Salyut 7

Salyut 7
	Salyut 7 photographed by Soyuz T-13 crew before docking, 25 September 1985
	The insignia of the Salyut Program
Station statistics
COSPAR ID	1982-033A
SATCAT no.	13138
Launch	19 April 1982, 19:45:00 UTC
Launch pad	LC-200/40, Baikonur Cosmodrome, Soviet Union
Reentry	7 February 1991
Mass	19,824 kg
Length	16 m (minimum)
Width	4.15 m (max)
Pressurised volume	90 m³ (minimum)
Periapsis altitude	219 km (118.25 nmi)
Apoapsis altitude	278 km (150.1 nmi)
Orbital inclination	51.6 degrees
Orbital period	89.21minutes
Days in orbit	3215 days
Days occupied	816 days
No. of orbits	51,917
Distance travelled	2,106,297,129 km; (1,137,309,460 nmi)
	Statistics as of de-orbit and reentry
Configuration
	Salyut 7 with docked Kosmos 1686 TKS spacecraft

Salyut 7 (Russian: Салют-7; English: Salute 7) (a.k.a. DOS-6, short for Durable Orbital Station^[1]) was a space station in low Earth orbit from April 1982 to February 1991.^[1] It was first crewed in May 1982 with two crew via Soyuz T-5, and last visited in June 1986, by Soyuz T-15.^[1] Various crew and modules were used over its lifetime, including 12 crewed and 15 uncrewed launches in total.^[1] Supporting spacecraft included the Soyuz T, Progress, and TKS spacecraft.^[1]

It was part of the Soviet Salyut programme, and launched on 19 April 1982 on a Proton rocket from Site 200/40 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Soviet Union. Salyut 7 was part of the transition from monolithic to modular space stations, acting as a testbed for docking of additional modules and expanded station operations. It was the eighth space station of any kind launched. Salyut 7 was the last of both the second generation of DOS-series space stations and of the monolithic Salyut Program overall, to be replaced by Mir, the modular, expandable, third generation.

Description

Salyut 7 was the backup vehicle for Salyut 6 and was very similar in equipment and capabilities. With delays to the Mir programme it was decided to launch the back-up vehicle as Salyut 7. In orbit the station suffered technical failures though it benefited from the improved payload capacity of the visiting Progress and Soyuz craft and the experience of its crews who improvised many solutions (such as a fuel line rupture in September 1983 requiring EVAs by the Soyuz T-10 crew to repair). It was aloft for eight years and ten months (a record not broken until Mir), during which time it was visited by 10 crews constituting six main expeditions and four secondary flights (including French and Indian cosmonauts). The station also saw two flights of Svetlana Savitskaya making her the second woman in space since Valentina Tereshkova first flew in June 1963 and the first woman to perform an EVA during which she conducted metal cutting and welding alongside her colleague Vladimir Dzhanibekov.^[2] Aside from the many experiments and observations made on Salyut 7, the station also tested the docking and use of large modules with an orbiting space station. The modules were called "Heavy Kosmos modules" though in reality were variants of the TKS spacecraft intended for the cancelled Almaz military space station. They helped engineers develop the technology necessary to build Mir.

Equipment

Salyut 7 during assembly.

It had two docking ports, one on either end of the station, to allow docking with the Progress uncrewed resupply craft, and a wider front docking port to allow safer docking with a Heavy Kosmos module. It carried three solar panels, two in lateral and one in dorsal longitudinal positions, but they now had the ability to mount secondary panels on their sides. Internally, the Salyut 7 carried electric stoves, a refrigerator, constant hot water and redesigned seats at the command console (more like bicycle seats). Two portholes were designed to allow ultraviolet light in, to help kill infections.^[1] The medical, biological and exercise sections were improved, to allow long stays in the station. The BST-1M telescope used in Salyut 6 was replaced by an X-ray detection system.^[3]

To support experiments in cultivating plants in space, several different plant life support systems were installed: Oasis 1A, Vazon, Svetoblok, Magnetogravistat, Biogravistat and Fiton(Phyton)-3. It was in Fiton-3 that Arabidopsis became the first plants to flower and produce seeds in the zero gravity of space.

