 | |
 | |
| Location | Stavelot, Belgium |
|---|---|
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) CEST (DST) |
| Coordinates | 50°26′14″N 5°58′17″E / 50.43722°N 5.97139°E |
| Capacity | 70,000 |
| FIA Grade | 1 (GP) 2 (Motorcycle) 6R (Rallycross)[lower-alpha 1] |
| Opened | August 1921 |
| Architect | Jules de Thier & Henri Langlois van Ophem |
| Major events | Current: Formula One Belgian Grand Prix (intermittently 1925–1970, 1983–present) Intercontinental GT Challenge Spa 24 Hours (1924–1934, 1936, 1938, 1948–1949, 1953, 1964–present) FIA World Endurance Championship 6 Hours of Spa (1953, 1963–1975, 1981–1990, 1999–present) FIM Endurance World Championship 24H Spa EWC Motos (1973–2001, 2022–present) TCR World Tour (2023) European Le Mans Series (2004–2011, 2016–present) Former: Grand Prix motorcycle racing Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix (1949–1979, 1981–1986, 1988–1990) FIA World Rallycross Championship World RX of Benelux (2019, 2021–2022) WTCC Race of Belgium (2005, 2014) World SBK (1992) DTM (2005, 2020, 2022) FFSA GT Championship (1998, 2008, 2013–2015, 2019, 2021–2022) |
| Website | www |
| Grand Prix Circuit (2007–present) | |
| Length | 7.004 km (4.352 miles) |
| Turns | 20 |
| Race lap record | 1:46.286 (Valtteri Bottas, Mercedes W09, 2018, Formula One) |
| Motorcycle Circuit (2022–present) | |
| Length | 6.985 km (4.341 miles) |
| Turns | 20 |
| Race lap record | 2:20.578 (Sylvain Guintoli, Suzuki GSX-R1000, 2023, FIM EWC) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (2004–2006) | |
| Length | 6.976 km (4.335 miles) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:45.108 (Kimi Räikkönen, McLaren MP4-19B, 2004, Formula One) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (1995–2003) | |
| Length | 6.968 km (4.330 miles) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:47.176 (Michael Schumacher, Ferrari F2002, 2002, Formula One) |
| Grand Prix Circuit with chicane at Eau Rouge (1994) | |
| Length | 7.001 km (4.350 miles) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:57.117 (Damon Hill, Williams FW16B, 1994, Formula One) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (1981–1993) | |
| Length | 6.940 km (4.312 miles) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:51.095 (Alain Prost, Williams FW15C, 1993, Formula One) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (1979–1980) | |
| Length | 6.947 km (4.317 miles) |
| Turns | 17 |
| Race lap record | 2:48.800 (Gordon Spice, Ford Capri III 3.0S, 1979, Group 1) |
| Old Circuit (1939–1978) | |
| Length | 14.100 km (8.761 miles) |
| Turns | 21 |
| Race lap record | 3:13.400 (Henri Pescarolo, Matra-Simca MS670B, 1973, Group 5) |
| Original Pre-War Circuit (1921–1938) | |
| Length | 14.982 km (9.310 miles) |
| Turns | 25 |
| Race lap record | 5:04.100 (Hermann Lang, Mercedes-Benz W125, 1937, GP) |
The Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps (French pronunciation: [siʁkɥi də spa fʁɑ̃kɔʁʃɑ̃]), informally referred to as Spa,[1][2] is a 7.004 km (4.352 mi) motor-racing circuit located in Francorchamps, Stavelot, Wallonia, Belgium, about 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast of Spa. It is the current venue of the Formula One Belgian Grand Prix, hosting its first Grand Prix in 1925, and has held a Grand Prix every year since 1985 except 2003 and 2006.
Spa also hosts several other international events including the 24 Hours of Spa, the World Endurance Championship 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps. It is also the host of the Uniroyal Fun Cup 25 Hours of Spa, one of the longest motor races in the world.
The circuit has undergone several redesigns through its history, most extensively in 1979 when the track was modified and shortened from a 14.100 km (8.761 mi) circuit using public roads to a 6.947 km (4.317 mi) permanent circuit due to safety concerns with the old circuit.[3]
Track configurations
Original layout
In 1918, German headquarters were in Spa, and in 1919, the Treaty of Versailles separated the Eupen-Malmedy region from Prussia and the German Empire. Between January and June 1920, a plebiscite was held, without a secret ballot and under other questionable circumstances. As a result, the Transitional Government prepared for the unification of Eupen-Malmedy with Belgium in June 1925.
Jules de Thier, owner of the Liège newspaper La Meuse, was looking for a site to host a race, and following a meeting at the Hotel des Bruyères in Francorchamps, with burgomaster Joseph de Crawhez and racing-car driver Henri Langlois van Ophem, it was decided that the roads from Spa-Francorchamps to the former German Malmedy, to Stavelot, and back towards Francorchamps constituted an ideal triangle-shaped circuit with few tight corners and long fast sections.[4] Eau Rouge creek was the Belgian-German Empire border[5][6] until 1920, with the Ancienne Douane customs office being rather recent than ancient. After passing through former German Bürnenville, the track crossed the former border again halfway on the road between Malmedy and Stavelot, at the junction of the Meiz road. In Stavelot, there was a sharp right-hander, later replaced with a sweeping bypass.
The track's inaugural race was planned for August 1921, but was cancelled when only one driver entered.[4] The first car race was held at the circuit in 1922, and 1924 saw the first running of the now famous 24 Hours of Francorchamps race.[4] The circuit was first used for Grand Prix racing in 1925.[4]
The original Spa-Francorchamps circuit was essentially a speed course, with drivers managing higher average speeds than on other road race tracks. At the time, the Belgians took pride in having a very fast circuit, and to improve average speeds, in 1939 the former Ancienne Douane slow uphill U-turn after the bottom of the Eau Rouge creek valley was cut short with a faster sweep straight up the hill, called the Raidillon. In public traffic until 2000, at Eau Rouge, southbound traffic was allowed to use the famous uphill corner, while the opposite downhill traffic had to use the old road and U-turn behind the grandstands, rejoining the race track at the bottom of Eau Rouge. Around 2001, a new bypass road N62c was built to the East, and the track was closed to the public as the road from Stavelot to Blanchimont became a cul-de-sac.
