In 2023, instances of Quran-burning occurred in Sweden, which were named collectively by Swedish media as the Korankrisen ("Quran crisis"; "Quran burning crisis" in some English-language media). The most notable of them occurred on 28 June 2023, when a 37-year-old Iraqi Assyrian refugee ripped out and set fire to pages of the Quran outside the Stockholm Mosque. This incident caused international protests and condemnation, particularly among the Muslim world. On 20 July, this person desecrated the Quran again in Stockholm, resulting in more protests and attacks, including arson, against the Swedish Embassy in Baghdad, starting a day before.

This resulted in several follow-up protests in Denmark, in which the Quran was burned outside the embassies of several Muslim-majority countries. Counterprotests, in the form of violence and boycotts, eventually caused Denmark to reintroduce blasphemy laws criminalizing the "inappropriate treatment" of religious texts.

Incidents

Rasmus Paludan burning a translation of the Quran

In January 2023, the Danish far-right politician Rasmus Paludan burned a copy of the Quran outside of the Turkish embassy in Stockholm, leading the Turkish defence minister Hulusi Akar to suspend talks with Sweden over its NATO membership.[1] Separate pro-Kurdish and anti-NATO demonstrations were also held outside the embassy.[2]

Salwan Momika is a 37-year-old Aramean man who moved to Sweden in 2018 having fled Iraq as a refugee. Of Christian heritage, he identifies as an atheist and has called for a ban on the Quran in Sweden.[3] On 28 June, he appeared behind a line of police officers outside the Stockholm Mosque, holding two Swedish flags while the Du gamla, du fria, the de facto national anthem of Sweden, played over loudspeakers. He tore apart the Quran and set it on fire, while also placing a strip of bacon on it. One protester attempted to throw something at him and was arrested.[4] The event occurred during Eid al-Adha, a major holiday in Islam.[5]

Following the incident, Stockholm police said that they had received further requests for Quran-burning permits,[6] as well as requests to burn the Torah and Bible outside the Israeli embassy, but these were later called off.[7]

Several follow-up protests occurred in Denmark in the following weeks. On 24 July, a Quran was burned outside the Iraqi embassy by Danish far-right activists.[8][9] On 25 July, protesters burned a Quran outside the Egyptian embassy in Copenhagen,[10] and on the same day, a Quran was burned outside the Turkish embassy.[10] On 31 July a total of seven Quran-burnings were planned in Denmark.[11]

On 3 September 2023, a riot broke out and protesters threw stones at police after Momika had lit a copy of the Quran in the presence of 200 onlookers.[12][13]

Protests and violence

Protester outside the Swedish Embassy in Tehran.

The Swedish Institute noted increasingly negative rhetoric from Muslims towards Sweden and the Swedish government and police, as well as calls for boycotts on social media and from political and religious leaders in the Muslim world. [14] A poll conducted by Swedish pollster Novus in collaboration with an Iraqi polling institute showed that 77% of polled Iraqis viewed Sweden as anti-Islam.[15]

Two protests took place outside the Karachi Press Club on 2 July 2023, condemning the burning.[16] In Islamabad, Pakistan, police officers prevented supporters of the religious group Jamaat-e-Islami from marching towards the Swedish Embassy during a rally.[17]

On 29 June, protesters stormed the Swedish Embassy in Baghdad after the Iraqi cleric Muqtada al-Sadr called Sweden "hostile to Islam".[18] The protesters briefly entered the building.[19] On 19 July, after another planned Quran-burning, the Swedish Embassy in Baghdad was stormed and set aflame by protesters while Iraq asked the Swedish ambassador to leave Iraqi soil while severing diplomatic ties with Sweden and banning Swedish businesses in Iraq.[20][21][22] The United States criticised the Iraqi security forces for not preventing protesters from storming the embassy grounds.[23]

In response to the burnings, the Iranian militia Ashab al-Kahf, which is also active in Baghdad, issued threats on Telegram urging followers to target "every Swede" with violence.[24]

On the evening of October 16, 2023, an Islamic State sympathiser killed two Swedish nationals attending a football match at Place Sainctelette in Molenbeek, Brussels, and injured another.[25][26] Belgian authorities said that a motive for the killing was that the victims were Swedish,[27] and that the crime was potentially carried out as revenge for the 2023 Quran burnings in Sweden.[28] The victims were wearing Sweden men's national football team shirts when they were shot.[29] In a video released after the attack, the perpetrator claimed to be directly targeting Swedes.[30]

