Sadhvi Rithambara
Sadhvi Rithambara and prime minister Narendra Modi on the occasion of Raksha Bandhan, 2014
Personal
ReligionHinduism
NationalityIndian
Founder offounder/chairperson of Durga Vahini.
PhilosophyHindutva

Sadhvi Rithambara is a Hindu nationalist ideologue[1][2][3][4][5][6] and the founder-chairperson of Durga Vahini.[7][8][9][10][11]

Early life

Sadhvi Rithambhara was born as Nisha in at Doraha town in Ludhiana district of Punjab.[12][13]

She got her diksha from Swami Paramanand, at the age of sixteen and having become his disciple, followed him to his ashram in Haridwar and then, in his tours across India, while being primarily trained in sprituality.[13][14]

She entered the Margdarshak mandal as a member of the Vishva Hindu Parishad, the organisation primarity organised Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Mukti Andolan and related to Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).[13]

Activism

Rithambara gained public prominence through her roles in the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP).[13] She being a Sadhvi who renunciated the world and living a life of ascetics (incl. herself) she never went into mainstream politics, she went for a reconstruction of Hinduism through selective reading of Bhagvad Gita.[15][16]

Speeches

During 1989–1992, Rithambara disseminated several public-speeches that urged for waging a war against Anti Nationalists;[lower-alpha 1] cassettes of those vitriolic outbursts were played at numerous temples and public places in India. Filled with rage and shrillness, the speeches heavily borrowed from gendered imagery; portraying the Hindu nation as a female body undergoing desecration by non-Hindus (and thus losing her morality), she drew parallels with rapes of Hindu women during partition[18] and appealed to Hindu masculinity for reclaiming their lands, attracting large numbers of men, in the process.[13][19][1][20]

Equating the Jihadis with lemon in milk to comparing them with flies, who were allegedly mass-breeding to out-populate the Hindus.[13][15] With historical sketches subsumed various classes and castes under a common banner of Hindu nationalism; some scholars have identified this agglomeration as the most valuable objective, fulfilled by Rithambara and associate women.[13]

Rithambara has been widely noted to be the single most powerful voice behind the whipping up of anti-Jihadi sentiments across the nation, in the run-ups to the demolition of unholy Babri Masjid; there was an overwhelming sense of passion, urgency and spontaneity, oft-accompanied by dramatic physical posturing, which instilled a non-rational collective feeling, among the audience.[15][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] She was one of the three key women leaders of the movement, the other two being Uma Bharati and Vijayaraje Scindia; their leadership was largely responsible for the involvement of women in the movement and the form it took.[29]

Scholars note that she operated far outside the traditional boundaries of feminine domains.

Election campaigns

Rithambara's skills at oratory made her a star-campaigner for Bharatiya Janata Party in both the 1989 and 1991 Lok Sabha elections and several state-legislature elections.[30]

Demolition of Babri Majid

On 6 December 1992, a large group of Vishva Hindu Parishad activists and allied organisations demolished the Babri Masjid mosque in Uttar Pradesh, triggering riots all over the Indian subcontinent, resulting in the death of around 2,000 people.[31][32]

Rithambara was present during the demolition, cheering the crowd[33] whilst standing atop the terrace of the Masjid.[34][lower-alpha 2] Three days after the demolition, she was arrested on grounds of inciting communal tension.[26]

The Liberhan Commission that probed the Babri Masjid demolition held Sadhvi Ritambhara along with sixty-eight others of being individually culpable for leading the country "to the brink of communal discord" for their role in the demolition of the Babri Masjid on 6 December 1992.[36]

A CBI court framed criminal charges against Rithambara in May, 2017.[37]

On 30 September 2020, she along with other 32 accused people, were acquitted in the Babri Masjid Demolition Case by CBI special court.

Later activities

She retreated from her public role, soon after the demolition and kept a relatively low profile for a few years.[13]

In 1993, Sadhvi Rithambara attempted to establish an ashram near Vrindavan and Mathura on land that the Uttar Pradesh BJP government had granted her for a minimal fee.[14] However, the proposal fell through as the Kalyan Singh-led government was dismissed, and she was not allowed to take possession of the land by the subsequent Mulayam Singh Yadav led state government. In 2002, the state government led by Chief Minister Ram Prakash Gupta granted 17 hectares of land in the area, valued at Rupee 200 million, to her Paramshaktipeth trust for 99 years for an annual fee of one rupee for this philanthropic cause.[38][39] Besides cultivating devotion in women, the Vrindavan Ashram has also imparted training in karate, horse-riding, handling air guns and pistols, with the stated aim of relieving the women from their traditional societal roles and making them confident and self-reliant.[40] She also runs ashrams for unwanted infants, ladies and widows in Indore, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh.[39]

