Rhizocarpales
Rhizocarpon superficiale in Mokelumne Wilderness, California
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Subclass: Lecanoromycetidae
Order: Rhizocarpales
Miądl. & Lutzoni ex Miądl. & Lutzoni (2016)
Type genus
Rhizocarpon
Ramond ex DC. (1805)
Families

Rhizocarpaceae
Sporastatiaceae

Synonyms
  • Sporastatiales Lumbsch & Leavitt (2018)

Rhizocarpales are an order of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes.[1] It has two families, Rhizocarpaceae and Sporastatiaceae, which contain mostly crustose lichens.

Taxonomy

The order was originally proposed by lichenologists Jolanta Miądlikowska and Francois Lutzoni in 2007, following a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Lecanoromycetes.[2] However, the name was not validly published according to article 32.1(d) of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, because it was not "accompanied by a description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis". The authors published the name validly in 2016.[1]

In 2017, Divakar and colleagues used a then-recently developed "temporal phylogenetic" approach to identify temporal bands for specific taxonomic ranks in the Lecanoromycetes, suggesting that groups of species that diverged within the temporal band of 176–194 myr (million years ago) represent orders. They proposed to split the Rhizocarpales into two orders, the Rhizocarpales sensu stricto, and the Sporastatiales, reasoning that these groups split from each other at 208 myr, outside the temporal band they set for orders.[3] This split was not accepted in a later critical analysis of the temporal phylogenetic approach to fungal classification.[4]

Description

Rhizocarpales species are mostly lichenized, with a few lichenicolous species. They have a crustose thallus that is often underlain by a black prothallus. The photobiont partner is chlorococcoid–a spherical, single-celled green algal species. The ascomata are in the form of an apothecium that is either immersed in the substrate or sessile, lecideine or emarginate. The hamathecium (i.e., the hyphae between the asci) consist of unbranched, amyloid paraphyses in the Sporastatiaceae, and branched and anastomosing paraphyses in the Rhizocarpaceae. The asci are semifissitunicate, meaning that the two walls of the ascus do not completely separate during the discharge of the ascospore. Asci have an amyloid tholus (the thickened inner part of the apex of the ascus), which, in the Sporastatiaceae, lacks other structures; in the Rhizocarpaceae, the tholus is weakly amyloid with a stronger amyloid cap. Ascospores number 1 to 8 in the Rhizocarpaceae, to many (about 100) in the Sporastatiaceae. The ascospores are non-septate in the Sporastatiaceae or transversally septate to muriform in the Rhizocarpaceae. In both families, they are ellipsoid, hyaline to dark brown, and non-amyloid. The conidiomata are in the form of pycnidia. Secondary chemicals associated with the Rhizocarpales include depsides, depsidones, and chemical derivatives of pulvinic acid.[1]

Habitat

Rhizocarpales species grow on rocks, or are lichenicolous on other lichens that grow on rocks. In a few instances they are epiphytic on bark.[1]

Families and genera

As of September 2021, Species Fungorum accepts 2 families, 6 genera, and 84 species in the Rhizocarpales.[5]

Catolechia – 1 sp.
Epilichen – 2 spp.
Poeltinula – 2 spp.
Rhizocarpon – 75 spp.
Sporastatia – 4 spp.
Toensbergia – 1 sp.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
  2. ↑ Miądlikowska, Jolanta; Kauff, Frank; Hofstetter, Valérie; Fraker, Emily; Grube, Martin; Hafellner, Josef (2006). "New insights into classification and evolution of the Lecanoromycetes (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) from phylogenetic analyses of three ribosomal RNA- and two protein-coding genes". Mycologia. 98 (6): 1088–1103. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832636. PMID 17486983. S2CID 218587855.
  3. ↑ Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Kraichak, Ekaphan; Leavitt, Steven D.; Singh, Garima; Schmitt, Imke; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2017). "Using a temporal phylogenetic method to harmonize family- and genus-level classification in the largest clade of lichen-forming fungi". Fungal Diversity. 84 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0379-z. S2CID 40674310.
  4. ↑ Lücking, Robert (2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in Fungi (including lichens) and other organisms". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 38 (3): 199–253. doi:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517. S2CID 202859785.
  5. ↑ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Rhizocarpales". Catalog of Life Version 2021-09-21. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  6. ↑ Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae" [Studies in the direction of a more natural division of the collective families Lecanoraceae and Lecideaceae]. Nova Hedwigia (in German). 79: 242–366.
  7. ↑ Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Ernst (2013). "Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of Hypocenomyce sensu lato (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes) — extreme polyphyly and morphological/ecological convergence". Taxon. 62 (5): 940–956. doi:10.12705/625.18.
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