Reactions

Government reactions

  • Sweden The Swedish government condemned the burning, calling it "Islamophobic" and saying it did not reflect the government's view.[31] The incidents caused a debate in Sweden over freedom of speech and the right to offend, versus what constitutes hate speech under Swedish law.[6] Sweden has said that Russia-backed disinformation networks have been falsely claiming that the Swedish government supported the burnings to undermine Sweden's chances of joining NATO.[32] Swedish police filed preliminary hate crime charges against a man who burned a Quran outside a mosque in Stockholm in June 2023, with Swedish state prosecutors to decide whether to formally indict him or not. If they do indict him, it will be up to a Swedish judge to decide on whether or not his actions constituted incitement under the current law.[33] On 30 July, Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson said that Sweden was in "the most serious security situation since the Second World War."[34]
  • Denmark The Danish Foreign Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen said on 30 July that "the burnings are deeply offensive and reckless acts committed by [a] few individuals. These few individuals do not represent the values the Danish society is built on."[35] The Danish government also said it would try to find legal means to prevent burnings of the Quran in front of other countries' embassies.[35] On 4 August, the government said it was tightening border controls to prevent unwanted individuals from entering the country.[36]
  • Afghanistan Afghanistan suspended all Swedish activities, which included Swedish aid worker groups, and said that the ban would remain active until Sweden apologized for their actions.[37]
  • Iran In Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps deputy director said it is Iran's duty to punish the violator individual, that the individual should not have security.[38] The Iranian supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei called for the death penalty for the perpetrator,[39] saying that Sweden had "gone into battle-array for war on the Muslim world".[40] An Iranian Ministry of Intelligence report alleged that Momika was affiliated with Mossad since 2019.[41] Extraterritorial operations Ali Mohammadi-Sirat of said the man who disrespected the Quran should fear for his life.[42] General Salami said you should live in fear even if takes decades.[43] Tehran announced they will build Quran Gate in relation.[44]
  • Iraq Iraq summoned the Swedish ambassador to the country, calling the Quran-burning "racist" and "irresponsible".[18] Iraq severed all diplomatic[20] and business ties and connections with Sweden in response.[45][46] Iraqi cleric Muqtada al-Sadr called on Sweden to strip Momika of his citizenship and repatriate him for prosecution; failing this, al-Sadr said he would be tried in absentia.[5] On 20 July, Iraq expelled the Swedish ambassador in response to another planned Quran burning in Stockholm.[20]
  • Jordan Jordan described the incident as "a racist act of serious hate".[5]
  • Morocco Morocco recalled its ambassador to Sweden for an indefinite period.[4]
  • Pakistan Muslims in Pakistan held a "Quran Sanctity Day" on 7 July after the prime minister Shehbaz Sharif called for protests.[18] Speaking to the United Nations Human Rights Council on 11 July, Pakistan's foreign minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari described the burning of the Quran as an "incitement to religious hatred, discrimination and attempts to provoke violence", done under "government sanction and with the sense of impunity".[47]
  • Turkey Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan strongly criticized Sweden for allowing the incident to occur, stating that Turkey would not tolerate any policy of provocation or threat. "We will teach the arrogant Western people that it is not freedom of expression to insult the sacred values of Muslims," he said.[4] This condemnation took place at a strained time between the two countries, as Turkey was delaying Sweden joining NATO, saying that it was not taking enough action against the pro-Kurdish activists and the Gülen movement (designed as a terrorist group by Turkey).[5][48] In late July 2023, Turkey issued an official arrest order against Rasmus Paludan and nine others for having been part Quran-burnings in Sweden that year.[49]
  • Indonesia The Indonesian government, via its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, condemned the burning.[50] The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Retno Marsudi, summoned Sweden's and Denmark's ambassadors to Indonesia on 1 August 2023.[51]
  • Egypt Egypt's Al-Azhar Al-Sharif called on boycotting all the Swedish and dutch products and called the acts of burning an "offense" to Islam and Muslims around the world, and said that boycott would be an appropriate reaction to governments that protect "barbaric crimes under the inhuman and immoral banner they call freedom of expression."[52] The Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sameh Shoukry strongly condemned it and said that it's a "disgraceful act provokes the feelings of hundreds of millions of Muslims around the world".[53] The Swedish Chargé d'affaires was summoned by the Assistant Minister on European Affairs, Ihab Nasr, who condemned the act of burning during their meeting.[54]
  • Kuwait Kuwait banned imports from nations where Quran desecration is allowed[55]
  • United States The United States expressed its disapproval of the burning but also stated that granting permission for the demonstration supported freedom of expression.[4] The US also called for Turkey to allow Sweden to join NATO.[18]
  • Vatican City Pope Francis condemned the act, telling Al-Ittihad that "any book considered holy should be respected to respect those who believe in it", and that he felt "angry and disgusted" at the Quran-burnings.[56]
  • Israel Israeli president Isaac Herzog has condemned Sweden for allowing Quran burnings, calling it an "act of pure hate".[57][58]