Salyut 7 was the most advanced and comfortable space station of the Salyut series. A set of modifications to the interior made it more liveable. There were approximately 20 windows with shades on the Salyut 7. To protect the inside of the windows, they were covered with removable glass panels. The colour scheme was improved and a refrigerator was installed. The ceiling on the Salyut 7 was white; the left wall was apple green and the right one beige,^[4]^[5] a signature design by interior design architect, Galina Balashova, who carried on the concept through Soyuz to Mir and Buran, in an effort to replace 'survive' with 'comfort', working with seasoned cosmonauts to make living conditions better and 'closer to home'.^[6]^[7] Externally, in a departure from previous first generation stations, the large diameter operations section which housed the large scientific apparatus, was colored in a distinctive brown-red and white stripe pattern. This was done to differentiate between it and the outwardly similar Salyut 6 that, for several months of its life, was in orbit at the same time.

Crews and missions

Salyut 7 with docked spacecraft

Salyut-7 with Kosmos1686 and Soyuz T-15 docked, truss extended May 31, 1986

Following up the use of Kosmos 1267 on Salyut 6, the Soviets launched Kosmos 1443 on 2 March 1983 from a Proton SL-13. It docked with the station on 10 March, and was used by the crew of Soyuz T-9. It jettisoned its recovery module on 23 August, and re-entered the atmosphere on 19 September. Kosmos 1686 was launched on 27 September 1985, docking with the station on 2 October. It did not carry a recovery vehicle, and remained connected to the station for use by the crew of Soyuz T-14. Ten Soyuz T crews operated in Salyut 7. Only two Interkosmos "guest cosmonauts" worked in Salyut 7. The first attempt to launch Soyuz T-10 was aborted on the launch pad when a fire broke out at the base of the vehicle. The payload was ejected, and the crew was recovered safely.

Resident crews

Salyut 7 had six resident crews.

The first crew, Anatoli Berezovoy and Valentin Lebedev, arrived on 13 May 1982 on Soyuz T-5 and remained for 211 days until 10 December 1982.^[1]
On 27 June 1983, the crew of Vladimir Lyakhov and Alexander Alexandrov arrived on Soyuz T-9 and remained for 150 days, until 23 November 1983.
On 8 February 1984, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov and Oleg Atkov began a 237-day stay, the longest on Salyut 7, which ended on 2 October 1984.
Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Viktor Savinykh (Soyuz T-13) arrived at the space station on 6 June 1985 to repair its malfunctions.
On 17 September 1985, Soyuz T-14 docked with the station carrying Vladimir Vasyutin, Alexander Volkov and Georgi Grechko. Eight days later Dzhanibekov and Grechko left the station and returned to Earth after 103 days, while Savinyikh, Vasyutin and Volkov remained on Salyut 7 and returned to Earth on 21 November 1985 after 65 days.
On 6 May 1986, Soyuz T-15 carrying Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov docked with the space station and undocked, after a 50-day stay, on 25 June 1986. The Soyuz had come from the Mir space station and returned to Mir on 26 June 1986 in a flight lasting 29 hours.

There were also four visiting missions, crews which came to bring supplies and make shorter duration visits with the resident crews.

Technical and crew problems

The station suffered from two major problems, the first of which required extensive repair work to be performed on a number of EVAs.

Leaks

On 9 September 1983, during the stay of Vladimir Lyakhov and Alexander Alexandrov, while reorienting the station to perform a radiowave transmission experiment, Lyakhov noticed the pressure of one fuel tank was almost zero. Following this, Alexandrov spotted a fuel leak when looking through the aft porthole. Ground control decided to try to repair the damaged pipes, in what was the most complex repair attempted during EVA at the time. This was to be attempted by the next crew, the current one lacking the necessary training and tools. The damage was eventually repaired by Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov, who needed four EVAs to fix two leaks. A special tool to fix the third leak was delivered by Soyuz T-12, and the leak was subsequently fixed.^[8]

Loss of power

On 11 February 1985, contact with Salyut 7 was lost. The station began to drift, making unpredictable movements in orbit, and all systems shut down. At this time the station was uninhabited, after the departure of Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov and Oleg Atkov, and before the next crew arrived. It was once again decided to attempt to repair the station. The work was performed by Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Viktor Savinykh on the Soyuz T-13 mission during June 1985, in what was in the words of author David S. F. Portree "one of the most impressive feats of in-space repairs in history".^[1] This operation forms the basis of the 2017 Russian film Salyut 7.

