Protospinax Temporal range: Early Jurassic—Early Cretaceous
Protospinax annectans
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Subdivision:	Selachimorpha
Superorder:	Squalomorphii
Genus:	†Protospinax Woodward, 1918
Type species
†Protospinax annectans Woodward, 1918
Species
†P. annectans Woodward, 1918 †P. bilobatus Underwood & Ward, 2004 †P. carvalhoi Underwood & Ward, 2004 †P. lochensteinensis Thies, 1983 †P. magnus Underwood & Ward, 2004 †P. planus Underwood, 2002

Life reconstruction of Protospinax annectans

Protospinax is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish from the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Europe and Russia. The type species, P. annectans, was found in the Solnhofen limestones of southern Bavaria. Formerly known from only two specimens, further museum specimens of P. annectans were discovered at the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University in the 1990s, having been misidentified as Squatina and Heterodontus. Five more species, all known only from isolated teeth, are also assigned to Protospinax.

Protospinax is a difficult taxon to accommodate in taxonomies. A 2023 study found it to be a squalomorph shark; one analysis placed it closest to angelsharks and sawsharks, but the authors concluded that its exact position within Squalomorphii is ultimately tentative due to a lack of unambiguous supporting traits.^[1]

Protospinax was a relatively small shark, with the largest uncatalogued specimen of P. annectans measuring about 1.63 metres (5.3 ft) long.^[1]

References

• Marcelo R. de Carvalho & John G. Maisey (1996). "Phylogenetic relationships of the Late Jurassic shark Protospinax Woodward 1919 (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii)" (PDF excerpt). In G. Arratia & G. Viohl (ed.). Mesozoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology. München, Germany: Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 9–46. ISBN 3-923871-90-2.