The old race track continued through the dynamic Kemmel curves (straightened in 1979) to the highest part of the track (104 m (341 ft) above the lowest part), then went downhill into Les Combes, a fast, slightly banked downhill left-hand corner towards Burnenville, passing this village in a fast right hand sweep. Near Malmedy, the Masta straight began, which was only interrupted by the Masta Kink between farm houses before arriving at the town of Stavelot. Then, the track progressed through an uphill straight section with a few bends called La Carriere, going through two high-speed turns (the former being an unnamed right-hand turn, and the latter named Blanchimont) before braking very hard, for the Bus Stop chicane that was added later, and for La Source hairpin, that rejoined the downhill start finish section (as opposed to today where the start–finish section is before La Source).
Spa is located in the Belgian Ardennes countryside, and the long old circuit was, and for most parts still is, used as an everyday public road, and there were houses, trees, electric poles, fields and other obstacles located right next to the track. Before 1970, there were no safety modifications of any kind done to the circuit and the conditions of the circuit were, aside from a few straw bales, virtually identical to everyday civilian use. Former Formula One racing driver and team owner Jackie Oliver was quoted as saying "if you went off the road, you didn't know what you were going to hit".[7]
Spa-Francorchamps was the fastest road circuit in Europe at the time, and it had a reputation for being dangerous and very fast – it demanded calmness from drivers, and most were frightened of it. The old Spa circuit was unique in that speeds were consistently high with hardly any let-up at all for three to four minutes. This made it an extraordinarily difficult mental challenge, because most of the corners were taken at more than 290 km/h (180 mph) and were not quite flat – every corner was as important as the one before it. If a driver lifted the throttle more than expected, then whole seconds, not tenths, would be lost. The slightest error of any kind carried multiple harsh consequences, but this also worked inversely: huge advantages could be gained if a driver came out of a corner slightly faster.
Like the Le Mans circuit, which also ran on public roads, Spa became notorious for fatal accidents. At the 1960 Belgian Grand Prix, two drivers, Chris Bristow and Alan Stacey, were killed within 15 minutes (although Stacey's accident was caused by a bird hitting him in the face) and Stirling Moss had crashed at Burnenville during practice and was severely injured. When Armco crash barriers were added to the track in 1970, deaths became less frequent, but the track was still notorious for other factors. The Ardennes forest had very unpredictable weather and there were parts where it was raining and the track was wet, and other parts where the sun was shining and the track was completely dry. This factor was a commonality on long circuits, but the unpredictable weather at Spa, combined with the fact that it was a track with all but one corner being high-speed, made it one of the most dangerous race tracks in the world (if not the most). As a result, the Formula 1 and motorcycle Grands Prix and 1000 km sportscar races saw smaller than usual fields at Spa because most drivers and riders feared the circuit and did not like racing there. Multiple fatalities during the 1973 and 1975 24 Hours of Spa touring car races more or less sealed the old circuit's fate, and by 1978, the last year Spa was in its original form, the only major races held there were the Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix and the Spa 24 Hours touring car race; the 1000 km World Sportscar Championship race no longer took place after 1975 and did not come back until 1982.
In 1969, the Belgian Grand Prix was boycotted by the F1 drivers because of the extreme danger of Spa. There had been ten car racing fatalities in total at the track in the 1960s, including five in the two years previous. The drivers demanded changes made to Spa which were not possible on short notice, so the Belgian Grand Prix was dropped that year. Armco barriers were added to the track and sections of it were improved (especially the Stavelot and Hollowell sections), just like they had been added for the 1969 Le Mans race. One last race there the following year on the improved track was still not satisfactory enough (even after a temporary chicane was added at Malmedy just for that race) for the drivers in terms of safety, and even with the chicane, the drivers averaged over 240 km/h (150 mph) during the race. For the 1971 race, the track owners and authorities had not brought the track up to date with mandatory safety measures, and the race was cancelled. Formula One would not return to Spa until 1983 on the modern track.
Masta Kink
The Masta Kink "was by far the most difficult corner in the world", according to Jackie Stewart,[8] requiring skill and bravery in equal measure to get it right. After a long run from Malmedy, the cars would reach top speed before having to negotiate Masta, a high speed left-right chicane, and a good exit speed was vital as it was followed by another long straight run to Stavelot. This was a very fast and very dangerous corner, as it was situated right in the middle of two long unbroken straights, both about 1.5 mi (2.4 km) long. The speed in this sector could reach 310 km/h (190 mph).
Masta was removed from F1 racing after the 1970 season. Jackie Stewart's crusade to improve safety in racing was set in motion by his crash there in 1966, when his BRM ended upside-down in a ditch near a farmhouse on the outside of the corner, with fuel gushing out of the tank onto Stewart, who had broken ribs. At this point, many of the Formula One drivers disliked Spa (including Stewart and Jim Clark, who had some of his greatest wins there) because of the immense speeds that were constant on the track. While he was spectating at the 1972 12 Hours of Sebring, Stewart attempted to organise a boycott of the Spa 1000 km race that year, a move that was not respected by many of the drivers, because Spa was still popular with racing drivers outside of Formula One. Stewart later described the old Spa circuit in 1986 as being as "ferocious as a tiger", and he later described Masta in an interview in 2011 as perhaps the hardest corner on any racetrack he raced on in his career; even more so than Eau Rouge.[9]
Another particularly gruesome story comes from the 1972 24-hour touring car race.[10] During one of his pit stops at night, Hans-Joachim Stuck shouted to his co-driver Jochen Mass over the noise from the cars that he should "look out for body parts at the Masta Kink". Mass arrived there expecting to see pieces from cars all over the road but was appalled to discover it was in fact the remains of a marshal.[11]
After Masta, and at the end of the subsequent Hollowell Straight, there used to be a sharp hairpin at the entrance to the town itself, which was later bypassed by a quicker, banked right hand corner. Another fast section of road in the forest leads to Blanchimont. Here, the new short Grand Prix track of 1979 joins the old layout.
Eighteen Formula One World Championship Grands Prix were run on the Spa-Francorchamps circuit's original configuration, which was boycotted by F1 in 1969,[12] before the revised circuit banished it to the history books in 1979. The lap record of the old triangle-shaped track is 3 minutes and 13.4 seconds, held by the French driver Henri Pescarolo, driving a Matra at the 1973 Spa 1000 km World Sportscar Championship race at an average speed of 262 km/h (163 mph), but the fastest ever recorded time of the old Spa circuit was the pole position time for the same race—3 minutes and 12.7 seconds by Jacky Ickx in a Ferrari 312PB.