International organisations

On 2 July, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation said that international law and other collective measures were needed to prevent future incidents involving the desecration of the Quran.[59]

On 12 July, the United Nations Human Rights Council adopted a motion "countering religious hatred constituting incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence" in response to the Quran-burning incident.[60][61] As with all of the council's decisions, this is not legally binding.[18]

Yes - 28 No - 12 Abstention - 7
 Algeria  Belgium  Benin
 Argentina  Costa Rica  Chile
 Bangladesh  Czech Republic  Georgia
 Bolivia  Finland  Honduras
 Cameroon  France  Mexico
 China  Germany    Nepal
 Cuba  Lithuania  Paraguay
 Eritrea  Luxembourg
 Gabon  Montenegro
 Gambia  Romania
 India  United Kingdom
 Ivory Coast  United States
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Malawi
 Malaysia
 Maldives
 Morocco
 Pakistan
 Qatar
 Senegal
 Somalia
 South Africa
 Sudan
 Ukraine
 UAE
 Uzbekistan
 Vietnam

Swedish authorities

In February 2023, the Swedish Police Authority refused permission for "an association and a private person" to burn the Quran outside the Turkish and Iraqi embassies in Stockholm. In June 2023, this refusal was overturned by the Court of Appeal in Stockholm. A judge found that the police's fear of security problems was not obvious enough to override the constitutional right of those who planned to burn the Quran to hold what they claimed to be a political demonstration.[62] There is no longer a law against blasphemy in Sweden or Denmark.[63]

On 12 July, the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden announced that they would hear a case related to a denial of a protest permit from April.[64] On 6 November, the Supreme Administrative Court announced its final judgement affirming a Court of Appeal decision to overturn the denial of the protest permit. The Supreme Administrative Court noted that restrictions on the constitutionally protected freedoms of assembly and demonstration may only be made by law and for certain specifically stated purposes, and that provisions on the limitation of such rights should be interpreted restrictively.[65]

