Digest. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  67. ↑ "What Is LIV Golf? It Depends Whom You Ask". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  68. ↑ "When It Comes To Prize Money, LIV Golf's Debut in London Blows Away The PGA Tour". Forbes. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  69. ↑ "LIV Golf: Dustin Johnson, Sergio Garcia, Lee Westwood and Ian Poulter to play in first event". BBC Sport. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  70. ↑ Corrigan, James; Morgan, Tom (June 2022). "Dustin Johnson paid £100m to perform late U-turn and join Saudi-backed rebel series". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  71. ↑ "Phil Mickelson Signs LIV Golf Contract Reportedly Worth Approximately $200M". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  72. ↑ "Tiger Woods Officially A Billionaire, No Thanks to the Saudis". Forbes. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  73. ↑ "Rory McIlroy Says Players Leaving for LIV Golf Are 'Taking the Easy Way Out'". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  74. ↑ "Saudi-backed LIV Golf tournament accused of 'sportswashing'". ABC News. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  75. ↑ "Greg Norman says 'we all make mistakes' when asked about Khashoggi killing". The Guardian. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  76. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's $2bn swing at golf shakes up global game". Financial Times. 11 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  77. ↑ "'We're not politicians', says Graeme McDowell, as LIV golfers asked about Saudi Arabia's human rights". Sky Sports. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  78. ↑ Rizzo, Lillian (6 June 2023). "PGA Tour agrees to merge with Saudi-backed rival LIV Golf". CNBC. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  79. 1 2 Turak, Natasha (7 June 2023). "PGA Tour-LIV Golf merger is a major win for the Saudis — and Americans are slamming it". CNBC.
  80. ↑ "With Saudi-PGA deal, once-shunned crown prince makes dramatic move to extend kingdom's influence". AP NEWS. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  81. ↑ "Credit Suisse Collapse Burns Saudi Investors". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  82. ↑ Halftermeyer, Marion; Henning, Eyk; Förster, Jan-Henrik; Nair, Dinesh (19 March 2023). "UBS Agrees to Buy Credit Suisse in Historic Deal to End Crisis". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  83. ↑ Cumming, Douglas; Wood, Geoffrey; Filatotchev, Igor; Reinecke, Juliane, eds. (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Sovereign Wealth Funds. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 7, 9. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-875480-0.
  84. ↑ Alsweilem, Khalid A.; Cummine, Angela; Rietveld, Malan; Tweedie, Katherine. "A Comparative Study of Sovereign Investor Models: Sovereign Fund Profiles". Harvard.edu. p. 93. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  85. ↑ Das, Udaibir S.; Mazarei, Adnan; Hoorn, Han van der (2010). Economics of Sovereign Wealth Funds. International Monetary Fund. p. 257. ISBN 978-1-58906-927-5.
  86. ↑ Rory Jones and Stephen Kalin. (9 August 2023). "Dates, Coffee and Camels—Saudi Arabia’s Sovereign-Wealth Fund Bets Big at Home". Wall Street Journal website Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  87. ↑ Matthew Martin. (3 August 2023). "How a Giant Fund Is Building Saudi Arabia’s Post-Oil Future". Washington Post website Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  88. ↑ "Saudi Crown Prince Tangles With Sovereign Wealth Fund Over How to Invest Oil Riches". WSJ. 3 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  89. ↑ Montambault Trudelle, Alexis (2022). "Towards a sociology of state investment funds? sovereign wealth funds and state-business relations in Saudi Arabia". New Political Economy. 28 (3): 380–397. doi:10.1080/13563467.2022.2126448. ISSN 1356-3467. S2CID 252424148.
  90. ↑ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (16 October 2021). "Revealed: Newcastle chairman's links to Saudi 'anti-corruption' drive". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.