All Soviet and Russian space stations were equipped with automatic rendezvous and docking systems, from the first space station Salyut 1 using the Igla system, to the Russian Orbital Segment of the International Space Station using the Kurs system. Upon arrival, on 6 June 1985, the Soyuz crew found the station was not broadcasting radar or telemetry for rendezvous, and after arrival and external inspection of the tumbling station, the crew estimated proximity using handheld laser rangefinders.

Dzhanibekov piloted his ship to intercept the forward port of Salyut 7 and matched the station's rotation. After hard docking to the station and confirming the station's electrical system was dead, Dzhanibekov and Savinykh sampled the station atmosphere prior to opening the hatch. Attired in winter fur-lined clothing, they entered the station to conduct repairs. The fault was eventually found to be an electrical sensor that determined when the batteries needed charging.

Once the batteries were replaced, the station started charging them, and warmed up over the next few days.^[8] Within a week sufficient systems were brought back online to allow uncrewed Progress cargo ships to dock with the station.^[1]

End of life

Salyut 7's debris, which landed on Argentina after reentry to Earth in 1991.

Salyut 7 was last inhabited in 1986 by the crew of Soyuz T-15, who ferried equipment from Salyut 7 to the new Mir space station. Between 19 and 22 August 1986, engines on Kosmos 1686 boosted Salyut 7 to a record-high mean orbital altitude of 475 km to forestall reentry until 1994. Retrieval at a future date by a Buran shuttle was also planned.^[9]

However, unexpectedly high solar activity in the late 1980s and early 1990s increased atmospheric drag on the station and sped its orbital decay. It finally underwent an uncontrolled reentry on 7 February 1991 over the town of Capitán Bermúdez in Argentina after it overshot its intended entry point, which would have placed its debris in uninhabited portions of the southern Pacific Ocean.^[10]^[11]

Expeditions and visiting spacecraft

Notation:

EO (Russian: ЭО, Экспедиция Основная) or PE means Principal Expedition
EP (Russian: ЭП, Экспедиция Посещения) or VE means Visiting Expedition

Expeditions

Expedition	Crew	Launch date	Flight up	Landing date	Flight down	Duration (days)
Salyut 7 – EO-1	Anatoli Berezovoy, Valentin Lebedev^[1]	13 May 1982 09:58:05 UTC	Soyuz T-5	10 December 1982 19:02:36 UTC	Soyuz T-7	211.38
Salyut 7 – EP-1	Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov, Jean-Loup Chrétien – France	24 June 1982 16:29:48 UTC	Soyuz T-6	2 July 1982 14:20:40 UTC	Soyuz T-6	7.91
Salyut 7 – EP-2	Leonid Popov, Aleksandr Serebrov, Svetlana Savitskaya	19 August 1982 17:11:52 UTC	Soyuz T-7	27 August 1982 15:04:16 UTC	Soyuz T-5	7.91
Salyut 7 – EO-2	Vladimir Lyakhov, Aleksandr Pavlovich Aleksandrov	27 June 1983 09:12:00 UTC	Soyuz T-9	23 November 1983 19:58:00 UTC	Soyuz T-9	149.45
Salyut 7 – EO-3	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov	8 February 1984 12:07:26 UTC	Soyuz T-10	2 October 1984 10:57:00 UTC	Soyuz T-11	236.95
Salyut 7 – EP-3	Yury Malyshev, Gennady Strekalov, Rakesh Sharma – India	3 April 1984 13:08:00 UTC	Soyuz T-11	11 April 1984 10:48:48 UTC	Soyuz T-10	7.90
Salyut 7 – EP-4	Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Svetlana Savitskaya, Igor Volk	17 July 1984 17:40:54 UTC	Soyuz T-12	29 July 1984 12:55:30 UTC	Soyuz T-12	11.80
Salyut 7 – EO-4-1a	Viktor Savinykh	6 June 1985 06:39:52 UTC	Soyuz T-13	21 November 1985 10:31:00 UTC	Soyuz T-14	168.16
Salyut 7 – EO-4-1b	Vladimir Dzhanibekov	6 June 1985 06:39:52 UTC	Soyuz T-13	26 September 1985 09:51:58 UTC	Soyuz T-13	112.13
Salyut 7 – EP-5	Georgi Grechko	17 September 1985 12:38:52 UTC	Soyuz T-14	26 September 1985 09:51:58 UTC	Soyuz T-13	8.88
Salyut 7 – EO-4-2	Vladimir Vasyutin, Alexander Volkov	17 September 1985 12:38:52 UTC	Soyuz T-14	21 November 1985 10:31:00 UTC	Soyuz T-14	64.91
Salyut 7 – EO-5	Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov	13 March 1986 12:33:09 UTC	Soyuz T-15	16 July 1986 12:34:05 UTC	Soyuz T-15	125.00 50 on S7