Danish authorities

The Danish Security and Intelligence Service warned that the series of Quran burnings increased the terrorist threat. In response, Denmark's parliament passed a bill banning the "inappropriate treatment" of religious texts, including the Quran, the Bible, or the Torah, on 7 December 2023.[66] The law applies to both public and private settings if the act is recorded and distributed. Offenders could face a fine or up to two years in jail. Critics, including opposition MPs from the Liberal Alliance and others, argued against the bill, expressing concerns about freedom of speech restrictions. However, the Danish justice minister Peter Hummelgaard said that criticizing religion and religious satire would remain legal.[67] Some suggested the government's motive was related to securing a seat on the UN Security Council. Two opposition parties, the Danish People's Party and the New Right, called for a referendum on the matter.[68]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hajjaji, Danya (21 January 2023). "Turkey condemns burning of Qur'an during far-right protest in Sweden". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  2. ↑ "Quran-burning in Sweden exacerbates tensions with Turkey over NATO bid". Politico. 22 January 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "From militia leader to refugee: The backstory of the man who burned a Koran in Sweden". 10 July 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Countries condemn desecration of Quran in Sweden". Al Jazeera. 29 June 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Rubin, Alissa J.; Kwai, Isabella (29 June 2023). "Sweden Is Condemned in the Muslim World for Allowing Burning of Quran". The New York Times.
  6. 1 2 "Quran burnings have Sweden torn between free speech and respecting minorities". AP News. 5 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  7. ↑ ToI Staff (15 July 2023). "Activist backs off Sweden Torah burning: Trying to draw attention to Quran desecration". Times of Israel. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  8. ↑ "Denmark considers banning protests burning Quran and other religious texts". BBC News. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  9. ↑ "Saudi Arabia summons Denmark's charge d'affaires over Quran burnings". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  10. 1 2 "Far-right group burns Quran in Copenhagen". POLITICO. 25 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  11. ↑ "Sverige og Danmark vurderer tiltak mot koranbrenning". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 31 July 2023.
  12. ↑ "Violent riot breaks out in Sweden at Koran burning protest". Le Monde. 4 September 2023.
  13. ↑ "'Violent riot' lasts through the night in Sweden after Koran burning". sky.com. 4 September 2023.
  14. ↑ "Omvärldens reaktioner på koranbränningar i Sverige sommaren 2023". Swedish Institute (in Swedish). 26 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  15. ↑ Dahlberg, Joel (15 October 2023). "Antisvensk uppfattning sprids: "Hade bra rykte"". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). ISSN 1101-2412. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  16. ↑ "Protests held against desecration of Holy Quran in Sweden". 3 July 2023.
  17. ↑ "CORRECTION Pakistan Sweden Quran Protest". 3 July 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 "Outcry over Quran burning in Sweden: A timeline". Al Jazeera. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  19. ↑ "Sweden Quran burning: Protesters storm embassy in Baghdad". BBC. 29 June 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 Rasheed, Ahmed; Azhari, Timour; Ringstrom, Anna (20 July 2023). "Iraq expels Swedish ambassador over planned Koran burning". Reuters. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  21. ↑ "Känsligt läge för Sverige och svenska företag". Tidningen Näringslivet. 21 July 2023.
  22. ↑ Goksör, Joakim; Nordenberg, Helena (21 July 2023). "Muslimska länder bojkottar svenska varor" [Muslim countries boycott Swedish goods]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish) – via www.svd.se.
  23. ↑ "US condemns attack in Swedish Embassy in Baghdad, criticizes Iraq security". Reuters. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  24. ↑ "Militärgrupp uppmanar till våld: "Sök efter varje svensk"" [Militant group calls for violence: "Search for every Swede"]. www.tv4.se. 21 July 2023.
  25. ↑ "Skuddrab på svenskere i Bruxelles efterforskes som terror". Jyllands-Posten (in Danish). 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  26. ↑ "Brussels shooting: Suspect at large after two Swedes killed in terror attack". BBC News. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  27. ↑ "To svenskere dræbt inden landskamp i Belgien - TV 2". nyheder.tv2.dk (in Danish). 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  28. ↑ "Deux supporters suédois tués à Bruxelles : voici l'auteur présumé, il se revendique membre de l'État islamique". La Libre Belgiqie. 16 October 2023.
  29. ↑ "Brussels 'on highest terror alert' and football fans told to stay in stadium after two shot dead". Sky News. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  30. ↑ Blenkinsop, Philip (17 October 2023). "Two Swedes shot dead in Brussels; Belgium raises terror alert to top level". Reuters. Retrieved 18 October 2023. Islamic greeting Allahu Akbar. My name is Abdesalem Al Guilani and I am a fighter for Allah. I am from the Islamic State. We love who loves us and we hate who hates us. We live for our religion and we die for our religion. Alhamdulah. Your brother took revenge in the name of Muslims. I have killed 3 Swedes so far Al hamdoulelah. 3 Swedish, yes. Those to whom I have done something wrong, may they forgive me. And I forgive everyone. Salam Aleykoum.
