CAHSR route as of Feb. 2021. Click to enlarge.
CAHSR route as of Feb. 2021. Click to enlarge.

The California High-Speed Rail system will be built in two major phases. Phase I, about 520 miles (840 km) long using high-speed rail through the Central Valley, will connect San Francisco to Los Angeles. In Phase 2, the route will be extended in the Central Valley north to Sacramento, and from east through the Inland Empire and then south to San Diego. The total system length will be about 800 miles (1,300 km) long.[1] Phase 2 currently has no timeline for completion.

The Interim Initial Operating Segment currently under construction will connect the downtowns of Merced and Bakersfield. Its completion date is estimated to be between 2030 and 2033.[2]

The route of Phase 1 has been selected, however, the route for Phase 2 has not been finalized.

Background

CASHR route showing population density.

On August 13, 2008, California Assembly Bill 3034 (AB 3034) was approved by the state legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on August 26, 2008.[3] The bill was submitted to California voters in the November 2008 election as Proposition 1A and approved.[4] With the voter's mandate, certain route and travel time requirements were established. Among these were that the route must link downtown San Francisco with Los Angeles and Anaheim, and must link the state's major population centers together, "including Sacramento, the San Francisco Bay Area, the Central Valley, [the] Los Angeles Basin, the Inland Empire, Orange County, and San Diego." The first phase of the project must link San Francisco with Los Angeles and Anaheim. Up to 24 stations were authorized for the completed system.[5]

Some people were concerned with the Central Valley route going down the east side of the Valley rather than the more open west side. Citizens for California High-Speed Rail Accountability note: "Environmental lawsuits against the California High-Speed Rail Authority often claim inadequate consideration of running the track next to Interstate 5 in the Central Valley or next to Interstate 580 over the Altamont Pass."[6] However, the intent of Proposition 1A was clear in connecting the major population centers together as the current route does.

The Authority knew from the outset that it did not have enough funding to do the entire system, so it investigated ways to implement the system in stages. There were two basic options for the Initial Operating Section (IOS): extend the San Joaquin Valley segment, where construction had started, northward toward the San Francisco Bay Area (the IOS-North option, San Francisco to Bakersfield), or southward to Southern California (the IOS-South option, Merced to San Fernando Valley). In the 2012 and 2014 Business Plans the goal was to implement the IOS-South, but a 2016 analysis of the funding available and time necessary to completion lead the Authority to propose the IOS-North be implemented instead. The proposal, named the Silicon Valley to Central Valley Line, was expected to have sufficient funding available to bring this segment online by 2031.[7] The rail authority stated its commitment to pursue additional funding to complete the Phase 1 system by 2033.[7] The current 2022 Business Plan does not commit to the 2033 date.

California State Rail Modernization

CAHSR connections to commuter rail systems. Click to enlarge.
CAHSR connections to commuter rail systems. Click to enlarge.

The California Department of Transportation's California State Rail Modernization Plan (2023 Draft) [8] integrates the High-Speed Rail system into its long-range passenger rail plan.

The map to the right shows how the HSR system will provide connections to long distance (Amtrak) as well as commuter rail services at the north and south ends of the HSR system.

The Interim Initial Operating Segment runs in the Central Valley from Merced (north end) to Bakersfield (south end).

Initial Operating Segment

California High Speed Rail Initial Operating Segment as of March 2023
CAHSR phased implementation plan as of March 2023. Note the Initial Operating Segment (IOS) runs from Merced to Bakersfield, which is the Yellow line. Phase II (Sacramento extension and San Diego extension) are not featured on this map.[2] Click to enlarge.

The 2022 Business Plan[9] focuses on developing an Interim Initial Operating Segment (IOS) between Merced and Bakersfield. This IOS will have 5 stations: Merced, Madera, Fresno, Kings/Tulare, and Bakersfield.

The route to San Francisco from the Central Valley has been selected, however funding to initiate construction from Merced to San Jose is not yet available.