New layout
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Over the years, the Spa course has been modified several times. The track was originally 14.982 km (9.309 mi) long, but after World War II, the track underwent some changes. In 1930, the chicane at Malmedy was eliminated and bypassed, making the course even faster, but the chicane was re-installed in 1935, albeit slightly different. In 1939, "Virage de l'Ancienne Douane" was eliminated and cut short, thus giving birth to the Eau Rouge/Raidillon uphill sweeping corner. In 1947, the chicane at Malmedy was again eliminated and bypassed, and was made part of the Masta Straight. The slight right-hander that was originally Hollowell (the corner before Stavelot after the second Masta Straight) was eliminated. And finally, instead of going through a slight left-hander that went into the town of Stavelot and a sharp right-hander at a road junction in Stavelot, a shortcut was built that became a very fast, very wide right-handed turn that bypassed Stavelot. All these changes made the final configuration of the old Spa circuit 14.100 km (8.761 mi) long, and also made Spa the fastest open road circuit in the world. In the final years of the old circuit, drivers could average 240 km/h (150 mph). The biggest change, however, saw the circuit being shortened from 14.100 to 6.947 km (8.761 to 4.317 mi) in 1979. The start/finish line, which was originally on the downhill straight before Eau Rouge, was moved to the straight before the La Source hairpin in 1981. Like its predecessor, the new layout is still a fast and hilly route through the Ardennes where speeds in excess of 330 km/h (210 mph) can be reached. Since its inception, the place has been famous for its unpredictable weather, where drivers are confronted with one part of the course being clear and bright while another stretch is rainy and slippery.
Eau Rouge
The most famous part of the circuit is the Eau Rouge and Raidillon combination. Having negotiated the La Source hairpin, drivers race down a straight to the point where the track crosses the Eau Rouge stream for the first time, before being launched steeply uphill into a sweeping left-right-left series of corners with a blind summit. Properly speaking, the Eau Rouge corner is only the left-hander at the bottom. The following right-hander that leads steeply uphill, which was introduced in 1939 to shortcut the original Ancienne Douane hairpin, is called Raidillon. The corner requires an amount of skill from the driver to negotiate it well and the long Kemmel straight ahead produces good overtaking opportunities for drivers at the following "Les Combes" corner. The corner was tighter and narrower before 1970, allowing drivers to take the corner faster.
Double F1 World Champion Fernando Alonso explained:
"...You come into the corner downhill, have a sudden change [of direction] at the bottom and then go very steep uphill. From the cockpit, you cannot see the exit and as you come over the crest, you don't know where you will land. It is a crucial corner for the timed lap, and also in the race, because you have a long uphill straight afterwards where you can lose a lot of time if you make a mistake. But it is also an important corner for the driver's feeling. It makes a special impression every lap, because you also have a compression in your body as you go through the bottom of the corner. It is very strange – but good fun as well."[13]
A challenge for drivers has always been to take Eau Rouge/Raidillon flat out. Touring cars can take the corner at 160–180 km/h (99–112 mph), and Formula One cars at over 300 km/h (190 mph) due to high downforce.[14] World Champion Jacques Villeneuve once spoke of the effects of downforce, saying that to get through the corner the drivers have to drive faster, because downforce increases the faster a race car goes. Without lifting the throttle through Eau Rouge, a car would be flat out from La Source, along the Kemmel straight to Les Combes, a total distance of 2.015 km (1.252 mi).
A loss of control through this section can often lead to a very heavy shunt, as usually the rear end of the car is lost and the resulting impact is often lateral. Several famous racing drivers have crashed while driving through Eau Rouge/Raidillon, including Stefan Bellof in a Porsche sportscar, Guy Renard during the 1990 24h of Spa-Francorchamps in a Toyota Corolla GT, and Alex Zanardi in a season-ending crash during a practice session of the 1993 Belgian Grand Prix in a Lotus. Jacques Villeneuve suffered a spectacular crash at the top of Raidillon in qualifying during the 1999 Belgian Grand Prix which he described as "My best-ever crash". His teammate Ricardo Zonta followed Villeneuve by having a similar accident later in practice, leading cartoonist Jim Bamber to show BAR boss Craig Pollock telling Zonta: "Jacques is the quickest through Eau Rouge, so go out there and do exactly what Jacques does…" It was revealed later that Villeneuve and Zonta had a personal bet to see if either could take the corner flat out.[15]
Following the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna at Imola in 1994, the following F1 races saw the introduction of chicanes made up from stacked tyres. The entry to Eau Rouge was obstructed in such a way in 1994, although it was returned to its previous configuration the following year. The corner was slightly modified for the 2002 Belgian Grand Prix.
When fans first got to see the course configuration at the start of the weekend of the 2005 Turkish Grand Prix, they noted that an uphill kink on the back straight was very similar to Eau Rouge; the kink was therefore jokingly dubbed "Faux Rouge" (a pun on the name of the original Spa corner using the French word "faux", meaning "false").[16]
Blanchimont
The Blanchimont high-speed left-hand turn, present in both the old 14.100 km (8.761 mi) circuit and the new, shorter, 7.004 km (4.352 mi) track, is the final sweeping corner of the track before the chicane, which leads to the pit straight.
This turn and the approach to it have been the scene of serious accidents over time, the most recent being in 2001, when Luciano Burti lost the front wing of his Prost due to a clash with Eddie Irvine's Jaguar, losing front downforce and steering, leaving the track at 298 km/h (185 mph) and piling into the tyre wall, the impact knocking him out and burying the car into a mound of tyres. Problems have also occurred in lower classes of racing with Tom Kristensen having a very violent crash in a Formula 3000 car in 1997 after running wide on the entry to the Blanchimont turn and subsequently hitting the wall, throwing the monocoque back out in the middle of the track, where it was hit by numerous cars before coming to a complete halt.[17]
The run-off area is narrower than in other turns taken at this speed, and behind the protective barriers there is a 7–8 metre drop. This is the first turn taken by the cars after the new track rejoins the route of the old 14.100 km (8.761 mi) track. Blanchimont was also the scene where in 1992 after Érik Comas had crashed heavily during Friday's session, Ayrton Senna stopped, disembarked his car and sprinted to help the injured driver, with other cars driving past at racing speeds.
Jacky Ickx corner
From the 2018 Belgian Grand Prix turn 11 has been called the Jacky Ickx corner as a tribute to his career.[18] The corner was formerly known by most drivers as "speakers corner" because the circuit's public address announcer could see the cars for the first time after the cars disappeared into the forest past Raidillon. There are two versions of Jacky Ickx as of 2022, the car turn and a turn inside of it for motorcycles.
Problems and renovations
Due to the introduction of the Television Without Frontiers Directive (1989),[19] tobacco advertising and sponsorship on television were banned within the European Union from 1991. Formula One faced a major threat regarding races in its historical European heartland. Due to these political and legislative circumstances, the Grand Prix at Spa was left out of the 2003 calendar as a response to the internal tobacco legislation in Belgium. The event was tagged as a world class event within the national senate, and thus it was saved for the 2004 Formula One season. The final Bus Stop chicane was reprofiled for 2004 with an additional sweep to the right.
