Raj Bhala
Photo of Rakesh "Raj" Kumar Bhala
Born1962 (age 61–62)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
SpouseDr. Kara Tan Bhala
Academic background
Alma mater
Academic work
Discipline
InstitutionsUniversity of Kansas
Websitelaw.ku.edu/faculty/raj-bhala

Rakesh "Raj" Kumar Bhala (born 1962) is an Indian-American author, lawyer and professor, prominent in the fields of International trade law, Islamic Law (Sharia), and law and literature.[1] He is a professor at the University of Kansas School of Law where he is the inaugural Leo S. Brenneisen Distinguished Professor of Law. Previously he had served as the university's Associate Dean for International and Comparative Law (2011–2017).[2] He is the author of leading textbooks in international trade law, among others, and has a periodic column on international law, titled "On Point," that has been published by BloombergQuint (India) (which in May 2022 was re-branded BQ Prime)[3] since January 2017.[4] In June 2020, Ingram's Magazine named him as one of “50 Kansans You Should Know.”[5] He is a member of the U.S. State Department Speaker Program.[2]

Education

Bhala is a 1980 graduate of University School of Milwaukee.[6] Bhala then received his A.B. degree in economics (summa cum laude) at Duke University in 1984, and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.[2]

While a Marshall Scholar (1984–86) in the United Kingdom, Bhala earned a master's degree (MSc) in economics from the London School of Economics in 1985 and another master's degree (MSc) in management (industrial relations) from Oxford University the year after, with a thesis on internal labor markets.

Bhala obtained a J.D. degree (cum laude) from Harvard Law School in 1989, where as a third-year student he published his first book, Perspectives on Risk-Based Capital.[2]

Upon graduation from Harvard Law School, Bhala practiced as an attorney with the legal department of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1989–93), specializing in three areas: payment systems, foreign exchange, and enforcement. The New York Fed twice (November 1990 and December 1992) awarded him its President's Award for Excellence, in part for his work as a United States delegate to the United Nations Convention on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) in drafting the 1992 Model Law on International Credit Transfers,[7] for which he also received a Letter of Commendation from the U.S. State Department (September 1991). Subsequently, he wrote books in each of these three areas.[8][9][10] Bhala was a Senior Advisor to Dentons US LLP, where he specialized in international trade law and related matters.[11] He has served as an International Legal Consultant for The Al Ammari Law Firm, in association with Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.[2]

He then held his first academic post (1993–98) at the Marshal-Wythe School of Law at William & Mary. At his second post (1998–2003) at the George Washington Law School in Washington, D.C., Bhala held the Patricia Roberts Harris Research Professorship.

Bhala joined the University of Kansas School of law faculty in 2003, where he teaches courses in international trade law, advanced international trade law, Islamic law, and law and literature.[2] For his teaching and advising there, he received the Kemper Teaching Award (2008), George and Eleanor Woodyard International Educator Award (2011), and Moreau Award (2012 and 2015)[2] Bhala also served as an instructor at the Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where he taught Islamic Law to U.S. Special Operations Forces.[12] He has been a visiting professor at Washington University in St. Louis School of Law (2014), University of Michigan Law School (1999), and Duke University School of Law (1996). Outside the United States, he has taught courses at the Heidelberg Centre for Latin America (Santiago, Chile, 2012), World Trade Institute (Berne, Switzerland, 2003 and 2004), La Trobe University (Melbourne, Australia, 2003), Tel Aviv University (2019), University of Auckland (2003, 2017, and 2019), University of London (1997), and been a Research Fellow at the University of Hong Kong (2009) and Visiting Scholar at the Bank of Japan (Tokyo, 1999), and lectured widely in India (2004, 2012, and 2014).[13][14] Bhala negotiated Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) for the University of Kansas School of Law with foreign law faculties in India.[15] In March 2014, CNBC TV-18 in India interviewed Bhala for his views on Indo-U.S. trade disputes.[16] Following resolution of the dispute over public stockpiling of food for security, the London-based Oval Observer Foundation interviewed him about Indian trade policy and the future of free trade agreements (FTAs) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).[17]