San Francisco to Central Valley route selection

Although the Authority is focused on getting the Interim IOS in the Central Valley in operation by the end of the decade, it is also looking ahead to the next step (that is, connecting to San Francisco using the prepared Caltrain blended route). On April 28, 2022 it approved the final route in the San Jose to Merced section. This alignment (Alternative 4) uses the existing Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) alignment from San Jose to Gilroy as a blended section. [10]

East of Gilroy the alignment becomes a pure HSR section with approximately 15 miles (24 km) of tunnels through the Pacheco Pass. Trains will be able to travel at 220 mph (350 km/h) even through the tunnels. When tunnel field studies, early engineering, and design work are completed for this section, it will be ready for construction when funding is available. Tunnel construction is anticipated to take up to 6 years to complete once begun.[11]

Phase 1 route details

External images
image icon San Francisco to San Jose Section map (July 2018)
image icon San Jose to Merced Section map (April 2022)
image icon Central Valley Wye Section map (September 2020)
image icon Merced to Fresno Section map (September 2020)
image icon Fresno to Bakersfield Section map (December 2019)
image icon Bakersfield to Palmdale Section map (December 2021)
image icon Palmdale to Burbank Section map (DRAFT, October 2020) Factsheet (August 2020)
image icon Burbank to Los Angeles Section map (June 2020)
image icon Los Angeles to Anaheim Section map (May 2022)

The list of maps to the right indicate the preferred routes in all Phase 1 sections except where 'DRAFT' is indicated. All Initial Operating Segment sections are indicated by '(IOS)' in the subsection headings below.

San Francisco to San Jose

The 49 miles (79 km)[12] bookend from San Francisco to San Jose used by Caltrain is scheduled to be electrified by 2024. The existing Caltrain track can only support maximum train speeds of 79 miles per hour (127 km/h) due to track curves, so since the HSR trains will be sharing track, in places the track will need to be redone in order to support the HSR 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) speeds.[13] Both the high-speed trains and the new Caltrain EMUs will be able to run at 110 mph (180 km/h) on shared tracks from San Jose north. Service is planned to be extended to the Salesforce Transit Center once the Downtown Rail Extension is completed.[14] Non-stop HSR design speed for this segment is about 29 minutes.

The one-way fare between San Francisco and San Jose is expected to cost $22 in 2013 dollars.[15]

The Authority recognizes the value of adding this link as soon as possible to the Initial Operating Segment (IOS), and is exploring ways of obtaining additional funding for it.[16]

San Jose to Merced / the Diablo Range crossing

The 125 miles (201 km) from San Jose to Merced, crossing the Pacheco Pass, will run at top speed on dedicated HSR tracks (since the current right-of-way south of Tamien is freight-owned). This segment runs through the Chowchilla Wye.

One issue initially debated was the crossing of the Diablo Range via either the Altamont Pass or the Pacheco Pass to link the Bay Area to the Central Valley. On November 15, 2007, Authority staff recommended that the High-Speed Rail follow the Pacheco Pass route because it is more direct and serves both San Jose and San Francisco on the same route, while the Altamont route poses several major engineering obstacles, including crossing San Francisco Bay. Some cities along the Altamont route, such as Pleasanton and Fremont, opposed the Altamont route option, citing concerns over possible property taking and increase in traffic congestion.[17] However, environmental groups, including the Sierra Club, opposed the Pacheco route because the area is less developed and more environmentally sensitive than Altamont.[18]

The Pacheco Pass alignment going through the Grasslands Ecological Area has been criticized by two environmental groups, The Sierra Club and the Natural Resources Defense Council.[19] A coalition that includes the cities of Menlo Park, Atherton, and Palo Alto has also sued the Authority to reconsider the Altamont Pass alternative.[20][21] More than one hundred land owners along the proposed route rejected initial offers by the Authority, and the Authority has taken them to court, seeking to take their land through eminent domain.[22][23][24] The possibility of urban sprawl into communities along the route have been raised by farming industry leaders.[25]

On December 19, 2007, the Authority Board of Directors agreed to proceed with the Pacheco Pass option.[26] Pacheco Pass was considered the superior route for long-distance travel between Southern California and the Bay Area, although the Altamont Pass option would serve as a good commuter route. The Authority plans conventional rail upgrades for the Altamont corridor, to complement the high-speed project.