Spa was dropped from the Formula One calendar in 2006. The organiser of the event went bankrupt in late 2005, and therefore the planned improvements to the race track and paddock had not yet been made. The Wallonia government stepped in and provided the necessary funds, but too late for the 2006 race to take place.
Redevelopment for the 2007 season
With a new financial backer, the renovation started on 6 November 2006 and finished in May 2007, costing around €19 million.[20] Formula 1 returned to Spa for 2007, with a modified track layout. The Bus Stop chicane was moved back towards Blanchimont and the La Source hairpin moved forward. This allowed more space for the new pit lane, and gave a longer start/finish straight.
Modifications
New asphalt runoff was added to the inside and outside of Les Combes for the 2010 race, in line with the prevailing trends at other Formula One circuits. Prior to the 2013 race, drainage grooves were cut into the asphalt on the start–finish straight, underneath the first 11 grid slots. Drivers were initially concerned that this would affect grip at the start.
Eau Rouge and Raidillon safety concerns
In Spa Francorchamps' tenure as a permanent racing facility, after it was removed from the public road network in 2000, there have been multiple accidents in the Eau Rouge/Raidillon combination. In the day and age where safety is paramount to many racing organizations and governing bodies like the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, these crashes, of which some noteworthy ones are listed below, opened up public debate whether the Eau Rouge/Raidillon combination was deemed unsafe. Criticism centred around the nature of the tyre barrier and run-off area of Raidillon, which tended to bounce out-of-control cars back onto the track rather than collect them.[21]
In October 2020 the circuit announced that gravel traps would be placed at La Source, Raidillon, Blanchimont, Les Combes and Stavelot. The runoff areas of some corners including Raidillon would be expanded. It was part of an €80 million upgrade to the circuit that would make it able to hold motorcycle races. The upgrade will also include a grandstand at the top of the Eau Rouge/Raidillon hill. The upgrades were completed in March 2022, ready for the FIM Endurance World Championship race, due to be held in June. The circuit is also shortened to 6.985 km (4.340 mi), as Jacky Ickx corner is bypassed in favour of a shorter section with more runoff for motorcycles.[22][23]
Fatal crash of Formula 2 driver Anthoine Hubert in 2019
During the Formula 2 feature race in late August, a serious incident between Anthoine Hubert and Juan Manuel Correa occurred shortly after Raidillon on the Kemmel Straight. As the second lap began, Trident driver Giuliano Alesi lost control of his car as he climbed the Raidillon curve due to a puncture he had received earlier, causing his car to spin and hit the left wall of the circuit, tearing off his rear wing and spreading debris onto the track. As another Trident driver, Ralph Boschung reached the crest of Raidillon, he slowed down and moved towards the run-off area to avoid Alesi's damaged car and the field of debris. Hubert, who was following Boschung closely and had no view of what had happened to Alesi, moved right to avoid Boschung's slowing car, clipping Boschung's right rear wheel with his front wing. Hubert's car crashed into the tyre barrier on the right side of the track at an acute angle and was deflected sideways into the path of Charouz driver Juan Manuel Correa, who struck it on the left side in the driver seat area.[24]
The incident resulted in the death of Hubert and serious injury to Correa with the feature race being abandoned and the scheduled sprint race a day later being cancelled too, whilst the Formula 1 Belgian Grand Prix went ahead.
2021 W Series and Formula One incidents
During the qualifying session of the W Series, rain started to fall, affecting the grip. This caused a serious incident that involved six cars crashing into each other. Sarah Moore was the first driver to lose control of her car, spinning into the barrier at Raidillon. Abbie Eaton also lost the car and spun into the same barrier. She bounced back into Moore at low speed. Beitske Visser lost the rear end, spun around and went straight into Eaton and Moore, causing Eaton to become airborne. Ayla Agren did the same as Visser, spinning and running into Moore and an airborne Eaton. Belén García then hit all four cars, causing Visser to become airborne and mount the tyre barrier. The final car of Fabienne Wohlwend then hit Beitske Visser head on, causing Visser to spin into the track and roll over.[25][26] The incident ended with cars all over the track and run off areas. All drivers were checked as a precaution, and Visser and Agren were sent to hospital for x-rays and further checks.[27] Eventually, all drivers were cleared and unharmed.[28]
Just one day after the W Series crash, Formula One held its qualifying session in heavy rain. In the third segment of qualifying, many drivers were complaining that the conditions were not safe and that the session should be delayed or red flagged. Lando Norris then had a snap of oversteer, and subsequently corrected but then aquaplaned into the tyre barrier at Raidillon. His McLaren then spun into the track while crossing the racing line.[29][30] Norris was taken to hospital for x-rays, but was cleared to race the next day.[31]
After this crash and the W Series incident just a day before, drivers from all series were calling for changes to that section of the track. Jack Aitken, who a month earlier suffered a broken collarbone and fractured vertebra after a crash at Raidillon in the 2021 24 Hours of Spa, said "everyone has gotten the picture of what needs changing"[32] on social media, regarding the W Series crash. Zhou Guanyu stated "Eau Rouge corner in Spa needs to making a change,"[33] while Pietro Fittipaldi said "they need to do something to Eau Rouge to make it safer.”[34] Carlos Sainz Jr. insisted the "corner maybe needs a bit of fine-tuning still."[35] Sacha Fenestraz, Jake Hughes, Daniel Ricciardo and Toto Wolff all agreed changes need to be made immediately to make the circuit safer.[36][37][38][39]
Fatal FRECA crash of Dilano van 't Hoff
On 1 July 2023, a multi-car crash in the second race of the 2023 Formula Regional European Championship resulted in the death of Dutch racing driver Dilano van 't Hoff.[40] The crash happened at the exit of the Raidillon corner, at the beginning of the Kemmel straight. Dilano lost control of his MP motorsport car at the exit of the Raidillon corner, hitting the barrier on the left side of the track. The car was bounced back in the middle of the track, after which Adam Fitzgerald hit the cockpit of the car on drivers right side at full speed. Poor visibility due to heavy rain prevented the Irish racing driver from reacting in time to avoid the collision. Other drivers involved in the crash were Joshua Dufek, Emerson Fittipaldi Jr., and Enzo Scionti.