In January 2014, Bhala was one of over 80 Distinguished Professors in Kansas to sign a letter calling for suspension and ultimate repeal of the social media policy adopted the previous month by the state's Board of Regents.[18] The letter was published simultaneously in The Lawrence Journal World, The Manhattan Mercury, and The Topeka Capital Journal.[19] The Policy attracted nationwide condemnation, including from the American Association of University Professors, (AAUP)[20] and jointly from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), and National Coalition Against Censorship (NCAP).[21][22] Bhala also expressed his concern about the scope of the Policy on television.[23] In April 2014, along with 80 other Distinguished Professors from across Kansas, he signed a petition in favor of a revised Policy. The revision was published widely, and widely supported, but, the Regents essentially rejected it, retaining the controversial elements concerning speech that undermines harmony at, or efficient operation of, a university.[24][25][26]

In October 2014, Bhala appeared on the TV comedy show, The Not So Late Show.[2] In December 2014, he commented in a TV interview that the release of the U.S. Senate report on enhanced interrogation techniques (torture) by the CIA showed not only a disconnect between the myth and reality of American support for human rights, but also (ultimately) the strength of America and its commitment to the rule of law.[27] In a New Zealand radio interview, Bhala spoke about the meaning of "enhanced interrogation techniques," and the lack of any justification for torture.[28]

In December 2015, Bhala was one of 70 University of Kansas Distinguished Professors to sign a letter of protest against a change in state law allowing the carrying of concealed weapons on campus.[29] In April, 2016, he was one of 64 Distinguished Professors to sign a second such letter.[30] Bhala, along with his wife, Dr. Kara Tan Bhala, were featured by journalist Arun Venugopal[31] in a May 2017 National Public Radio (NPR) New York (WNYC, 93.3 FM) broadcast, "Whose Kansas is it Anyway?,"[32] explaining the negative effects of the concealed carry law.[33] In January 2021, they were featured in Venugopal's follow up NPR New York broadcast, “The (Un)making of a Model Minority.”[34]

Bhala was selected by the New Zealand Legal Research Foundation (LRF) as its 2017 Visiting Scholar.[2][35]

International trade law, Islamic law, and Law and Literature contributions

In international trade law, Bhala's Stare Decisis Trilogy was the first to highlight that, in practice, the doctrine of precedent operates in multilateral trade adjudication.[36]

His Doha Round Trilogy pointed out that the detailed negotiating texts of the round had deviated from a key original purpose of the round: re-writing trade rules to help alleviate poverty, and thereby reduce the vulnerability of marginalized populations to Islamist extremist ideologies.[37]

Bhala's articles appear in general and international law reviews, and five are in The International Lawyer,[38] the award-winning, peer-reviewed journal of the American Bar Association (ABA) Section of International Law, which circulates worldwide to over 15,000 readers.[39] The Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law publishes the annual WTO Case Review, which Bhala co-authored since its inception in 2000.[40]

Bhala authored Modern GATT Law, the first major treatise on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade since the 1970 publication of The Law of the GATT (Kenneth W. Dam) and 1969 publication of World Trade and the Law of GATT (John H. Jackson).[41] The Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) cited the 1st edition of the treatise,[42] and its 2nd edition received scholarly and media attention.[43]

He also has authored the textbook International Trade Law, which has been cited by United States federal courts,[44] and portions of this text were translated into Vietnamese. The latest edition, with the sub-title "A Comprehensive Textbook," is in four volumes,[45] and like the previous two-volume edition bearing the subtitle "An Interdisciplinary, Non-Western Textbook,"[46] has been endorsed by trade experts in different countries, including Columbia University Professor Jagdish Bhagwati,[47] and been profiled in the media.[48] Bhala's monograph Trade, Development, and Social Justice, applies Catholic social justice theory to special and differential treatment rules of the multilateral trading system.[49] His monograph Trade War: Causes, Conduct, and Consequences of Sino-American Confrontation is an interdisciplinary legal analysis of the origins, nature, and future of tariff and non-tariff battles between the U.S. and China.[50]