  31. ↑ "Sweden government condemns 'Islamophobic' Quran burning". Al Jazeera. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  32. ↑ "Russia 'using disinformation' to imply Sweden supported Qur'an burnings". The Guardian. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  33. ↑ "Why Does Sweden Allow Quran Burnings? It Has No Blasphemy Laws". VOA. 21 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  34. ↑ "Statement by Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson". Government Offices of Sweden. 30 July 2023.
  35. 1 2 "Denmark to seek legal means to prevent Quran burnings". Al Jazeera. 30 July 2023.
  36. ↑ Birkebaek, Johannes (4 August 2023). "Denmark tightens border control after Koran burnings". Reuters. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  37. ↑ "Taliban Suspend Swedish Activities in Afghanistan Over Quran". VOA News. 11 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  38. ↑ "جانشین فرمانده کل سپاه: تنبیه فرد و دولت هتاک به قرآن، تکلیف ماست- اخبار مرکزی - اخبار استانها تسنیم | Tasnim" [Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the IRGC: It is our duty to punish the individual and the government who violate the Quran]. خبرگزاری تسنیم | Tasnim (in Persian).
  39. ↑ "پیام رهبر انقلاب در پی جسارت به ساحت قرآن مجید در سوئد".
  40. ↑ "Iran's Khamenei says Sweden in 'battle-array' over Koran desecrations". Reuters. 22 July 2023.
  41. ↑ ۱۹ تير ۱۴۰۲ - ۱۸:۲۸ (10 July 2023). "بیانیه وزارت اطلاعات درباره عنصر هتاک به قرآن مجید/ کشف ارتباط این هتاک با موساد- اخبار نظامی | دفاعی | امنیتی - اخبار سیاسی تسنیم | Tasnim". Tasnimnews.com. Retrieved 18 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ↑ "Sweden leader says "clear risk" of retaliatory terror attacks as Iran issues threats over Quran desecration - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  43. ↑ "خبرگزاری فارس - فرمانده کل سپاه پاسداران: هتاکان به قرآن از امروز مخفیانه زندگی کنند". خبرگزاری فارس. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  44. ↑ ""دروازه قرآن" در تهران ساخته می‌شود/ پلاک‌گذاری ون‌ها در گرو پرداخت بدهی". www.irna.ir. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  45. ↑ "Skulle bränna koranen utanför Iraks ambassad – misslyckades". www.tv4.se.
  46. ↑ "Koranaktion i Stockholm – trots stora protester". Omni.
  47. ↑ "Muslim nations demand action after 'Islamophobic' Quran burning". Al Jazeera. 11 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  48. ↑ Henley, Jon (28 June 2023). "Turkish fury as Sweden allows Qur'an burning risks further delays to Nato bid". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  49. ↑ "Turkiet begär Paludan arresterad – vill gripa flera koranbrännare". DN.SE. 21 July 2023.
  50. ↑ Ramadhan, Azhar Bagas. "Kemlu Kutuk Pembakaran Al-Qur'an, Desak Swedia Patuhi Resolusi Dewan HAM PBB". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  51. ↑ Rahim, Annisa Aulia. "Kemlu RI Panggil Dubes Swedia dan Denmark Buntut Aksi Pembakaran Al-Qur'an". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  52. ↑ "Egypt's Al-Azhar calls for boycott over Quran burning". Arab News. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  53. ↑ "Egypt condemns burning of Quran copy in Sweden as 'disgraceful act' - Foreign Affairs - Egypt". Ahram Online. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  54. ↑ "Arab World's Outcry in the Aftermath of Prolific Quran Burnings in Europe". Egyptian Streets. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  55. ↑ "Kuwait förbjuder varor från länder med koranbränningar". www.aftonbladet.se (in Swedish). 11 July 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  56. ↑ "Pope Francis condemns burning of Koran, United Arab Emirates newspaper reports". Reuters. 3 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  57. ↑ @Isaac_Herzog (14 July 2023). "I unequivocally condemn the permission granted in Sweden to burn holy books. As the President of Israel, I condemned the burning of the Quran, sacred to Muslims world over, and I am now heartbroken that the same fate awaits a Jewish Bible, the eternal book of the Jewish people" (Tweet). Retrieved 27 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  58. ↑ @Isaac_Herzog (14 July 2023). "Permitting the defacement of sacred texts is not an exercise in freedom of expression, it is blatant incitement and an act of pure hate. The whole world must join together in condemning unequivocally this repulsive act" (Tweet). Retrieved 27 July 2023 – via Twitter.
  59. ↑ "Swedish government condemns 'Islamophobic' burning of Qur'an". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  60. ↑ "UN motion on Quran burning: How did your country vote?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  61. ↑ Henley, Jon (12 July 2023). "UN rights council approves resolution on religious hatred after Qur'an burning". The Guardian.
  62. ↑ "Dom i de så kallade koranmålen" [Judgments in the so-called Quran cases]. Sveriges Domstolar. Swedish National Courts Administration. 12 June 2023.
  63. ↑ Edwards, Christian (2 August 2023). "Sweden and Denmark consider ban on Quran-burning protests as security fears rise". CNN. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  64. ↑ "Prövningstillstånd har meddelats i mål om inställande av demonstration". Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen. 12 July 2023.
  65. ↑ förvaltningsdomstolen, Högsta (6 November 2023). "Beslut i mål om inställande av allmän sammankomst enligt ordningslagen". Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  66. ↑ "Denmark passes law to ban Quran burnings". BBC News. 7 December 2023.
  67. ↑ Tekeli, Maya; Bubola, Emma (7 December 2023). "Denmark, Fearing Reprisals, Bans Quran Burning". The New York Times.
  68. ↑ Bryant, Miranda (7 December 2023). "Danish MPs vote to ban desecration of religious texts after Qur'an burnings". The Guardian.
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