Other incidents
Multiple other incidents have happened at the Eau Rouge/Raidillon section of the circuit. These include crashes for Kevin Magnussen in 2016, where he managed to walk away with only minor injuries;[41] Pietro Fittipaldi in 2018, where he broke his leg[42] and Jack Aitken in 2021, where he broke his collarbone.[43] In May 2023, during the Franco Fun Festival, the driver Olivier Parigi, who was driving the car #508, crashed and died. According to a statement of the organizers "Excessive speed and then a loss of control on his own in the Speaker Corner. Minor accident but a chain of circumstances after breaking away in the car were fatal to our friend during his stay in Liège hospital."[44]
Redevelopment for the 2022 season
Ahead of the 2022 FIM EWC 24H Spa EWC Motos race and 2022 F1 Grand Prix, the circuit underwent a major facility and safety facility redevelopment which had been planned since 2020. Extra run-off was added to the Eau Rouge/Raidillon part of the course – changes made in response to several big accidents in recent years at that section of the track, including the fatal accident of Anthoine Hubert during the 2019 Spa-Francorchamps Formula 2 round.[45] In addition, gravel traps were added to and modified at various corners around the circuit including: La Source, Les Combes, Speaker's Corner, Pouhon, Stavelot and Blanchimont.[46][47] The track has also been resurfaced for this year's event altering track grip levels, with Max Verstappen the first driver to run a Formula One car around the renovated circuit in a Red Bull RB7.[48] Jarno Zeffelli, head of Dromo Circuit Design, the company who carried out the renovations, revealed twenty possible different iterations of Eau Rouge were evaluated, with the selected iteration chosen with the help of form of ex-Formula One drivers Thierry Boutsen and Emanuele Pirro and fine tuned with simulations for Formula One and GT cars.[49]
Spa-Francorchamps is part of the 2023 Formula 1 calendar.[50]
Other racing series
Besides Formula 1 other races in different motorsports classes are hosted at Spa-Francorchamps. The most notable ones are the FIA World Endurance Championship, FIM Endurance World Championship, European Le Mans Series, Intercontinental GT Challenge, GT World Challenge Europe, FIA Formula 2 Championship, FIA Formula 3 Championship, FIM Endurance World Championship, Sidecar World Championship, International GT Open and previously the FIA World Rallycross Championship, DTM, ADAC GT Masters and the WTCC. The most famous long-distance and sports car races are the Spa 24 Hours and the 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps. The circuit also hosts a 25-hour and 24-hour races for Citroën 2CV cars.[51]
- 2024
- April 19–21: 24H Series 12 Hours Spa, Eurocup-3, Prototype Cup Germany
- April 25–28: Spa Summer Classic
- May 3–5: Fun Cup Franco Fun Festival, Belcar
- May 9–11: FIA World Endurance Championship 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps, Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe, Porsche Carrera Cup Benelux
- May 17–19: Classic Endurance Racing Spa Classic
- May 24–26: International GT Open, Euroformula Open Championship, Formula Regional European Championship, GT Cup Open Europe
- May 31–June 2: Supercar Challenge Spa Euro Race, GB3 Championship, Renault Clio Cup Europe, Alpine Elf Europa Cup
- June 6–8: FIM Endurance World Championship 8 Hours of Spa Motos
- June 21–23: FFSA GT Championship Spa Speedweek, British GT Championship, Porsche Carrera Cup France, French F4 Championship
- June 25–30: Intercontinental GT Challenge / GT World Challenge Europe Spa 24 Hours, GT2 European Series, GT4 European Series and GT4 Scandinavia
- July 4–7: Fun Cup 25 Hours of Spa, TCR Europe Touring Car Series, Belcar
- July 26–28: Formula One Belgian Grand Prix, FIA Formula 2 Championship, FIA Formula 3 Championship, Porsche Supercup
- August 23–25: European Le Mans Series 4 Hours of Spa, Le Mans Cup, Ligier European Series
- August 30–September 1: ADAC GT Masters ADAC Racing Weekend Spa
- September 25–29: Spa Six Hours
- Former events
- ADAC Formula 4 (2015, 2022)
- ADAC GT Masters (2013, 2015)
- Auto GP (2002–2004, 2006–2008, 2010)
- BOSS GP (2003, 2008–2011, 2020)
- BPR Global GT Series (1994, 1996)
- British GT Championship (1998–2000, 2003, 2009–2011, 2014–2019, 2021–2022)
- Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (2005, 2020, 2022)
- European Formula Two Championship (1981–1982)
- European Touring Car Championship (1966–1973, 1976, 1982–1986, 1988, 2002–2004)
- European Touring Car Cup (2002–2004)
- F4 Spanish Championship (2021–2023)
- Ferrari Challenge Europe (2006–2007, 2011–2012, 2018, 2020–2021, 2023)
- FFSA GT Championship (1998, 2008, 2013–2015, 2019, 2021–2022)
- FIA European Formula 3 Cup (2004)
- FIA Formula 3 European Championship (2012, 2014–2018)
- FIA Formula 3 International Trophy (2011)
- FIA GT Championship (1997, 2001–2009)
- FIA GT1 World Championship (2010)
- FIA Sportscar Championship (1999–2003)
- FIA World Rallycross Championship World RX of Benelux (2019, 2021–2022)
- Formula 3 Euro Series (2005)
- Formula Renault 2.0 Alps (2011–2015)
- Formula Renault 2.0 West European Cup (1999, 2008–2009)
- Formula Renault Eurocup (2004, 2008–2020)
- French Supertouring Championship (2000–2001)
- GP2 Series Spa-Francorchamps GP2 round (2005, 2007–2016)
- GP3 Series (2010–2018)
- Grand Prix motorcycle racing Belgian motorcycle Grand Prix (1949–1979, 1981–1986, 1988–1990)
- International Formula 3000 (1985–1987, 1989, 1991–2002, 2004)
- International Formula Master (2005, 2009)
- Italian F4 Championship (2022–2023)
- Racecar Euro Series (2012)
- Renault Sport Trophy (2015–2016)
- Sidecar World Championship (1949–1979, 1981–1990, 2022–2023)
- Super Tourenwagen Cup (1994–1995)
- Superbike World Championship (1992)
- TCR International Series (2016–2017)
- TCR World Tour (2023)
- World Series Formula V8 3.5 (2006–2017)
- World Sportscar Championship (1953, 1963–1975, 1981–1990)
- World Touring Car Championship WTCC Race of Belgium (1987, 2005, 2014)
- W Series (2021)
Layout history
.jpg.webp)
Original Grand Prix Circuit (1921–1938)
Old Grand Prix Circuit (1939–1978)
Modern Grand Prix Circuit (1979–1980)
Modern Grand Prix Circuit with Original Bus Stop Chicane (1981–1993, 1995–2003)
Modern Grand Prix Circuit with Modified Eau Rouge Chicane (1994)
Modern Grand Prix Circuit with Modified Bus Stop Chicane (2004–2006)
Modern Grand Prix with New Pit Lane and Bus Stop Chicane (2007–present)
Rallycross Circuit (2019–present)
Lap records
The unofficial all-time track record set during a race weekend is 1:41.252, set by Lewis Hamilton in a Mercedes-AMG F1 W11 EQ Performance, during final qualifying for the 2020 Belgian Grand Prix.[52][53] The official lap record for the current circuit layout is 1:46.286, set by Valtteri Bottas during the 2018 Belgian Grand Prix. As of September 2023, the fastest official race lap records of the modern Spa-Francorchamps circuit for several top series have been listed as:[54]
In popular culture
As the long-time home of the Belgian Grand Prix and its location within the Ardennes forests it has been a popular backdrop for all kinds of fictional media, from appearances in comics and motion pictures,[159] to regular appearances in dozens of video games going back into the 1980s.