In Islamic Law, Bhala became the first non-Muslim American law professor to produce a textbook on the subject designed for English-speaking law students, teachers, and practitioners (Understanding Islamic Law (Shari'a)).[51][52] He has spoken out against state anti-Sharia legislation, arguing it is unfair and bad for business.[53] The textbook has received media attention, such as after the November 2015 Paris attacks,[54] and has been reviewed as a "brilliant and much-needed resource".[55] It is in its third edition.[56]

Some of Bhala's research is at the intersection of International Trade and Islamic Law. One article analyzes the tariff schedules of every Islamic country in the world, and points out few such countries use the GATT Article XX(a) public morality exception to ban importation of products, such as alcohol and pork, the consumption of which the Sharia forbids.[57] Like non-Islamic countries, most of them impose tariffs on these products, possibly for moral, secularist, legal, or economic reasons.

Other areas of Bhala's research are the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Indian trade law and policy. His book TPP Objectively examines the legal, economic, and national security aspects of TPP, arguing the deal merits a grade of "B," and calls for stronger provisions to benefit women and their extension to the LGBTQ community.[58] Via scholarly presentations and media appearances in India, he urged India to consider joining TPP.[59] Speaking in Riyadh at the Council of Saudi Chambers of Commerce and Harvard Alumni Association of Saudi Arabia (HASA) in April 2015, he discussed reorienting Saudi trade law and policy toward the Asia-Pacific region.[60][2] He addressed the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Law Association of Malaysia, and justices from the Supreme and High Courts of Malaysia, in April 2016 on the topic of Risks and Opportunities with the Trans-Pacific Partnership for Malaysia.[61]

He delivered a major address at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law in February 2017, The Legal, Economic, and National Security Dimensions of the Trans Pacific Partnership.[62] He gave Webinars for the Conference Board of Canada in August 2017, An American Perspective on NAFTA's Past, Present, and Future;[63] October 2018, The Three-Dimensional International Trade War: Strategic Positioning for Canada in WTO, NAFTA, and Bilateral Battles,[64] and October 2020, Restructuring Global Trade Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Matrix of Challenges and Opportunities.[65]

In June 2021, he was a Distinguished Speaker at the Indian Society of International Law, lecturing on Historical Evolution of GATT and WTO,[66] and in March 2022 he presented at the Horasis USA Global Summit Conference on “Shaping America’s Role in a Post-Pandemic World” on the topic of Revival of Substantial World Trade.[67]

Bhala's research includes law and literature. His publications in this field include Lessons About NAFTA Renegotiations from Shakespeare's Othello: From the Three Amigo's to America as Iago?,[68] Interpreting Interpretation: Textual, Contextual, and Pragmatic Interpretative Methods for International Trade Law,[69] and Shakespeare And The Law of War: Spotting Issues In The Second Henriad.[70]

Publications

  • Trade War: Causes, Conduct, and Consequences of Sino-American Confrontation (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2023)[71]
  • Bhala, Raj (2020). TPP Objectively: Legal, Economic, and National Security Dimensions of CPTPP (2 ed.). Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 9781531014292.
  • Modern GATT Law: A Treatise On The Law And Political Economy Of The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade And Other World Trade Organisation Agreements (London, England: Thomson Sweet & Maxwell, 2nd Ed., Two Volumes, 2013)[72] (1st Edition, 2005)
  • Understanding Islamic Law: Sharīʻa (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2nd Edition, August 2016),[73] (New Providence, New Jersey: Lexisnexis, 1st Edition, May 2011)
  • International Trade Law: A Comprehensive Textbook (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 5th Ed., Four Volumes, July 2019; New Providence, New Jersey Lexisnexis, 4th Ed., Two Volumes, August 2015; 3rd Ed. 2008, Lexisnexis; 2nd Ed. 2001; 1st Ed. 1996 (Michie)[45]
  • Dictionary of International Trade Law (New Providence, New Jersey: Lexisnexis, 3rd Edition 2015, 2nd Ed. 2012, 1st Ed. 2008)[74]
  • Trade, Development, and Social Justice (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press. 1st Ed., 2003)[75]
  • World Trade Law: The GATT-WTO System, Regional Arrangements, and U.S. Law, with 1999 Supplement (Charlottesville, Virginia: Lexis Law Publishing, 1998) (With Kevin Kennedy)[76]
  • The Law of Foreign Exchange (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 1997)[77][78]
  • Foreign Bank Regulation After BCCI (Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 1994)[79]
  • Wire Transfers (Chicago, Illinois: Irwin/Probus, 1993) (With Ernest T. Patrikis & Thomas C. Baxter, Jr)[80]
  • Perspectives on Risk-Based Capital (Rolling Meadows, Illinois: Probus/Bank Administration Institute, 1989)