Spacewalks

Spacecraft	Spacewalker	Start – UTC	End – UTC	Duration	Comments
Salyut 7 – PE-1 – EVA 1	Lebedev, Berezevoi^[1]	30 July 1982 02:39	30 July 1982 05:12	2 h, 33 min	Retrieve experiments
Salyut 7 – PE-2 – EVA 1	Lyakhov, Alexandrov	1 November 1983 04:47	1 November 1983 07:36	2 h, 50 min	Add solar array
Salyut 7 – PE-2 – EVA 2	Lyakhov, Alexandrov	3 November 1983 03:47	3 November 1983 06:42	2 h, 55 min	Add solar array
Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 1	Kizim, Solovyov	23 April 1984 04:31	23 April 1984 08:46	4 h, 20 min	ODU repair
Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 2	Kizim, Solovyov	26 April 1984 02:40	26 April 1984 07:40	4 h, 56 min	Repair ODU
Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 3	Kizim, Solovyov	29 April 1984 01:35	29 April 1984 04:20	2 h, 45 min	Repair ODU
Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 4	Kizim, Solovyov	3 May 1984 23:15	4 May 1984 02:00	2 h, 45 min	Repair ODU
Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 5	Kizim, Solovyov	18 May 1984 17:52	18 May 1984 20:57	3 h, 05 min	Add solar array
Salyut 7 – VE-4 – EVA 1	Savitskaya, Dzhanibekov	25 July 1984 14:55	25 July 1984 18:29	3 h, 35 min	First woman EVA
Salyut 7 – PE-3 – EVA 6	Kizim, Solovyov	8 August 1984 08:46	8 August 1984 13:46	5 h, 00 min	Complete ODU repair
Salyut 7 – PE-4 – EVA 1	Dzhanibekov, Savinykh	2 August 1985 07:15	2 August 1985 12:15	5 h, 00 min	Augment solar arrays
Salyut 7 – PE-6 – EVA 1	Kizim, Solovyov	28 May 1986 05:43	28 May 1986 09:33	3 h, 50 min	Test truss, retrieve samples
Salyut 7 – PE-6 – EVA 2	Kizim, Solovyov	31 May 1986 04:57	31 May 1986 09:57	5 h, 00 min	Test truss

Docking operations

On three occasions, a visiting Soyuz craft was transferred from the station's aft port to its forward port. This was done to accommodate upcoming Progress shuttles, which could only refuel the station using connections available at the aft port. Typically, the resident crew would first dock at the forward port, leaving the aft port available for Progress craft and visiting Soyuz support crews. When a support crew docked at the aft port and left in the older, forward Soyuz, the resident crew would move the new vehicle forward by boarding it, undocking, and translating some 100–200 meters away from Salyut 7. Then, ground control would command the station itself to rotate 180 degrees, and the Soyuz would close and re-dock at the forward port. Soyuz T-7, T-9 and T-11 performed the operation, piloted by resident crews.^[12]

Specifications

Specifications of the baseline 1982 Salyut 7 module, from Mir Hardware Heritage (1995, NASA RP1357):^[1]

Length – about 16 m
Maximum diameter – 4.15 meters
Habitable volume – 90 m³
Weight at launch – 19,824 kg
Launch vehicle – Proton rocket (three-stage)
Orbital inclination – 51.6°
Span across solar arrays – 17 m
Area of solar arrays – 51 m²
Number of solar arrays – 3
Electricity available – 4.5 kW
Resupply carriers – Soyuz-T, Progress, TKS spacecraft
Docking System – Igla or manual approach
Number of docking ports – 2
Total crewed missions – 12
Total uncrewed missions – 15
Total long-duration missions – 6
Number of main engines – 2
Main engine thrust (each) – 300 kg

Visiting spacecraft and crews

(Launched crews. Spacecraft launch and landing dates listed.)