Tour de France
The circuit has been used several times in the Tour de France cycling race. In 1980, the circuit was part of an individual time trial stage, won by Bernard Hinault (Renault–Gitane); while in 1989, several laps of the circuit were completed before the finish of the third stage,[160] which was won by PDM–Ultima–Concorde's Raúl Alcalá. In 2017, the circuit was used as part of the third stage, starting in Verviers, Belgium and ending in Longwy, France.[161]
Climate
The area of Spa-Francorchamps is often rainy or having cool air temperatures, which has led to Formula One events such as the 1998 14-car pileup on a waterlogged track and the dramatic finish to the 2008 event, when rain fell during the last few laps after an all-dry race. The Royal Meteorological Institute runs weather stations both in Stavelot and in Malmedy, which both show similar oceanic climates with some interior influence. Although temperatures generally often stay above freezing in winter, snowfall is quite common. During summer, temperatures most often remain in the low 20s, with frequent cloud cover and showers. With the World Endurance race running in spring and the Formula One race in late summer, hot temperatures during high-profile events are very rare. Even so, the annual warmest temperature averages above 31 °C (88 °F).[162] The official Spa weather station is located at a similar elevation as the race track a few miles north and yields similar conditions to the Stavelot and Malmedy stations. Summer may nights may get rather chilly, but stay above frost during the prime season for the circuit.
| Climate data for Spa (1991–2020 normals; extremes since 1950) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.3 (79.3) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.8 (89.2) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
30.9 (87.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
36.7 (98.1) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
28.1 (82.6) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.7 (67.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
10.3 (50.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.6 (47.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.5 (34.7) |
1.8 (35.2) |
4.8 (40.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
2.2 (36.0) |
9.0 (48.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
1.0 (33.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
9.3 (48.7) |
6.3 (43.3) |
2.7 (36.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
5.3 (41.6) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −8.4 (16.9) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.8 (40.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−11.0 (12.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.0 (−4.0) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
1.4 (34.5) |
1.0 (33.8) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−9.0 (15.8) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 100.3 (3.95) |
88.4 (3.48) |
86.4 (3.40) |
67.0 (2.64) |
82.0 (3.23) |
90.9 (3.58) |
96.8 (3.81) |
102.0 (4.02) |
89.2 (3.51) |
86.6 (3.41) |
92.8 (3.65) |
118.4 (4.66) |
1,100.8 (43.34) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 14.6 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 10.2 | 12.2 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 12.1 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 14.2 | 16.6 | 154.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 53 | 72 | 124 | 174 | 195 | 202 | 211 | 201 | 154 | 108 | 58 | 42 | 1,594 |
| Source 1: Royal Meteorological Institute[163] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat[162] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Stavelot (1981–2010 normals; sunshine 1984–2013) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.5 (47.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
7.3 (45.1) |
4.2 (39.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
7.4 (45.3) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
8.5 (47.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
0.4 (32.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 115.1 (4.53) |
97.6 (3.84) |
105.0 (4.13) |
78.8 (3.10) |
89.9 (3.54) |
96.5 (3.80) |
100.9 (3.97) |
95.7 (3.77) |
97.0 (3.82) |
97.3 (3.83) |
103.3 (4.07) |
120.0 (4.72) |
1,197.1 (47.13) |
| Average precipitation days | 15.1 | 13.1 | 15.1 | 11.8 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 159.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 45 | 69 | 113 | 159 | 185 | 181 | 197 | 188 | 133 | 102 | 49 | 34 | 1,453 |
| Source: Royal Meteorological Institute[164] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Malmedy (1981–2010 normals; sunshine 1984–2013) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
7.9 (46.2) |
11.8 (53.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
6.9 (44.4) |
3.7 (38.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
4.1 (39.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.2 (61.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
0.2 (32.4) |
2.3 (36.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 123.6 (4.87) |
104.1 (4.10) |
109.3 (4.30) |
79.5 (3.13) |
90.1 (3.55) |
97.4 (3.83) |
103.9 (4.09) |
97.6 (3.84) |
100.7 (3.96) |
102.3 (4.03) |
109.5 (4.31) |
128.9 (5.07) |
1,246.7 (49.08) |
| Average precipitation days | 15.3 | 13.3 | 15.1 | 11.9 | 12.6 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 12.2 | 12.7 | 15.0 | 15.9 | 161.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 44 | 68 | 111 | 158 | 184 | 179 | 195 | 186 | 132 | 100 | 47 | 34 | 1,437 |
| Source: Royal Meteorological Institute[165] | |||||||||||||
See also
- List of Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps fatalities
- Nürburgring (nearby fellow historical circuit in Germany).
Notes
References
- ↑ "FP2: Verstappen tops second practice, before triggering red flag with late shunt at Spa". Formula One. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ↑ "Six female drivers from the W Series evaluated after massive crash at Spa". NBC Sports. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ↑ "Spa-Francorchamps".
- 1 2 3 4 "Circuit History". Circuit de Spa Francorchamps. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
- ↑ "Deutsche Topographische Karte "5501 Bürnenville", Ausgabe 1893". uni-greifswald.de. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ↑ Old TK map superimposed with modern OSM map
- ↑ Velocity (3 March 2012). "Grand Prix: The Killer Years". Retrieved 25 June 2018 – via YouTube.
- ↑ "Jackie Stewart". Legends of F1. Season 1. Episode 2. Sky. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
(10:45) Masta Kink was by far the most difficult corner in the world
- ↑ "#41 of The Flying Lap: Sir Jackie Stewart". Retrieved 5 June 2022 – via YouTube.
- ↑ "Léon Grisard's untimely death". Motorsport Memorial.
