In the Internet addressing architecture, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) have reserved various Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for special purposes.[1]

IPv4

IPv4 designates special usage or applications for various addresses or address blocks:[1][2]

Special address blocks
Address block Address range Number of addresses Scope Description
0.0.0.0/8 0.0.0.0–0.255.255.255 16777216 Software Current (local, "this") network[1]
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255 16777216 Private network Used for local communications within a private network[3]
100.64.0.0/10 100.64.0.0–100.127.255.255 4194304 Private network Shared address space[4] for communications between a service provider and its subscribers when using a carrier-grade NAT
127.0.0.0/8 127.0.0.0–127.255.255.255 16777216 Host Used for loopback addresses to the local host[1]
169.254.0.0/16 169.254.0.0–169.254.255.255 65536 Subnet Used for link-local addresses[5] between two hosts on a single link when no IP address is otherwise specified, such as would have normally been retrieved from a DHCP server
172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255 1048576 Private network Used for local communications within a private network[3]
192.0.0.0/24 192.0.0.0–192.0.0.255 256 Private network IETF Protocol Assignments, DS-Lite (/29)[1]
192.0.2.0/24 192.0.2.0–192.0.2.255 256 Documentation Assigned as TEST-NET-1, documentation and examples[6]
192.88.99.0/24 192.88.99.0–192.88.99.255 256 Internet Reserved.[7] Formerly used for IPv6 to IPv4 relay[8] (included IPv6 address block 2002::/16).
192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255 65536 Private network Used for local communications within a private network[3]
198.18.0.0/15 198.18.0.0–198.19.255.255 131072 Private network Used for benchmark testing of inter-network communications between two separate subnets[9]
198.51.100.0/24 198.51.100.0–198.51.100.255 256 Documentation Assigned as TEST-NET-2, documentation and examples[6]
203.0.113.0/24 203.0.113.0–203.0.113.255 256 Documentation Assigned as TEST-NET-3, documentation and examples[6]
224.0.0.0/4 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255 268435456 Internet In use for multicast[10] (former Class D network)
233.252.0.0/24 233.252.0.0-233.252.0.255 256 Documentation Assigned as MCAST-TEST-NET, documentation and examples (Note that this is part of the above multicast space.)[10][11]
240.0.0.0/4 240.0.0.0–255.255.255.254 268435455 Internet Reserved for future use[12] (former Class E network)
255.255.255.255/32 255.255.255.255 1 Subnet Reserved for the "limited broadcast" destination address[1]

IPv6

IPv6 assigns special uses or applications for various IP addresses:[1]

Special address blocks
Address block (CIDR) First address Last address Number of addresses Usage Purpose
::/128 :: :: 1 Software Unspecified address
::1/128 ::1 ::1 1 Host Loopback address—a virtual interface that loops all traffic back to itself, the local host
::ffff:0:0/96 ::ffff:0.0.0.0 ::ffff:255.255.255.255 232 Software IPv4-mapped addresses
::ffff:0:0:0/96 ::ffff:0:0.0.0.0 ::ffff:0:255.255.255.255 232 Software IPv4 translated addresses
64:ff9b::/96 64:ff9b::0.0.0.0 64:ff9b::255.255.255.255 232 Global Internet IPv4/IPv6 translation[13]
64:ff9b:1::/48 64:ff9b:1:: 64:ff9b:1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 280, with 248 for each IPv4 Private internets IPv4/IPv6 translation[14]
100::/64 100:: 100::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 264 Routing Discard prefix[15]
2001:0000::/32 2001:: 2001::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 296 Global Internet Teredo tunneling[16]
2001:20::/28 2001:20:: 2001:2f:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2100 Software ORCHIDv2[17]
2001:db8::/32 2001:db8:: 2001:db8:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 296 Documentation Addresses used in documentation and example source code[18]
2002::/16 2002:: 2002:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2112 Global Internet The 6to4 addressing scheme (deprecated)[7]
fc00::/7 fc00:: fdff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2121 Private internets Unique local address[19]
fe80::/64 from fe80::/10 fe80:: fe80::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 264 Link Link-local address
ff00::/8 ff00:: ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff 2120 Global Internet Multicast address