This segment will also cross the Calaveras Fault.

On April 28, 2022 the Authority approved the final route in the San Jose to Merced section. This alignment (Alternative 4) uses the existing UPRR alignment from San Jose to Gilroy.[27] (The section's alternatives are discussed in the San Jose to Merced Project Section, Final Environmental Impact Report/ Environmental Impact Statement, Executive Summary, February 2022.

East of Gilroy the alignment becomes a pure HSR route with approximately 15 miles (24 km) of tunnels through the Pacheco Pass. When tunnel field studies, early engineering, and design work are completed for this section, it will be ready for construction when funding is available.

Chowchilla Wye

The Chowchilla Wye, or Central Valley Wye, is a planned high-speed rail flying wye junction to be located south of Chowchilla in the Central Valley of California. California High-Speed Rail trains will use the structure to switch between the three branches of the Phase I system: westward towards the San Francisco Peninsula, southward towards Bakersfield (and later southern California), and northwards towards Merced (where passengers may transfer to other rail services until the line is extended to Sacramento). The north–south leg is planned to become operational with the Central Valley Segment opening in 2029, with the full facility coming online when the Peninsula line begins operations.

A study in 2013 identified 14 potential alignments for the Wye, referred to by the closest roads to be paralleled. These were pared down to four options by 2017.[28] In 2019 the California High-Speed Rail Authority selected the final alignment: the State Route 152 / Road 11 option. The board approved that alignment in September 2020.[29]

Merced to Fresno

The entire 60-mile (97 km) segment from Merced to Fresno in the Central Valley will run on dedicated HSR tracks. This segment also includes the Chowchilla Wye.[30] The southern portion of this segment (north of Madera to Fresno) has received route approval and is undergoing construction.

The Madera station (unlike the other 4 IOS stations) is going to be designed through local means.

Fresno to Bakersfield

This segment includes stations at Fresno, Kings–Tulare, and Bakersfield, as well as crossings of the Kings River, Cross Creek, and the Kern River.[31]

The 114-mile (183 km) segment in the Central Valley will run on dedicated HSR tracks for the Initial Operating Section in 2029. As of 7 May 2014, the route for this segment has been chosen and approved by the California High-Speed Rail Authority.[32] Final route approval was obtained by the Federal Railroad Administration and the federal Surface Transportation Board in August 2014.[33] The segment is currently under construction. Due to disputes with the cities of Shafter and Bakersfield, the segment under construction currently ends north of Shafter until final routes through Shafter and northern Bakersfield are negotiated with those cities.

Bakersfield to Palmdale / the Tehachapi Mountains crossing

The 79 miles (127 km) from Bakersfield to Palmdale crosses the Tehachapi Pass.[34] Non-stop design speed for this segment is 23 minutes.

The low point on Tehachapi Pass is 4,031 feet (1,229 m). This is significantly higher than Pacheco Pass at 1,368 feet (417 m) over the Diablo Range, and so this is a more formidable engineering challenge. For comparison, the route over Pacheco Pass begins in Chowchilla (elevation 240 feet (73 m)), crosses the valley floor and climbs to the pass (elevation 1,368 feet (417 m)), and descends to Gilroy (elevation 200 feet (61 m)). The route over the Tehachapi Pass begins in Bakersfield (elevation 404 feet (123 m)), crosses the valley floor and climbs over steeper mountains to the pass (elevation 4,031 feet (1,229 m)), then descends to Palmdale (elevation 2,657 feet (810 m)).

Community meetings to solicit stakeholder concerns were held around the end of 2015.[35]

In August 2021, the Authority approved the Bakersfield to Palmdale alignment.[36]

Palmdale to Burbank / the San Gabriel Mountains crossing

The segment from Palmdale to Burbank is a distance of 38 miles (61 km). This segment will cross the San Gabriel Mountains.[34] Non-stop design speed for this segment is 13 minutes.

On September 2, 2022 the California High-Speed Rail Authority issued the Draft Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement for the section.[37]

Burbank to Los Angeles

The segment from Burbank to Los Angeles (LA Union Station) is 14 miles (23 km).[38] Non-stop design speed for this segment is about 7 minutes.

The one-way fare between Burbank and Los Angeles is expected to cost $26 in 2013 dollars.[15][39]

The Burbank to Los Angeles route was approved in January 2022.[40]

Los Angeles to Anaheim

The 31 miles (50 km) from Los Angeles to Anaheim will run on an upgraded Metrolink corridor for Phase 1 Blended in 2033. Non-stop design speed for this segment is 46 minutes.

The one-way fare between Los Angeles and Anaheim is expected to cost $29 in 2013 dollars.[15][39]

Phase 1 stations & transit system connections

All stations in this table represent proposed HSR service. Station names in italics are optional stations that may not be constructed. In most cases existing stations will be re-purposed for high-speed rail service, with the exception of completely new stations at Merced, Fresno, Kings–Tulare, and Bakersfield.

Station;
link to see latest information		 Location Status Completion[14] Connecting rail services Connecting bus services Notes
Salesforce Transit Center (rail connection awaiting completion of the Downtown Rail Extension) San Francisco Existing, train station and connecting tunnel unfunded postponed Caltrain AC Transit, Amtrak Thruway, Golden Gate Transit, Greyhound, Paratransit Service, Muni, Chariot Transit, SamTrans, WestCAT Lynx
San Francisco–4th and King Street (temporary until Salesforce Transit Center opens to trains);
see the latest information		 Existing, modifications needed 2029 Caltrain, Muni Metro, E Embarcadero Muni, Flixbus [14]
This will be the initial northern terminus of CAHSR.
Millbrae Intermodal Terminal at San Francisco International Airport;
see the latest information		 Millbrae BART, Caltrain
(AirTrain (SFO) via BART)		 SamTrans
Diridon station;
see the latest information		 San Jose ACE, BART, Caltrain, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, VTA light rail Amtrak Thruway, California Shuttle Bus, DASH, Highway 17 Express, Monterey-Salinas Transit, RTD, VTA
Gilroy station;
see the latest information		 Gilroy Caltrain Monterey-Salinas Transit, San Benito County Express, VTA
Merced Station;
see the latest information		 Merced Planning agreement in place 2029 (CVS) ACE, San Joaquin (train) YARTS in IOS
Madera Station near Madera Community College Center San Joaquin (train) in IOS; site relocation[41]
Fresno Station;
see the latest information		 Fresno Existing, modifications needed YARTS, Fresno Area Express in IOS
Kings–Tulare Regional Station;
see the latest information		 near Hanford Cross Valley Corridor (planned) in IOS
Bakersfield Station;
see the latest information		 Bakersfield Planning agreement in place San Joaquin (train) Kern Transit in IOS
Palmdale Transportation Center;
see the latest information		 Palmdale 2033 Metrolink, Brightline West (planned) Amtrak Thruway, AVTA, Santa Clarita Transit, Greyhound Lines; LA County Beach Bus (summer only)
Burbank Airport Station;
see the latest information		 Burbank Coast Starlight, Metrolink, Pacific Surfliner Metro
Los Angeles Union Station;
see the latest information		 Los Angeles Existing, modifications needed Coast Starlight, Metro Rail, Metrolink, Pacific Surfliner, Southwest Chief, Sunset Limited, Texas Eagle Antelope Valley Transit Authority, Big Blue Bus, Citadel Outlets Express, Dodger Stadium Express,[42] FlyAway, Foothill Transit, Greyhound, Metro, Metro Bus Rapid Transit, OC Bus, Santa Clarita Transit, Torrance Transit
Norwalk–Santa Fe Springs possible station Norwalk Optional, no decision made Metrolink, Metro (planned) Metro
Fullerton possible station Fullerton Metrolink, Pacific Surfliner OC Bus
Anaheim ARTIC Station;
see the latest information		 Anaheim Existing, modifications needed postponed Greyhound, Metro, OC Bus, ART