Soyuz T-5 – 13 May – 27 August 1982
- Anatoli Berezovoy
- Valentin Lebedev
Soyuz T-6 – 24 June – 2 July 1982 – Intercosmos Flight
- Vladimir Dzhanibekov
- Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
- Jean-Loup Chrétien – France
Soyuz T-7 – 19 August – 10 December 1982
Soyuz T-8 – 20–22 April 1983 – Failed docking
Soyuz T-9 – 27 June – 23 November 1983
- Vladimir Lyakhov
- Alexander Alexandrov
Soyuz T-10-1 – 26 September 1983 – Launch abort
- Vladimir Titov
- Gennady Strekalov
Soyuz T-10 – 8 February – 11 April 1984
TKS 3 – 4 March – 14 August 1983 – Launched uncrewed as Kosmos 1443.
Soyuz T-11 – 3 April – 2 October 1984 – Intercosmos Flight
- Yury Malyshev
- Gennady Strekalov
- Rakesh Sharma – India
Soyuz T-12 – 17–29 July 1984
Soyuz T-13 – 6 June – 26 September 1985
- Vladimir Dzhanibekov
- Viktor Savinykh
Soyuz T-14 – 17 September – 21 November 1985
TKS 4 – September 1985 – 7 February 1991 – Launched uncrewed as Kosmos 1686. Featured a high-resolution photo apparatus and optical sensor experiments (infrared telescope and Ozon spectrometer).
Soyuz T-15 – 13 March – 16 July 1986 – Also visited Mir
- Leonid Kizim
- Vladimir Solovyov

In popular culture

The repair and reactivation of the station by Soyuz T-13 is the subject of the 2017 Russian historical drama Salyut 7. These events also served as a plot base for the Polish novel Połowa nieba (pol. Half the sky), by Bartek Biedrzycki (first published 2018), collected in Zimne światło gwiazd in 2020.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 David Portree – Mir Hardware Heritage (1995) – Page 90-95 – NASA RP1357
↑ "Space welding anniversary!". Orbiter-Forum. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
↑ "Salyut 7". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
↑ Haeuplik-Meusburger, Sandra. (2011). Architecture for astronauts : an activity-based approach. Vienna: SpringerWienNewYork. ISBN 9783709106679. OCLC 759926461.
↑ Bluth, B. J. (1986). Soviet space stations as analogs. NASA headquarters. OCLC 33099311.
↑ "Soviet space programme: Philipp Meuser lifts the lid on the seminal cosmic design of Galina Balashova". July 2015.
↑ Meuser, Philipp (2015). Galina Balashova : architect of the Soviet space programme. Knowles, Clarice. Berlin. ISBN 978-3-86922-355-1. OCLC 903080663.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
1 2 Leaving Earth, by Robert Zimmerman, ISBN 0-309-08548-9, 2003.
↑ Astronautix, Salyut 7.
↑ "aero.org, Spacecraft Reentry FAQ:". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
↑ McQuiston, John T. (7 February 1991). "Salyut 7, Soviet Station in Space, Falls to Earth After 9-Year Orbit". New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
↑ Portree, Mir Hardware Heritage, pp. 90-102.

External links

Belakovski, Nickolai (16 September 2014). "The little-known Soviet mission to rescue a dead space station". Ars Technica.
Bluth, B.J.; Helppie, Martha (18 May 1987). Soviet Space Stations as Analogs (PDF). NASA.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[portree1-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 David Portree – Mir Hardware Heritage (1995) – Page 90-95 – NASA RP1357

[welding-2] "Space welding anniversary!". Orbiter-Forum. Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2014.

[3] "Salyut 7". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 18 August 2019.

[4] Haeuplik-Meusburger, Sandra. (2011). Architecture for astronauts : an activity-based approach. Vienna: SpringerWienNewYork. ISBN 9783709106679. OCLC 759926461.

[5] Bluth, B. J. (1986). Soviet space stations as analogs. NASA headquarters. OCLC 33099311.

[6] "Soviet space programme: Philipp Meuser lifts the lid on the seminal cosmic design of Galina Balashova". July 2015.

[:0-7] Meuser, Philipp (2015). Galina Balashova : architect of the Soviet space programme. Knowles, Clarice. Berlin. ISBN 978-3-86922-355-1. OCLC 903080663.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[rzim-8] 1 2 Leaving Earth, by Robert Zimmerman, ISBN 0-309-08548-9, 2003.

[9] Astronautix, Salyut 7.

[10] "aero.org, Spacecraft Reentry FAQ:". Archived from the original on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2009.