- ↑ "A History of Spa-Francorchamps". grandprix.com.
- ↑ "Spa-Francorchamps". ESPN F1. ESPN EMEA Ltd. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ↑ 2004 Belgium Grand Prix – Selected driver quotes The Official Formula One website, 26 August 2004. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2021
- ↑ "F1 performance map at Spa-Francorchamps". autosport.com. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ↑ Tom Bellingham. "This Is What Happened When Two F1 Drivers Made A Dare At Spa". wtf1. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
- ↑ "Istanbul Park". Retrieved 30 August 2016.
- ↑ "The Official Tom Kristensen Website". Tomkristensen.com. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ↑ "Spa-Francorchamps réserve une surprise à Jacky Ickx - France Racing". franceracing.fr. 20 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ↑ "Television Without Frontiers Directive 1989". EU. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- ↑ Renovation of Francorchamps-circuit starts in November F1Technical.net, July 2006
- ↑ Southwell, Hazel (15 October 2021). "Spa's Most Dangerous Corner Is Finally Being Made Safer". The Drive. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ↑ Cooper, Adam (17 October 2020). "F1 drivers support return of gravel to Spa-Francorchamps". Autosport. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ↑ Cleeren, Filip (9 October 2020). "Spa unveils €80million renovation project ahead of bike racing return". Autosport.com. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ↑ "Fatal F2 crash: detailed new analysis on how it happened, is action needed?". thejudge13.
- ↑ "2 W Series drivers discharged from hospital after crash". MARCA. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "W-Series drivers hospitalised after big crash at Spa". GRAND PRIX 247. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ Valantine, Henry (27 August 2021). "Two drivers treated in hospital after W Series crash". PlanetF1. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "Drivers out of hospital after W Series crash". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "WATCH: McLaren's Lando Norris walks away after dramatic Eau Rouge-Raidillon crash in Belgian GP qualifying | Formula 1®". www.formula1.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "Big Norris crash at Eau Rouge red-flags qualifying". RACER. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "Norris cleared to race in F1 Belgian GP after Eau Rouge Q3 crash". www.autosport.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "@jaitkenracer on Twitter - Seeing a bit too much finger pointing and "I am/was right" on my feed atm". Twitter. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "@gyzhou_33 on Twitter - Man... Eau Rouge corner in Spa needs to making a change". Twitter. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "@PiFitti on Twitter - I hope all the drivers are safe…". Twitter. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ GPfans.com. "Sainz adds to growing concern over Eau Rouge-Raidillon after Norris crash". GPfans. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "Drivers urge Eau Rouge & Raidillon changes after huge crash · RaceFans". RaceFans. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ Andrew Lewin (28 August 2021). "Ricciardo supports Eau Rouge changes after Norris crash". F1i.com. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ GPfans.com. "Wolff on rain delay - Racing "too dangerous through Eau Rouge and Raidillon"". GPfans. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ "Drivers Call For Changes To Eau Rouge-Raidillon After Horror W Series Crash". WTF1. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ Griggs, Archie (1 July 2023). "Racing driver Dilano van 't Hoff dies aged 18 after horrific multi-car crash". Express.co.uk. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
- ↑ "Magnussen walks away from huge crash". Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ Pietro Fittipaldi crash - Spa 2018 - WEC Videos, retrieved 31 August 2021
- ↑ Woodhouse, Jamie (15 August 2021). "Jack Aitken proposes Eau Rouge change after horror crash". PlanetF1. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
- ↑ Cybernet.lu. "Accidenté lors du Franco Fun Festival, le Français Olivier Parigi est décédé". www.speedactiontv.be (in Belarusian). Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ↑ Prydderch, Hanah (4 April 2022). "Spa-Franchorchamps reveal new look ahead of 2022 Belgian Grand Prix". www.wtf1.com. WTF1. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ↑ Cleeren, Filip. "Spa reveals €80m revamp as gravel traps return". www.motorsport.com. The Race Media. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
- ↑ Valantine, Henry. "Extra gravel traps coming in Spa revamp". www.planetf1.com. Planet F1. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ↑ Collantine, Keith (23 August 2022). "Verstappen first to test F1 car at renovated Spa circuit". www.racefans.net. Collantine Publishing. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ↑ "Circuit designers went through 20 different layouts for Eau Rouge". www.planetf1.com. Planet F1. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ↑ "Spa to form part of 2023 F1 calendar following agreement to extend partnership". www.formula1.com. F1. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ↑ 2cvRacingTeams. "24h02' 2cv - Spa Francorchamps". www.24h2cv.be. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "WATCH: Hamilton's record-breaking pole lap at Spa for the Belgian Grand Prix". Retrieved 15 May 2022.
- ↑ "Spa Francorchamps lap times". Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Spa-Francorchamps Fastest Lap Comparison". 15 March 2023. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
- 1 2 "2019 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Final Classification" (PDF). fiawec.alkamelsystems.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). 4 May 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ↑ "2012 Spa Formula Renault 3.5 - Round 4". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- 1 2 "2023 FIA WEC 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Fional Classification By Driver Fastest Lap" (PDF). fiawec.alkamelsystems.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). 29 April 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
- ↑ "2010 Spa Auto GP - Round 5". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "2013 Spa GP3 - Round 11". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "2012 F2 Round 7". Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ↑ "DTM 2020 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 2 Results". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "2020 Spa Francorchamps Euroformula Open Race - 2 Provisional Results" (PDF). 18 October 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ↑ "2023 Michelin Le Mans Cup Spa-Francorchamps Round Race - Provisional Classification - Amended" (PDF). 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ↑ "2009 Spa Formula Master". Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- ↑ "2021 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Classification By Category - Hour 6" (PDF). fiawec.alkamelsystems.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
- ↑ "Formula Le Mans Cup 2009". Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ↑ "Formula Le Mans 2009 standings". Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ↑ "2009 Spa 24 Hours". motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "2016 4 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Renault Sport Trophy Pro Race 3 (25' +1 lap) Final Classification" (PDF). 25 September 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ↑ "2022 GB3 Championship Partnered by the BRDC Race 2 - Round 14 - Classification - Final" (PDF). 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ↑ "2020 Spa Francorchamps International GT Open Race - 1 Provisional Results" (PDF). 17 October 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ↑ "2022 FREC Spa Race 2 Statistics". Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ↑ "2015 Formula Renault 2.0 Euro Spa Race 1 Statistics". motorsportstats.com. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "2022 Lamborghini Super Trofeo Race 1 Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps Provisional Results" (PDF). 29 July 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ↑ "2021 Porsche Cup Deutschland Spa-Francorchamps (Race 2)". Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ↑ "2022 Italian Formula 4 Spa Race 3 Statistics". Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ↑ "2023 Ferrari Challenge Europe Trofeo Pirelli Spa Race 2 (30 Minutes) Final Classification" (PDF). 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ↑ "2022 Fanatec GT2 European Series Round 4 - Race 2 - Classification - Final" (PDF). 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ↑ "2023 Ligier European Series Spa-Francorchamps Heat Race 1 Provisional Classification by Category" (PDF). 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ↑ "2013 Spa Francorchamps Eurocup Mégane Trophy Race 2 (40' +1 lap) Final Classification" (PDF). 2 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- ↑ "WTCC 2014 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 13 Results". Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ↑ "2009 Formula BMW Europe Spa-Francorchamps (Race 1)". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ↑ "2019 Spa Francorchamps TCR Europe Race - 1 Final Results" (PDF). 8 June 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ↑ "TotalEnergies 24 Hours of Spa - Round 7 GT4 European Series Race 2" (PDF). 30 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ↑ "2013 Spa Formel ADAC Result List Race 3" (PDF). 12 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ↑ "2022 Ligier European Series Spa-Francorchamps Heat Race 2 Provisional Classification by Category" (PDF). 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
- ↑ "WTCC 2014 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 14 Results". Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ↑ "2021 Spa Francorchamps Alpine ELF Europa Cup Race - 1 Final Results" (PDF). 19 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "2012 Spa 200 Sprint Race Results". Retrieved 14 May 2021.