Affiliations

Bhala is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations (United States), and a life member of the Indian Society of International Law. He is also a member of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs (England), All India Law Teachers Congress (India), American Law Institute, Fellowship of Catholic Scholars, International Bar Association, and Inter-Pacific Bar Association.

Bhala serves on the Editorial Advisory Board of Carolina Academic Press, where he also is the general editor for its studies on globalization and society. Bhala has served on the Publishing Advisory Board of LexisNexis.

Bhala is on the editorial boards of international law journals, including the Indian Journal of International Economic Law,[81] the University of Bologna Law Review,[82] and Manchester Journal of International Economic Law (MJIEL),[83] and is a Chief Book Review Editor for the MJIEL.[83]

He is a member of the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute's International Council.[84]

References

  1. ↑ "California Western Welcomes University of Kansas Professor for Guest Lecture on International Law :: California Western School of Law". Kintera.org. March 17, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Raj Bhala | School of Law". Law.ku.edu. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  3. ↑ ""BQPrime Powered by Bloomberg"". bqprime.com. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  4. ↑ "The Trump Raj Begins… But How Will It Endure?". BloombergQuint. January 20, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  5. ↑ "50 Kansans You Should Know: The Class of 2020". June 15, 2020.
  6. ↑ "University School of Milwaukee - Notable Alumni". Usmk12.org. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019.
  7. ↑ "1992 - Model Law on International Credit Transfers". Uncitral.org. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  8. ↑ Bhala, Rakesh (1993). Wire Transfers. Chicago, IL: Irwin/Probus. LCCN 93163647.
  9. ↑ Bhala, Rakesh (1994). Foreign Bank Regulation After BCCI. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. LCCN 94072117.
  10. ↑ Bhala, Rakesh (1997). The Law of Foreign Exchange. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. LCCN 97005051.
  11. ↑ "Rakesh". Dentons.com. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  12. ↑ "KU professor teaches Sharia law at CGSC | Article | The United States Army". Army.mil. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  13. ↑ Miller, Kate (2014-04-15), "KU Law Partners with Indian Law Schools." University Daily Kansan. http://kansan.com/news/2014/04/15/ku-law-partners-with-indian-law-schools/ Archived 2014-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Sharp, Emily (2014-04-10), "KU Law Partners with Top Indian Law Schools." KU Today. http://www.news.ku.edu/ku-law-partners-indias-top-law-schools
  15. ↑ Emily Sharp, April 10, 2014, "KU Partners with India's Top Law Schools," KU Today, http://news.ku.edu/ku-law-partners-indias-top-law-schools
  16. ↑ "The Firm - Corporate Law in India". Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
  17. ↑ Oval Observer Foundation (December 21, 2014). "Professor Raj Bhala on India's Trading Policy and Emergence of Mega Regional Trade Deals". Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via YouTube.
  18. ↑ "Dear Kansas Board of Regents" (2014-12-01), Lawrence Journal-World, page A4; Nick DeSantis (2014-10-01), "Kansas Regents Are Urged to Suspend Social-Media Policy During Review," The Chronicle of Higher Education, http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/kansas-regents-are-urged-to-suspend-social-media-policy-during-review/71257
  19. ↑ Phil Nel, Nine Kinds of Pie, http://www.philnel.com/2014/01/12/ksukudp/ (containing the letter as published in the Lawrence Journal World, Manhattan Mercury, and Topeka Capital Journal)
  20. ↑ "AAUP Statement on the Kansas Board of Regents Social Media Policy" (2013-20-12), http://www.aaup.org/file/KansasStatement.pdf