Note: The Authority considered a mid-peninsula station in Redwood City, Mountain View, or Palo Alto, but it was removed from the business plan in May 2016 due to low ridership projections, although the possibility was raised of adding one in the future.[43]

Phase 2 route details

External images
image icon Merced to Sacramento Section (DRAFT, July 2018)
image icon Los Angeles to San Diego Section map (DRAFT, May 2013)

There has been route planning for Phase 2, but no dates and no financing plans have been made. Proposition 1A requires that Phase 1 be completed before construction is started on Phase 2. The Phase 2 segments, Merced–Sacramento and Los Angeles–San Diego, total about 280 miles (450 km). The completed system length after these extensions are constructed will be about 800 miles (1,300 km).

In 2015, the following stations and options were proposed. Existing train stations, if any, are linked. There is often a choice of alignments, some of which may involve the construction of a new station at a different location.

NORTH: Merced to Sacramento

The segment from Merced to Sacramento will be built on dedicated high-speed rail tracks and go to:

Proposals for services through a future second Transbay Tube,[44] a San Jose–Oakland line, and a Stockton–Union City line have been studied but are not in the Phase 2 plan adopted by voters statewide.[45]

SOUTH: Los Angeles to San Diego via the Inland Empire

The southernmost segment from Los Angeles to San Diego will be built on dedicated high-speed rail tracks with several routing and stations options. Key stations are identified as:[46]

Trains may additionally call at:

San Diego is considering how high-speed rail can play a role in their transportation options as Lindbergh Field is expected to reach maximum capacity between 2025 and 2030. A stop has been proposed at the north end of airport in conjunction with a new transit center. Airport consultant suggest that the train could provide an alternative for California destinations such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Sacramento and Ontario.[47]