[11] McQuiston, John T. (7 February 1991). "Salyut 7, Soviet Station in Space, Falls to Earth After 9-Year Orbit". New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2019.

[12] Portree, Mir Hardware Heritage, pp. 90-102.

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Salyut programme
Salyut stations (DOS)	Salyut 1 (DOS-1) DOS-2 Kosmos 557 (DOS-3) Salyut 4 (DOS-4) Salyut 6 (DOS-5) Salyut 7 (DOS-6)
Almaz stations (OPS)	Salyut 2 (OPS-1) Salyut 3 (OPS-2) Salyut 5 (OPS-3) OPS-4 (not flown)
Successors	Mir (DOS-7) Zvezda (DOS-8)
TKS spacecraft	Kosmos 1267 (TKS-2) Kosmos 1443 (TKS-3) Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4)
Support craft	Soyuz Progress TKS VA FGB
Lists	Expeditions Spaceflights crewed uncrewed Visitors Spacewalks
Related	Return from Orbit (1984 film)

← 1981 · Orbital launches in 1982 · 1983 →
January	Kosmos 1331 Kosmos 1332 Kosmos 1333 Satcom 4 Kosmos 1334 OPS 2849 Kosmos 1335
February	Kosmos 1336 Ekran No.22L Kosmos 1337 Kosmos 1338 Kosmos 1339 Kosmos 1340 Westar 4
March	Molniya 1-53 Kosmos 1341 Taifun-2 Intelsat V F-4 Kosmos 1342 OPS 8701 Gorizont No.14L Kosmos 1343 STS-3 Molniya 3-18 Kosmos 1344 Meteor 2-8 Kosmos 1345
April	Kosmos 1346 Kosmos 1347 Kosmos 1348 Kosmos 1349 INSAT-1A Kosmos 1350 Salyut 7 (Iskra 2) Kosmos 1351 Kosmos 1352 Kosmos 1353 Kosmos 1354 Kosmos 1355
May	Kosmos 1356 Kosmos 1357 Kosmos 1358 Kosmos 1359 Kosmos 1360 Kosmos 1361 Kosmos 1362 Kosmos 1363 Kosmos 1364 OPS 5642 OPS 6553 Soyuz T-5 Kosmos 1365 Zenit-6 Kosmos 1366 Kosmos 1367 Kosmos 1368 Progress 13
June	Kosmos 1369 Kosmos 1370 Molniya 1-54 Kosmos 1371 Kosmos 1372 Kosmos 1373 Kosmos 1374 Kosmos 1375 Kosmos 1376 Kosmos 1377 Westar 5 Kosmos 1378 Yantar-4K2 Kosmos 1379 Kosmos 1380 Kosmos 1381 Soyuz T-6 Kosmos 1382 STS-4 Kosmos 1383
July	Kosmos 1384 Kosmos 1385 Kosmos 1386 Progress 14 Kosmos 1387 Landsat 4 Kosmos 1388 Kosmos 1389 Kosmos 1390 Kosmos 1391 Kosmos 1392 Kosmos 1393 Kosmos 1394 Kosmos 1395 Molniya 1-55 Ekran No.23L Kosmos 1396 Kosmos 1397
August	Kosmos 1398 Kosmos 1399 Kosmos 1400 Soyuz T-7 Kosmos 401 Anik D1 Molniya 3-19 Kosmos 1402
September	Strela-2M Kosmos 1403 Kosmos 1404 Kiku-4 Kosmos 1405 Kosmos 1406 Marecs B Sirio 2 Fanhui Shi Weixing 0-5 Kosmos 1407 Kosmos 1408 Ekran No.24L Progress 15 (Astrozond) Kosmos 1409 Kosmos 1410 Intelsat V F-5
October	Kosmos 1411 Kosmos 1412 Kosmos 1413 Kosmos 1414 Kosmos 1415 Kosmos 1416 Kosmos 1417 Gorizont No.16L Kosmos 1418 Satcom 5 DSCS II F-16 DSCS III A-1 Progress 16 (Iskra 3)
November	Kosmos 1419 Kosmos 1420 STS-5 (SBS-3, Anik C3) OPS 9627
December	Kosmos 1427
Unknown month	Kosmos 1421 Strela-1M (x8) Gran' No.21L Kosmos 1422 Kosmos 1423 Meteor 2-9 Kosmos 1424 OPS 9845 Kosmos 1425 Gran' No.22L Kosmos 1426
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Cubesats are smaller. Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).