  21. ↑ Letter to Fred Logan, Chair, Kansas Board of Regents (2013-12-20), from Will Creeley Director of Legal and Public Advocacy, Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Joan Bertin, Executive Director, National Coalition Against Censorship, Doug Bonney, Chief Counsel and Legal Director, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Kansas, http://thefire.org/public/pdfs/19221a653d03dee41443cb18befe9c73.pdf?direct%5B%5D; Susan Kruth (2014-01-02), "Kansas Board of Regents to Review Controversial Social Media Policy," FIRE – Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, http://thefire.org/article/16622.html
  22. ↑ "Be sure to bring your gun". Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  23. ↑ Craig Andres (2014-10-01), "Free Speech Battle Heats Up," KSN TV Channel 3 (NBC News, Wichita), http://www.ksn.com/news/local/free-speech-battle-heats-up Archived 2014-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Llopis-Jepsin, Celia, "Faculty Remain Skeptical of Regents Social Media Policy." Topeka Capital-Journal. http://cjonline.com/news/2014-04-19/faculty-remain-skeptical-regents-social-media-policy
  25. ↑ Associated Press (2014-04017), "Kansas Regents Stick with Social Media Policy for Universities." Kansas City Star. http://www.kansascity.com/2014/04/17/4966783/kansas-regents-stick-with-social.html
  26. ↑ Shelly, Barbara (2014-04-17), "Kansas Regents Double Down on Repressive Social Media Policy." Kansas City Star. http://www.kansascity.com/2014/04/17/4966691/kansas-regents-double-down-on.html
  27. ↑ Johnson, Brian (December 10, 2014). "KU professor: Torture report's release shows U.S. strength". Kmbc.com. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  28. ↑ http://www.95bfm.co.nz/assets/sm/219198/3/raj.mp3
  29. ↑ http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2015/dec/07/ku-chancellor-distinguished-professors-state-oppos/, KU Chancellor, Distinguished Professors State Opposition to Guns on Campus, Lawrence Journal World, Dec. 7, 2015; http://www.kansan.com/news/ku-distinguished-professors-endorse-kansas-state-professors-position-on-restricting/article_0a0548fe-9d20-11e5-bac2-bb8e64957771.html, 68 KU Distinguished Professors Endorse Kansas State Professors' Position on Restricting Concealed Weapons on Campus, University Daily Kansan, Dec. 7, 2015. 
  30. ↑ Professors, The Council of Distinguished (April 19, 2016). "Letter to editor: Ahead of concealed carry implementation, University policy needs to focus on making campus safe for all". The University Daily Kansan. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  31. ↑ "People - Arun Venugopal - WNYC - New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". Wnyc.org. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Episode 1: Whose Kansas Is it Anyway? - The United States of Anxiety". Wnycstudios.org. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  33. ↑ "Your Turn: Professors address guns, safety at KU". Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  34. ↑ "The (Un)making of a Model Minority". Wnycstudios.org.
  35. ↑ "Legal Research Foundation". Legalresearch.org.nz. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  36. ↑ Corus Staal BV v. United States DOC, 259 F.Supp. 2d 1253 (CIT 2003); "The Myth About Stare Decisis and International Trade Law (Part One of a Trilogy)", 1999, American University International Law Review, 14, 845-956; "The Precedent Setters: De Facto Stare Decisis in WTO Adjudication (Part Two of a Trilogy)", 1999, Florida State University Journal of Transnational Law and Policy, 9, 1-151. "The Power of the Past: Towards De Jure Stare Decisis in WTO Adjudication (Part Three of a Trilogy)", 2001, George Washington International Law Review, 33, 873-978 (symposium on "Global Trade Issues in the New Millennium")
  37. ↑ Frank J. Garcia, "Doha, Security, and Justice: A Response to Prof. Raj Bhala," 2011, University of Saint Thomas Law Journal, 9, 194-213, and Robert J. Delahunty, "Trade, War, and Terror: A Reply to Bhala," 2011, University of Saint Thomas Law Journal, 9, 161-193, both reviewing the Trilogy. The Trilogy is published at: "Poverty, Islamist Extremism, and the Debacle of Doha Round Counter-Terrorism: Part One of a Trilogy – Agricultural Tariffs and Subsidies," 2011, University of Saint Thomas Law Journal, 9, 5-160; "Poverty, Islamist Extremism, and the Debacle of Doha Round Counter-Terrorism: Part Two of a Trilogy – Non-Agricultural Market Access and Services Trade," 2011, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44, 1-81; and "Poverty, Islamist Extremism, and the Debacle of Doha Round Counter-Terrorism: Part Three of a Trilogy – Trade Remedies and Facilitation," 2012, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 40, 237-320
  38. ↑ "Diversity within Unity: Import Laws of Islamic Countries on Ḥarām (Forbidden) Products," 2014, The International Lawyer, 47, 343-406 (with Shannon B. Keating); "Saudi Arabia, the WTO, and American Trade Law and Policy," 2004, The International Lawyer, 38, 741-812; "Austin's Ghost and DSU Reform," 2003, 37 The International Lawyer, 37, 651-76 (with Lucienne Attard) (lead article); "Poverty, Islam, and Doha," 2002, The International Lawyer 36, 159-196; "MRS. WATU and International Trade Sanctions," 1999, The International Lawyer 33, 1-26
  39. ↑ "The International Lawyer". Americanbar.org. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  40. ↑ "Articles | Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law". Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2014.
  41. ↑ Mike Krings, May 15, 2013, "Law Professor's Book Explores "Constitution of International Trade," KU Today, www.news.ku.edu/2013/05/15/law-professors-book- explores-constitution-international-trade-law. Reviews of the first edition (2005) are Professor Dr. Wolfgang Weiß, 2007, Common Market Law Review, 44, 538-540; David Gantz, 2006, JOURNAL OF BUSINESS LAW 437-439
  42. ↑ WTO Appellate Body in its Report, United States – Final Anti-dumping Measures on Stainless Steel from Mexico (complaint by Mexico), WT/DS344/AB/R 94 fn. 208 (adopted 20 May 2008)
  43. ↑ David A. Gantz, "Modern GATT Law: A Treatise on the Law and Political Economy of the GATT & Other WTO Agreements," 2014, International Trade Law & Regulation, 20, issue 1; Mike Krings, May 15, 2013, "Law Professor's Book Explores "Constitution of International Trade," KU Today, www.news.ku.edu/2013/05/15/law-professors-book- explores-constitution-international-trade-law
  44. ↑ Agro Dutch Foods Ltd. v. United States, 110 F.Supp. 2d 950, 961 (CIT 2000); Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. v. United States, 110 F.Supp. 2d 934, 939 (CIT 2000); Mannesmannrohren-Werke AG & Mannesmann Pipe & Steel Corp. v. United States, 77 F.Supp. 2d 1302, 1305 (CIT 1999)
  45. 1 2 International Trade Law: A Comprehensive Textbook (Four-Volume Set), Fifth Edition (9781531014711). Authors: Raj Bhala. Carolina Academic Press.
  46. ↑ "International Trade Law with Raj Bhala". YouTube. June 18, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  47. ↑ https://cap-press.com/books/isbn/9781531014711/International-Trade-Law-A-Comprehensive-Textbook-Four-Volume-Set-Fifth-Edition;; ; ; Bhala, Rakesh (2015), International Trade Law: An Interdisciplinary, Non-Western Textbook, pages v-xi. New Providence, New Jersey: LexisNexis, 2015
  48. ↑ WIBW News AM580/FM 104.9 (2019-5-13), Nick Gosnell, "New Trade Law Tome Covers Expanding Field," https://www.wibwnewsnow.com/new-trade-law-tome-covers-expanding-field/;KCUR%5B%5D 89.3 FM, Central Standard (2015-10-15), Gina Kaufmann & Matthew Long-Middleton, "Trading Post – International Trade Law," , ; Mike Krings, August 25, 2025, "New Edition of International Trade Law Textbook Addresses Rapidly Expanding Issues," KU Today,
  49. ↑ See Carmine Gorga, "Book Review," 2004-05, Journal of Markets & Morality 7, 567-70; Book Review, March 2004, American Society of International Law Newsletter
  50. ↑ See