- ↑ "2023 Spa-Francorchamps Clio Cup Series Race 1 Final Results" (PDF). 27 May 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ↑ "EWC Aces On-Track at Spa". 17 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ↑ "2023 24 Heures de Spa Motos Race - Final Ranking". 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
- ↑ "2006 Formula Renault 3.5 Spa Race 2 Statistics". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "Spa 1000 Kilometres 2004". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ↑ "2006 Spa Euro F3000 - Round 5". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "2006 European Le Mans Series 1000kms Spa-Francorchamps". Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ↑ "DTM 2005 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 3 Results". Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ↑ "2005 Spa European F3". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- 1 2 "2005 FIA GT Proximus Spa 24 hours". Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- 1 2 "LII Proximus Spa 24 hours". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "2004 Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup Spa Race Statistics". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "2004 Spa 24 Hours". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ↑ "2004 Porsche Supercup". Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- ↑ "2005 Formula BMW ADAC Spa-Francorchamps (Race 2)". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ↑ "ETCC 2004 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 13 Results". TouringCars.Net. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "2002 Spa F3000". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "Spa 1000 Kilometres 2003". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "1997 Spa FIA GT". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ↑ "Interserie Spa 1997". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ↑ "1996 Spa FIA GT". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "FIA Sportscar Championship Spa 2002". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 2002". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- 1 2 "LI Proximus 24 heures de Spa". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "FFSA GT Championship Spa 1998". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 2003". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- ↑ "STW Cup 1995 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 4 Results". TouringCars.Net. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "2001 Belgian Procar Championship Spa-Francorchamps - 7th-8th July, Round 4 match race with the French Supertouring Car Championship, round 5". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "ETCC 2003 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 11 Results". TouringCars.Net. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 1998". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "Spa 4 Hours 1994". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "1994 Spa F3000". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "STW Cup 1994 » Spa-Francorchamps Round 7 Results". TouringCars.Net. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "World Sports Prototype Championship Spa 1990". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ↑ "1993 Spa F3000". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ↑ "1981 Spa F2". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "1992-05-22 to 1992-05-24 World Superbike Belgian Round Race 2". Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ↑ "Spa JaguarSport". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 1992". RacingSportsCars.com. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 1993". Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 1979". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ↑ "1979 Belgian MotoGP". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "1973 Spa 1000Kms". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "Spa 1000 Kilometres 1971". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ↑ "Spa 1000 Kilometres 1969 - Racing Sports Cars". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 1973". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "1977 Belgian MotoGP". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "500 km Spa 1964". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
- ↑ "1976 Harley-Davidson 250RR Road Racer | S194 | Las Vegas 2019".
- ↑ "Motorcycle Classics". 12 February 2019.
- ↑ "Harley Davidson RR250 Race Bike". 2 May 2013.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 1969". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ "1978 24H Spa". Touringcarracing.net. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "Morbidelli Racer". Motorcyclespecs.co.za.
- ↑ "Archives: Morbidelli - the Ultimate David vs Goliath". Cyclenews.com.
- ↑ "Morbidelli's motorcycles to go to auction | GRR". Goodwood.com.
- ↑ "Bonhams : The ex-Angel Nieto, 1973 Morbidelli 125cc Grand Prix Racing Motorcycle Frame no. 504 Engine no. 405". Bonhams.com.
- ↑ "Spa 24 Hours 1953". Racingsportscars.com. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ↑ "Kreidler 50". Motorcyclespecs.co.za.
- ↑ "Bikes You've Never Seen Before: Kreidler 50 Cross". Motocrossactionmag.com. 11 September 2021.
- ↑ "Bonhams : C.1973 van Veen Kreidler 50cc Racing Motorcycle". Bonhams.com.
- ↑ "Bonhams : The ex-Vince Gunning,c.1976 van Veen Kreidler 50cc Racing Motorcycle". Bonhams.com.
- ↑ "1939 Belgian Grand Prix". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "1934 Belgian Grand Prix". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "1935 Belgian Grand Prix". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "1937 Belgian Grand Prix". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "1930 Belgian Grand Prix - Motorsport Database". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
- ↑ "1933 Belgian Grand Prix". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ "1925 Belgian Grand Prix". Motorsportmagazine.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ↑ O'Keefe, Tthomas C. (1999). "GRAND PRIX REDUX: The Italian Stallion Does Maranello". Atlas F1. Kaizar.Com, Incorporated/Autosport. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
- ↑ "La Etapa de Hoy" [Today's Stage]. El Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 3 July 1989. p. 42. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- ↑ "Stage 3: Verviers to Longwy". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
- 1 2 "Normales et records climatologiques 1991-2020 à Spa" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ↑ "Klimaatstatistieken van de Belgische gemeenten" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ↑ "Klimaatstatistieken van de Belgische gemeenten" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- ↑ "Klimaatstatistieken van de Belgische gemeenten" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
External links
- Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps (in English)—(in French)
- One lap at Spa Classic 2011 on Kinomap
- BBC guide to the track
- BBC Belgian GP circuit guide
- Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps history and statistics
- Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps on Google Maps (current Formula 1 tracks)
- Historic Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps on Google Maps (1922)
- Spa Upgrade Work Begins
- Spectator testimonial of visiting Spa-Francorchamps
- Circuit info from official F1 site