| Reconquest of Arakan | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Bengal Sultanate |
Ava Kingdom Hanthawaddy Kingdom | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah Wali Khan Min Saw Mon (Suleiman Shah) |
Minkhaung Binnya Ran I | ||||||||
The restoration of Min Saw Mon was a military campaign led by the Bengal Sultanate to help Min Saw Mon regain control of his Launggyet Dynasty. The campaign was successful. Min Saw Mon was restored to the Launggyet throne, and northern Arakan became a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate.
Background
In 1406,[1] Burmese forces from the Kingdom of Ava invaded Arakan. The control of Arakan was part of the Forty Years' War between Ava and Hanthawaddy Pegu on the Burmese mainland. The control of Arakan would change hands a few times before Hanthawaddy forces drove out Ava forces in 1412.[2] Ava would retain a toehold in northern Arakan until 1416/17 but did not try to retake Arakan.[3] The Hanthawaddy influence ended after King Razadarit's death in 1421.[note 1]
The former Arakanese ruler Min Saw Mon received asylum in the Bengal Sultanate and lived there in Pandua for 24 years. Saw Mon became close to the Bengal Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah, serving as a commander in the king's army. Saw Mon convinced the sultan to help restore him to his lost throne.[4]
Invasion
In 1429, Saw Mon aided by troops "largely made up of Afghan adventurers" invaded Arakan.[5] The first attempt at the invasion failed because Saw Mon got into an argument with Gen. Wali Khan of Bengal, and was imprisoned by the general. Saw Mon escaped, and the sultan agreed to another attempt. The second invasion went well. Saw Mon was proclaimed king at Launggyet on 18 April 1429 (Thursday, 1st waning of Kason 791 ME).[4]
Aftermath
Saw Mon finally regained control of the Arakanese throne in 1430 with military assistance from Bengali commanders Wali Khan and Sindhi Khan. He later founded a new royal capital, Mrauk U. His kingdom would become known as the Mrauk U Kingdom. Arakan became a vassal state of the Bengal Sultanate and recognized Bengali sovereignty over some territory of northern Arakan. In recognition of his kingdom's vassal status, the kings of Arakan received Islamic titles, despite being Buddhists, and legalized the use of Islamic gold dinar coins from Bengal within the kingdom. The kings compared themselves to Sultans and employed Muslims in prestigious positions within the royal administration. Saw Mon, now styled as Suleiman Shah died in 1433, and was succeeded by his younger brother Min Khayi.
The subordinate relationship with Bengal did not last long. Sultan Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah died in 1433, and was succeeded by a string of weak sultans. In 1437, Khayi took over the throne of Sandoway (Thandwe), unifying the Arakan coast, probably for the first time in history.[6] He also married Saw Yin Mi, the queen of Sandoway.[7] Then, Khayi occupied Ramu, the southernmost territory of his erstwhile overlord Bengal.[8][9] The Arakanese chronicles say that Khayi successfully seized Chittagong in 1450.[10] However, the first confirmed successful occupation of Chittagong came only nine years later in 1459 when King Ba Saw Phyu seized the port from Sultan Rukunuddin Barbak Shah.[9]
Notes
- ↑ (Phayre 1873: 120): Razadarit's three sons vied for the throne. None of them claimed Arakan.
References
- ↑ William J. Topich; Keith A. Leitich (9 January 2013). The History of Myanmar. ABC-CLIO. pp. 17–22. ISBN 978-0-313-35725-1.
- ↑ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 7–8
- ↑ RRT Vol. 2 1999: 10
- 1 2 Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2: 11
- ↑ Myint-U 2006: 73
- ↑ Harvey 1925: xxviii
- ↑ Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 19
- ↑ Harvey 1925: 140
- 1 2 Phayre 1967: 78
- ↑ Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 20
Further reading
- Gutman, Pamela (2001). Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan. Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 974-8304-98-1.
- Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
- Myat Soe, ed. (1964). Myanma Swezon Kyan (in Burmese). Vol. 9 (1 ed.). Yangon: Sarpay Beikman.
- Phayre, Major Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1873). "The History of Pegu". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Oxford University. 42.
- Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6.
- Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1931). Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan (in Burmese). Vol. 1–2 (1997–1999 ed.). Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay.