The polyhedral symbol is sometimes used in coordination chemistry to indicate the approximate geometry of the coordinating atoms around the central atom. One or more italicised letters indicate the geometry, e.g. TP-3 which is followed by a number that gives the coordination number of the central atom.[1] The polyhedral symbol can be used in naming of compounds, in which case it is followed by the configuration index.[1]
Polyhedral symbols[1]
| description | ||
|---|---|---|
| L-2 | linear - 2 coordinate | Linear (chemistry) |
| A-2 | bent - 2 coordinate | Bent (chemistry) |
| TP-3 | trigonal planar – 3 coordinate | Trigonal planar |
| TPY-3 | trigonal pyramidal- 3 coordinate | Trigonal pyramid (chemistry) |
| TS-3 | T-shaped- 3 coordinate | T-shaped (chemistry) |
| T-4 | tetrahedral geometry – 4 coordinate | Tetrahedral molecular geometry |
| SP-4 | square planar – 4 coordinate | Square planar |
| SPY-4 | square pyramidal– 4 coordinate | |
| SS-4 | see-saw– 4 coordinate | Seesaw (chemistry) |
| TBPY-5 | trigonal bipyramidal- 5 coordinate | Trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry |
| SPY-5 | square pyramidal – 5 coordinate | Square pyramidal molecular geometry |
| OC-6 | octahedral geometry – 6 coordinate | Octahedral molecular geometry |
| TPR-6 | trigonal prismatic -6 coordinate | Trigonal prismatic molecular geometry |
| PBPY-7 | pentagonal bipyramid- 7 coordinate | Pentagonal bipyramid molecular geometry |
| OCF-7 | face capped octahedron- 7 coordinate | Capped octahedral molecular geometry |
| TPRS-7 | trigonal prism, square face monocapped | Capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry |
| CU-8 | cubic -8 coordinate | |
| SAPR-8 | square anti prism | Square antiprismatic molecular geometry |
| DD-8 | dodecahedral | Dodecahedral molecular geometry |
| HBPY-8 | hexagonal bipyramid | |
| OCT-8 | octahedron, trans-bicapped | |
| TPRT-8 | trigonal prism, triangular face bicapped | |
| TPRS-8 | trigonal prism, square face bicapped | Bicapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry |
| TPRS-9 | trigonal prism, square face tricapped | Tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry |
| HBPY-9 | heptagonal bipyramid |
Configuration index[1]
The first step in determining the configuration index is to assign a priority number to each coordinating ligand according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules, (CIP rules). The preferred ligand takes the lowest priority number. For example, of the ligands acetonitrile, chloride ion and pyridine thepriority number assigned are chloride, 1; acetonitrile,2; pyridene,3. Each coordination type has a different procedure for specifying the configuration index and these are outlined in below.
T shaped (TS-3)
The configuration index is a single digit which is defined as the priority number of the ligand on the stem of the "T".
Seesaw (SS- 4)
The configuration index has two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands separated by the largest angle. The lowest priority number of the pair is quoted first.
Square planar (SP-4)
The configuration index is a single digit which is the priority number of the ligand trans to the highest priority ligand. (If there are two possibilities the principle of trans difference is applied). As an example, (acetonitrile)dichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II) complex where the Cl ligands may be trans or cis to one another.
The ligand priority numbers are, applying the CIP rules:
- two chlorides of priority number 1
- acetonitrile priority 2
- pyridine priority 3
In the trans case the configuration index is 1 giving the name(SP-4-1)-(acetonitrile)dichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II).
In the cis case both of the organic ligands are trans to a chloride so to choose the trans difference is considered and the greater is between 1 and three therefore the name is (SP-4-3)-(acetonitrile)dichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II).
Octahedral (OC-6)
The configuration index has two digits. The first digit is the priority number of the ligand trans to the highest priority ligand. This pair is then used to define the reference axis of the octahedron. The second digit is the priority number of the ligand trans to the highest priority ligand in the plane perpendicular to the reference axis.
Square pyramidal (SPY-4)
The configuration index is a single digit which is the priority number of the ligand trans to the ligand of lowest priority in the plane perpendicular to the 4 fold axis. (If there is more than one choice then the highest numerical value second digit is taken.) NB this procedure gives the same result as SP-4, however in this case the polyhedral symbol specifies that the complex is non-planar.
Square pyramidal (SPY-5)
There are two digits. The first digit is the priority number of the ligand on the fourfold (C4) axis of the idealised pyramid the second digit is the priority number of the ligand trans to ligand of lowest priority in the plane perpendicular to the 4 fold axis. (If there is more than one choice then the highest numerical value second digit is taken.)
Trigonal bipyramidal (TBPY-5)
The configuration index consists of two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands on the threefold rotation axis. The lowest numerical value is cited first.
Other bipyramidal structures (PBPY-7, HBPY-8 and HBPY-9)
The configuration index consists of two segments separated by a hyphen. The first segment consists of two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands on the five, six or sevenfold rotation axis. The lowest numerical value is cited first.
The second segment consists of 5, 6 or 7 digits respectively. The lowest priority number is the first digit followed by the digits of the other atoms in the plane. The clockwise and anticlockwise sequences are compared and the one that yields the lowest numerical sequence is chosen.
References
- 1 2 3 4 NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ed. N. G. Connelly et al. RSC Publishing https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Red_Book_2005.pdf