  51. ↑ Callahan, Kim (August 19, 2012). "Law professor's innovative scholarship puts KU on global map / LJWorld.com". .ljworld.com. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  52. ↑ The University of Kansas (June 18, 2013). "Understanding Islamic Law with Raj Bhala". Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via YouTube.
  53. ↑ http://billtammeus.typepad.com/my_weblog/2011/09/9-1718-11.html; http://billtammeus.typepad.com/my_weblog/2011/09/9-19-11.html; KCUR 89.3 FM, KC Currents (2012-2-19), "Shariah in the Midwest," http://www.kcur.org/post/shariah-law-freedom-now-charles-ferruzza: KCUR 89.3 FM, KC Currents (2012-2-20), "Midwest Muslims Work to Change Anti-Shariah Movement," http://www.kcur.org/post/midwest-muslims-work-change-anti-shariah-movement; Marso, Andy (2012-4-15), "Lawmakers Urged to Address Sharia," Topeka Capital-Journal, http://cjonline.com/news/2012-04-14/lawmakers-urged-address-sharia - .T4pLVal2Acs.email; Marso, Andy (2012-5-25), "Brownback Signs Bill That Caused Sharia Flap," Topeka Capital Journal, http://cjonline.com/news/2012-05-25/brownback-signs-bill-caused-sharia-flap; Helen T. Gray (2012-6-30), "Sum of Shariah: New Kansas Law Denies Use of Foreign Codes, Laws," Kansas City Star, page D10, http://www.kansascity.com/2012/06/29/3683250/shame-on-shariah.html
  54. ↑ Micheal D. Mahoney (2015-11-17), Professor Says Key to Stopping ISIS May Be To Cut Off Money, KMBC TV Channel 9 (Kansas City), http://www.kmbc.com/news/professor-says-key-to-stopping-isis-may-be-to-cut-off-money/36509420; Micheal D. Mahoney (2015-11-17), Some KU Students Study Shari'a Law, KMBC TV Channel 9 (Kansas City), http://www.kmbc.com/news/some-ku-students-study-sharia-law/36504830
  55. ↑ John Balouziyeh (January 5, 2015). ""A Brilliant, Much-Needed Resource" – Raj Bhala's Understanding Islamic Law (Sharī'a)". LexisNexis Legal Newsroom, International Law.
  56. ↑ Mike Krings, “Understanding Islamic Law” Book Thoroughly Updates Text on Changing Legal World, KU TODAY, 20 July 2023, https://news.ku.edu/2023/07/20/understanding-islamic-law-book-thoroughly-updates-text-changing-legal-world https://cap-press.com/books/isbn/9781531014278/Understanding-Islamic-Law-Third-Edition; Mike Krings, “Understanding Islamic Law” Book Thoroughly Updates Text on Changing Legal World, KU TODAY, 20 July 2023, https://news.ku.edu/2023/07/20/understanding-islamic-law-book-thoroughly-updates-text-changing-legal-world. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  57. ↑ "Cherry Picked - Study finds despite stereotypes, Muslim nations take nuanced approach to 'haram' imports". School of Law. September 2, 2014. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  58. ↑ http://www.cap-press.com/books/isbn/9781611639599/TPP-Objectively-Shipping-in-August ; Mike Krings, August 6, 2016, "International Trade Law Export Authors Book on TPP, New Edition on Islamic Law," KU Today, ; "Trans Pacific Partnership Status," The Scholar's Circle (Radio Interview) (2015-3-15), Melissa Chirpin, "Trans Pacific Partnership Status," Archived June 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  59. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OshTZNh0qg, Oval Observer Foundation, London, Professor Raj Bhala on Indian Trade Policy and Mega Regional Trade Deals, Dec. 21, 2014; (2014-3-4), What's Up with Indo-U.S. Trade Ties?, CNBC TV 18 (Mumbai, India), thefirm.moneycontrol.com/video_page.php?autono=1051631&video_flag=1
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  63. ↑ "An American Perspective on NAFTA's Past, Present, and Future". Conferenceboard.ca. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  64. ↑ "The Three-Dimensional International Trade War: Strategic Positioning for Canada in WTO, NAFTA, and Bilateral Battlesdate=Retrieved 10 August 2021".
  65. ↑ "Restructuring Global Trade Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Matrix of Challenges and Opportunitiesdate=Retrieved 10 August 2021".
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