References

  1. ↑ "2012 Business Plan | Business Plans | California High-Speed Rail Authority". Hsr.ca.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  2. 1 2 "2023 Project Update Report" (PDF). California High Speed Rail Authority. March 1, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  3. ↑ "AB-3034 Safe, Reliable High-Speed Passenger Train Bond Act for the 21st Century. (2007–2008) – History". California State Assembly. 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Statement of Vote – November 4, 2008 General Election" (PDF). California Secretary of State. 2008. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  5. ↑ "AB-3034 Safe, Reliable High-Speed Passenger Train Bond Act for the 21st Century. (2007–2008) – Text". California State Assembly. 2008. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  6. ↑ "TEN THINGS YOU DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED RAIL (OUT OF THOUSANDS OF THINGS ALMOST NO ONE KNOWS)". Citizens for California High Speed Rail Accountability (CCHSRA). April 18, 2014.
  7. 1 2 "CHSRA Draft Business Plan 2016" (PDF). CHRSA. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  8. ↑ https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/rail-mass-transportation/documents/california-state-rail-plan/20230309-casrp-public-dor-guidance.pdf
  9. ↑ "California High Speed Rail 2022 Business Plan". California High-Speed Rail Authority. September 2022. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  10. ↑ "San Jose to Merced Project Section, Final Environmental Impact Report, Final Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement, Executive Summary, February 2022" (PDF). Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  11. ↑ "Tunneling in Northern California, SAN JOSE TO MERCED PROJECT SECTION FACTSHEET" (PDF).
  12. ↑ "San Francisco to San Jose Project Section, Final Environmental Impact Report, Environmental Impact Statement, p. S-3" (PDF). Hsr.ca.gov. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  13. ↑ "ALL ABOARD Summer Quarterly Newsletter". Retrieved September 7, 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 Thadani, Trisha (July 10, 2020). "Plan for high-speed rail rolls out for San Francisco to San Jose – but with little cash". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 "2014 Business Plan Ridership and Revenue Technical Memorandum" (PDF). Hsr.ca.gov. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  16. ↑ "Statement of Dan Richard : Chairman of the California High-Speed Authority Board of Directors : Hearing on "Continued Oversight of California High-Speed Rail"" (PDF). Transportation.house.gov. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  17. ↑ "California High Speed Rail Authority - State of California" (PDF). ca.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  18. ↑ Michael Cabanatuan (November 15, 2007). "High Speed Rail Authority staff advises Pacheco Pass route to L.A." The San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  19. ↑ "Enviro Groups Rally Against Fast-Tracking California High-Speed Rail". The Heartland Institute. July 16, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Setback for HSR in San Jose to San Francisco Environmental Analysis". Planetizen. November 13, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  21. ↑ "Altamont". TRANSDEF. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Property rights battles threaten to further slow California's costly, long awaited bullet train project". FoxNews. March 17, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  23. ↑ Vartabedian, Ralph (March 14, 2015). "Ready to fight: Some growers unwilling to lose land for bullet train". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  24. ↑ Sheehan, Tim (August 23, 2014). "Land deals slowing California high-speed rail plan". The Fresno Bee. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  25. ↑ Vartabedian, Ralph (February 24, 2015). "Critics fear bullet train will bring urban sprawl to Central Valley". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
  26. ↑ "State Picks Pacheco Pass For High-Speed Rail". CBS 13. Associated Press. February 9, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  27. ↑ https://hsr.ca.gov/2022/04/28/news-release-high-speed-rail-board-completes-environmental-clearance-to-connect-silicon-valley-and-central-valley/
  28. ↑ Sheehan, Tim (May 3, 2019). "Bullet train has 4 route options around one California town as foes plan court appeal". Fresno Bee. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  29. ↑ Sheehan, Tim (September 11, 2020). "High-speed rail junction near Chowchilla, connecting to Gilroy, approved. What's next?". Fresno Bee. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  30. ↑ State of California. "Merced to Fresno Project Section - Statewide Rail Modernization - Programs - California High-Speed Rail Authority". Hsr.ca.gov. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  31. ↑ "California High-Speed Train Project Final EIR/EIS: Fresno to Bakersfield Section: Appendix 3.8-B Summary of Hydraulic Modeling for Project Alternatives" (PDF). California High-Speed Rail Authority. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  32. ↑ "High-Speed Rail Authority approves Fresno-Bakersfield section | abc30.com". Abclocal.go.com. May 7, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  33. ↑ Weikel, Dan (August 12, 2014). "Central Valley bullet train construction gets federal go-ahead". Los Angeles Times.
  34. 1 2 "2016 BUSINESS PLAN : MAY 1, 2016 : Connecting and Transforming California" (PDF). Hsr.ca.gov. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  35. ↑ "High-Speed Rail from Bakersfield to Palmdale - Story". Kerngoldenempire.com. Nexstar Media Group. May 4, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Authority Board Approves High-Speed Rail Line Between Bakersfield and Palmdale". California High Speed Rail (Press release). August 19, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
  37. ↑ CAHSRA. "California High-Speed Rail Extends Public Comment Period for Palmdale to Burbank Project Section".
  38. ↑ "Burbank to Los Angeles Section 2014 SCOPING REPORT" (PDF). Hsr.ca.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  39. 1 2 "Los Angeles to Anaheim Project Section". ca.gov. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  40. ↑ "High-Speed Rail Board Clears Final Environmental Hurdles to Advance Service into LA". California High Speed Rail (Press release). January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  41. ↑ "Madera Station Relocation" (PDF). San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority. May 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Dodger Stadium Express". www.metro.net. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  43. ↑ Noack, Mark (May 6, 2016). "High-speed rail team makes whistle stop in MV". Mountain View Voice. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  44. ↑ "New Transbay Rail Crossing Program Overview + Project Contracting Plan" (PDF). BART. November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  45. ↑ "California High-Speed Rail Authority | State of California" (PDF). Hsr.ca.gov. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  46. ↑ "Los Angeles to San Diego Section" (PDF). California High Speed Rail. May 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  47. ↑ Hawkins, Robert J. (January 26, 2011). "One solution for airport overcrowding? High speed rail". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
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