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; B. Haberman (April 2013). R. Bonica (ed.). Special-Purpose IP Address Registries. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC6890. ISSN 2070-1721. BCP 153. RFC 6890. Best Common Practice. Obsoletes RFC 4773, 5156, 5735 and 5736. Updated by RFC 8190.
  2. ↑ "IANA IPv4 Special-Purpose Address Registry". IANA. 19 August 2009.
  3. 1 2 3 Y. Rekhter; B. Moskowitz; D. Karrenberg; G. J. de Groot; E. Lear (February 1996). Address Allocation for Private Internets. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1918. BCP 5. RFC 1918. Best Common Practice. Obsoletes RFC 1627 and 1597. Updated by RFC 6761.
  4. ↑ J. Weil; V. Kuarsingh; C. Donley; C. Liljenstolpe; M. Azinger (April 2012). IANA-Reserved IPv4 Prefix for Shared Address Space. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6598. ISSN 2070-1721. BCP 153. RFC 6598. Best Common Practice. Updates RFC 5735.
  5. ↑ S. Cheshire; B. Aboba; E. Guttman (May 2005). Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3927. RFC 3927. Proposed Standard.
  6. 1 2 3 J. Arkko; M. Cotton; L. Vegoda (January 2010). IPv4 Address Blocks Reserved for Documentation. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC5737. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 5737. Informational. Updates RFC 1166.
  7. 1 2 O. Troan (May 2015). B. Carpenter (ed.). Deprecating the Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7526. BCP 196. RFC 7526. Best Current Practice. Obsoletes RFC 3068 and 6732.
  8. ↑ C. Huitema (June 2001). An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3068. RFC 3068. Informational. Obsoleted by RFC 7526.
  9. ↑ S. Bradner; J. McQuaid (March 1999). Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC2544. RFC 2544. Informational. Updated by: RFC 6201 and RFC 6815.
  10. 1 2 M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; D. Meyer (March 2010). IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC5771. ISSN 2070-1721. BCP 51. RFC 5771. Best Common Practice. Obsoletes RFC 3138 and 3171. Updates RFC 2780.
  11. ↑ S. Venaas; R. Parekh; G. Van de Velde; T. Chown; M. Eubanks (August 2012). Multicast Addresses for Documentation. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6676. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6676. Informational.
  12. ↑ J. Reynolds, ed. (January 2002). Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 is Replaced by an On-line Database. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3232. RFC 3232. Informational. Obsoletes RFC 1700.
  13. ↑ C. Bao; C. Huitema; M. Bagnulo; M. Boucadair; X. Li (October 2010). IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators. IETF. doi:10.17487/RFC6052. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6052. Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 4291.
  14. ↑ T. Anderson (August 2017). Local-Use IPv4/IPv6 Translation Prefix. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC8215. RFC 8215. Proposed Standard.
  15. ↑ N. Hilliard; D. Freedman (August 2012). A Discard Prefix for IPv6. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6666. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6666. Informational.
  16. ↑ S. Santesson (September 2006). TLS Handshake Message for Supplemental Data. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4680. RFC 4680. Proposed Standard. Updates RFC 4346. Updated by RFC 8447 and 8996.
  17. ↑ J. Laganier; F. Dupont (September 2014). An IPv6 Prefix for Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers Version 2 (ORCHIDv2). Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC7343. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 7343. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 4843.
  18. ↑ G. Huston; A. Lord; P. Smith (July 2004). IPv6 Address Prefix Reserved for Documentation. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC3849. RFC 3849. Informational.
  19. ↑ R. Hinden; B. Haberman (October 2005). Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4193. RFC 4193. Proposed Standard.
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