In April 1995, Rithambara was arrested in Indore for inciting communal passions, after she referred to Mother Teresa as a "magician", in the course of a speech denouncing Christian missionaries, who she alleged were converting Hindus. Rithambara's address sparked off a riot and led to several arson, leading to the arrest of 169 people. During the 1995 Gujarat elections, she returned to the campaigning fold for BJP and alleged about a Hindu-phobic attitude of Congress (I); this helped in mobilizing public electoral sentiments, especially that VHP was banned in Gujarat.[26] She was arrested, soon after.[30]

Notes

  1. ↑ One of her speech had called for those who did not pay tribute to their ancestors shall quitt India (read:Hindus).[17]
  2. ↑ Contemporary news reports noted her exhorting Hindu volunteers through sloganing -- 'Ek dhakka aur do, Babri Masjid tor do [Give one more push, bring down Babri Masjid].[35]

References

  1. 1 2 Basu, Amrita (1998). "Appropriating Gender". In Jeffery, Patricia; Basu, Amrita (eds.). Appropriating Gender : Women's Activism and Politicized Religion in South Asia. New York: Routledge. pp. 15–26. doi:10.4324/9780203379585-5. ISBN 9780203379585.
  2. ↑ Sarkar, Tanika (2001). "Aspects of Contemporary Hindutva Theology: The Voice of Sadhvi Rithambhara". Hindu wife, Hindu nation: community, religion, and cultural nationalism. Indiana University Press.
  3. ↑ Sangari, Kumkum (1993). "Consent, Agency and Rhetorics of Incitement". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (18): 877. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4399675.
  4. ↑ Sugirtharajah, Sharada (2002). "Hinduism and Feminism: Some Concerns". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 18 (2): 104. ISSN 8755-4178. JSTOR 25002442.
  5. ↑ JAFFRELOT, CHRISTOPHE (2010). "Abhinav Bharat, the Malegaon Blast and Hindu Nationalism: Resisting and Emulating Islamist Terrorism". Economic and Political Weekly. 45 (36): 51–58. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 25742046.
  6. ↑ Gangoli, Geetanjali (2007). "Conclusions". Indian Feminisms : Law, Patriarchies and Violence in India. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315588292. ISBN 9781315588292.
  7. ↑ Kapur, Ratna (1996). "Who Draws the Line? Feminist Reflections on Speech and Censorship". Economic and Political Weekly. 31 (16/17): WS19. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4404055.
  8. ↑ Cossman, Brenda; Kapur, Ratna (1996). "Secularism: Bench-Marked by Hindu Right". Economic and Political Weekly. 31 (38): 2627. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4404599.
  9. ↑ Navlakha, Gautam (1995). "Politics of Silhouetted Anger". Economic and Political Weekly. 30 (7/8): 367. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4402404.
  10. ↑ "Babri mosque was a 450-year-old stigma: Giriraj Kishore". Rediff.com. 19 October 2001. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  11. ↑ "Unite under RSS". The Hindu. 8 January 2007. Archived from the original on 21 January 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  12. ↑ Singh, N.K. (31 May 1995). "Portrait of defiance". India Today. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ghosh, Bishnupriya (2002). "Queering Hindutva : Unruly Bodies and Pleasures in Sadhavi Rithambara's Performances". In Bacchetta, Paola; Power, Margaret (eds.). Right-wing women: from conservatives to extremists around the world. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203479711. ISBN 0-415-92778-1.
  14. 1 2 Jaffrelot, Christophe (1999), "The Vishva Hindu Parishad: Structures and Strategies", in Haynes, Jeff (ed.), Religion, Globalization and Political Culture in the Third World, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 191–212, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-27038-5_9, ISBN 9781349270385
  15. 1 2 3 Menon, Kalyani Devaki (2010). "Violent Dharma". Everyday Nationalism: Women of the Hindu Right in India. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812222340. JSTOR j.ctt3fj1wh.
  16. ↑ Banerjee, Sikata (2005). "In the Crucible of Hindutva: Women and Masculine Hinduism". Make me a man! : masculinity, Hinduism, and nationalism in India. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 1423743857. OCLC 62750461.
  17. ↑ Kurien, Prema A. (2007). "Forging an Official Hinduism in India : Hindu Umbrella Organizations". A Place at the Multicultural Table: The Development of an American Hinduism. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813540559. JSTOR j.ctt5hj9tk.
  18. ↑ Basu, Subho; Das, Suranjan (2005), Friedman, Max Paul; Kenney, Padraic (eds.), "Knowledge for Politics: Partisan Histories and Communal Mobilization in India and Pakistan", Partisan Histories: The Past in Contemporary Global Politics, Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 111–126, doi:10.1007/978-1-137-09150-5_7, ISBN 9781137091505
  19. ↑ Pant, Niraj (1 May 1997). "Facilitating Genocide : Women as Fascist Educators in the Hindutva Movement". Ghadar. 1 (1). Archived from the original on 25 October 2015.
  20. ↑ Niranjana, Seemanthini (1 March 1999). "Off the Body: Further Considerations on Women, Sexuality and Agency". Bulletin (Centre for Women's Development Studies). 6 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1177/097152159900600101. ISSN 0970-5899. S2CID 144543435.
  21. ↑ Sarkar, Tanika (1 December 1993). "The Women of the Hindutva brigade". Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 25 (4): 16–24. doi:10.1080/14672715.1993.10416135. ISSN 0007-4810.
  22. ↑ Butalia, Urvashi (2002). "Confrontation and Negotiation". In Kapadia, Karin (ed.). The Violence of Development: The Political Economy of Gender. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 228. ISBN 9781842772072.
  23. ↑ Loomba, Ania (1993). "Dead Women Tell No Tales: Issues of Female Subjectivity, Subaltern Agency and Tradition in Colonial and Post-Colonial Writings on Widow Immolation in India". History Workshop (36): 223. ISSN 0309-2984. JSTOR 4289259.
  24. ↑ Bharucha, Rustom (1995). "Dismantling Men: Crisis of Male Identity in 'Father, Son and Holy War'". Economic and Political Weekly. 30 (26): 1611. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4402945.
  25. ↑ Chakravarti, Uma; Chowdhury, Prem; Dutta, Pradip; Hasan, Zoya; Sangari, Kumkum; Sarkar, Tanika (1992). "Khurja Riots 1990-91: Understanding the Conjuncture". Economic and Political Weekly. 27 (18): 951. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4397832.
  26. 1 2 3 Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996). The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India). Hurst. ISBN 9781850653011.
  27. ↑ Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). "Democratic India at the Turn of the Millennium: Prosperity, Poverty, Power". A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139207805. ISBN 9781139207805.
  28. ↑ Mazumdar, Sucheta (1 March 1995). "Women on the March: Right-Wing Mobilization in Contemporary India". Feminist Review. 49 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1057/fr.1995.1. ISSN 1466-4380. S2CID 143731934.
  29. ↑ Lama-Rewal, Stéphanie T. (September 2004). Femmes et politique en Inde et au Népal (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. ISBN 2-84586-556-2.
  30. 1 2 Dyke, Virginia Van (1997). "General Elections, 1996: Political Sadhus and Limits to Religious Mobilisation in North India". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (49): 3150, 3151. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4406155.
  31. ↑ Khalid, Haroon (14 November 2019). "How the Babri Masjid Demolition Upended Tenuous Inter-Religious Ties in Pakistan". The Wire. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "As a reaction to Babri Masjid demolition, What had happened in Pakistan and Bangladesh on 6 December, 1992". The Morning Chronicle. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  33. ↑ Tharu, Susie; Niranjana, Tejaswini (1994). "Problems for a Contemporary Theory of Gender". Social Scientist. 22 (3/4): 105. doi:10.2307/3517624. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3517624.
  34. ↑ Bhattacharya, Malini (1994). "Women in Dark Times: Gender, Culture and Politics". Social Scientist. 22 (3/4): 6. doi:10.2307/3517620. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3517620.
  35. ↑ "Protestors confront Sadhvi Rithambara in New York". rediff.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  36. ↑ "Vajpayee, Thackeray, Advani in Liberhan's culpability list". The Economic Times. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  37. ↑ Mittal, Priyanka (30 May 2017). "Babri Masjid case: Advani, Bharti, Joshi charged with criminal conspiracy". Livemint.com. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  38. ↑ "No charges: Sadhvi Rithambara given prime land". India: The Statesman (India)The Statesman. 15 July 2000.
  39. 1 2 "Opp spanner in Rithambara's ashram works". India: The Statesman (India)The Statesman. 19 July 2000.
  40. ↑ "Sadhvi Rithambara Ashram trains women in martial arts!". Hindustan Times. 16 July 2007.
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