Saihō-ji
西芳寺
Religion
AffiliationIndependent Rinzai
(formerly Tenryū-ji)
DeityAmida Nyorai (Amitābha)
Location
Location56 Matsuo Jingatani-chō, Ukyō-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture
CountryJapan
Geographic coordinates34°59′33″N 135°41′03″E / 34.99250°N 135.68417°E / 34.99250; 135.68417
Architecture
FounderGyōki (acc. legend)
(restored by Musō Soseki)
Completed1969-1978 (reconstruction)

Saihō-ji (西芳寺) is a Rinzai Zen Buddhist temple in Matsuo, Nishikyō Ward, Kyoto, Japan. The temple, which is famed for its moss garden, is commonly referred to as "Koke-dera" (苔寺), meaning "moss temple", while the formal name is "Kōinzan Saihō-ji" (洪隠山西芳寺). The temple, primarily constructed to honor Amitābha, was founded by Gyōki and later restored by Musō Soseki. In 1994, Saihō-ji was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as part of the "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto".[1][2] Over 120 types of moss are present in the two-tiered garden, resembling a beautiful green carpet with many subtle shades.[3]

History

According to temple legend, Saihō-ji was constructed during the Nara period by Gyōki, on the location of one of Prince Shōtoku's former retreats.[2] The temple first operated as a Hossō temple dedicated to Amitabha, and was known as "Saihō-ji" (西方寺), a homophone of the current name. The name was selected because Amitabha is the primary buddha of Western Paradise, known in Japanese as "Saihō Jōdo" (西方浄土). Legend states that such famous Japanese monks as Kūkai and Hōnen later served as the chief priests of the temple.[1] Although the veracity of these legends is questionable, it is believed that such a predecessor to the current temple did, in fact, exist.

Over time, the temple fell into disrepair, and in 1339, the chief priest of the nearby Matsunoo Shrine, Fujiwara Chikahide, summoned the famous Japanese gardener Musō Soseki to help him revive Saihō-ji as a Zen temple.[1] At this time, Musō decided to change the temple's name, to reflect its new Zen orientation. The temple became "Saihō-ji" (西芳寺), the name being selected not only because it was a homophone of the original name, but also because the kanji were used in phrases related to Bodhidharma: "Bodhidharma came from the West" (祖師西来, soshi seirai) and "Bodhidharma's teachings shall spread and come to bear fruit like a five-petaled flower" (五葉聯芳, goyō renpō). Saihō-ji was destroyed by fire during the Ōnin War,[2] and twice ravaged by floods during the Edo period, but it has since been rebuilt.

The moss for which the temple is known was not part of Musō's original design. According to French historian François Berthier, the garden's "islands" were "carpeted with white sand" in the fourteenth century. The moss came much later, of its own accord during the Meiji era (1868–1912), when the monastery lacked sufficient funds for upkeep.[4]

Layout

Moss garden of Saihō-ji, designated as a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and a Historic Site
Golden Pond, in the center of the moss garden.

The famous moss garden of Saihō-ji is situated on the eastern temple grounds. Located in a grove, the garden is arranged as a circular promenade centered on Golden Pond (黄金池, ōgonchi). The pond is shaped like the Chinese character for "heart" or "mind" (心, kokoro) and contains three small islands: Asahi Island (朝日島), Yūhi Island (夕日島), and Kiri Island (霧島). The area around the pond is said to be covered with more than 120 varieties of moss, which is believed to have started growing after the flood of the temple grounds in the Edo Period.

The garden itself contains three tea houses: Shōnan-tei (湘南亭), Shōan-dō (少庵堂), and Tanhoku-tei (潭北亭), which were partially inspired by phrases from the Zen work Blue Cliff Record.

  • Shōnan-tei was originally built during the 14th century, but was subsequently destroyed. It was later restored by Sen Shōan. Iwakura Tomomi was famously sheltered here towards the end of the Edo Period. Shōnan-tei is registered as an important cultural property.
  • Shōan-dō was constructed in 1920, and contained a wooden image of Sen Shōan, after whom the teahouse was named.
  • Tanhoku-tei was donated to the temple in 1928 by potter Zōroku Mashimizu.

The eastern temple grounds also contain the main temple hall, the study, and a three-storied pagoda.

  • The main hall of the temple, known as Sairai-dō (西来堂), was reconstructed in 1969, and it was in this year that the current image of Amitabha was enshrined. The paintings on the sliding doors are the work of Inshō Dōmoto.
  • The three-storied pagoda was erected in 1978, and is used to store copies of sutras, written by Rinzai adherents. The pagoda was constructed to honor Bhaisajyaguru.

The northern temple grounds contain a Zen rock garden, and a temple hall known as Shitō-an (指東庵). The arrangement of stones in the rock garden is said to be demonstrative of Musō's creative genius.

The gardens of Saihō-ji are collectively considered a historical landmark and a "special place of scenic beauty" in Japan.

Other significant items within the temple grounds include a stone monument engraved with a Kyoshi Takahama haiku, and another stone monument, engraved with some of the writings of Jirō Osaragi. A portrait of Musō Soseki is considered to be an important cultural property.

Tourism

Until 1977, Saihō-ji was open to the general public on a walk-up basis, as with other temples. At present, while it is open to the public, a number requirement limits the number of visitors. It is said that these regulations were put into place to protect the delicate moss from the hordes of tourists that plagued the temple before 1977.

  • Reservations are required by prior application, either by online application (additional ¥110 online payment fee occur) or by return postcard[5] (international visitors send a postcard or letter with an international reply coupon).
  • The fee to visit (¥4,000) is the highest in Kyoto.
  • Visitors under the age of 30 can take part in an under-30-program with reduced entry fee (¥3,000)
  • Before being permitted access to the garden, visitors must engage in an activity, which varies by the program chosen. These include zazen (sitting meditation), hand copying sutras, and chanting sutras. The regular admission program requires copying of a sutra with 49 kanji that is supposed to take approximately 15min to do. The sutras can either be taken home or left in the temple to be burnt as part of a fire offering.

The best time to visit is either during the East Asian rainy season (in Kyoto, early June to mid-July), when the rains make the moss particularly lush, or in late autumn, when the turning leaves contrast with the moss.

See also

References

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Japanese-language article, accessed on July 1, 2006.

  1. 1 2 3 "Saihōji". Encyclopedia of Japan. Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 56431036. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
  2. 1 2 3 "西芳寺" [Saihō-ji]. Nihon Daihyakka Zensho (Nipponika) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Shogakukan. 2012. OCLC 153301537. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2012-06-02..
  3. ↑ - Saiho-ji Temple (Koke-dera Temple).
  4. ↑ François Berthier, Reading Zen in the Rocks, p.25, The University of Chicago Press, 2000
  5. ↑ Koke - dera Temple (Saiho - ji Temple) Archived 2010-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, Welcome to Kyoto

Further reading

  • Kawaguchi, Yoko (2014). Japanese Zen Gardens. London: Francis Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-3447-5.
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