Pternoconius
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Litopterna
Family: Macraucheniidae
Subfamily: Cramaucheniinae
Genus: Pternoconius
Cifelli and Soria 1983
Type species
Pternoconius polymorphoides
Cifelli and Soria 1983
Species
  • P. tournoueri Soria and Hoffstetter 1985
  • P. bondi L. Cheme-Arriaga et al. 2016
  • P. polymorphoides Cifelli and Soria 1983

Pternoconius is an extinct genus of macraucheniid litoptern from the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene of Argentina. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina.

Etymology

The genus name, Pternoconius, is an anagram of the closely related genus Coniopternium. The species name refers to the similarity of the Eocene genus Polymorphis.[1]

Species

Pternoconius tournoueri

In 1985, fossils found in the Early Miocene Colhué Huapí Member of the Sarmiento Formation were assigned to the genus under the name Pternoconius tournoueri, consisting of a nearly complete hemimandible.[2]

Pternoconius bondi

In 2016 a new species of macraucheniid litoptern was described coming from the Bajada del Diablo locality in the Sarmiento Formation, consisting of the anterior portion of the skull with the maxillary region, some fragments of nasal bones, a small portion of the left zygomatic process, and most of the upper dentition (i.e., left P2–M3, right C, and right P1–M3). The species was named after Mariano Bond, in recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of South American native ungulates.[3]

Classification

Pternoconius is a member of the subfamily Cramaucheniinae within the family Macraucheniidae. However, many studies have suggested that Cramaucheniinae is a paraphyletic group. This suggestion was further corroborated in phylogenetic analyses of the family in 2014 and 2018, which found that Cramaucheniinae is a paraphyletic group, and that Theosodon is a sister clade to the subfamily Macraucheniinae, the least primitive of the members of Cramaucheniinae.[4]

Proadiantus

Tricoelodus

Polymorphis

Pternoconius

Coniopternium

Cramauchenia

Theosodon

Scalabrinitherium

Oxyodontherium

Huayqueriana

Paranauchenia denticulata

Paranauchenia hystatus

Cullinia

Promacrauchenia

Windhausenia

Xenorhinotherium

Macraucheniopsis

Macrauchenia

Cramaucheniinae
Macraucheniinae

The results of McGrath et al. 2018 are shown below.[5]

Proadiantus excavatus

Tricoelodus spp.

Macraucheniidae 

Polymorphis lechei

Pternoconius spp.

Cramauchenia normalis

Coniopternium

Llullataruca shockeyi

Theosodon spp.

Theosodon arozquetai

Macraucheniinae 

Scalabrinitherium bravardi

Huayqueriana cristata

Huayqueriana cf. cristata

Oxyodontherium zeballosi

Paranauchenia hystata

Paranauchenia denticulata

Cullinia levis

Promacrauchenia calchaquiorum

Promacrauchenia antiqua

Windhausenia delacroixi

Xenorhinotherium bahiense

Macraucheniopsis ensenadensis

Macrauchenia patachonica

References

  1. Cifelli, Richard L.; Soria, Miguel F. (1983). "Notes on Deseadan Macraucheniidae". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 20 (1–2): 141–153. ISSN 1851-8044.
  2. Soria (h), Miguel Fernando; Hoffstetter, Robert (1985). "Pternoconius tournoueri, nueva especie de Macraucheniidae (Mammalia; Litopterna) de edad Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno Tardio); Pcia. Del Chubut, República Argentina" (in Spanish). 22 (3–4): 149–158. ISSN 1851-8044. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Cheme-Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, MarÍa Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016-11-01). "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6): e1229672. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E9672C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 88586687.
  4. Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1231–1238. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1231S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. hdl:11336/18953. S2CID 86091386.
  5. Andrew J. McGrath; Federico Anaya; Darin A. Croft (2018). "Two new macraucheniids (Mammalia: Litopterna) from the late middle Miocene (Laventan South American Land Mammal Age) of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (3): e1461632. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E1632M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1461632. S2CID 89881990.
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