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This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The country has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone; parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.

The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.

No party has won a majority of seats since the 1894 general election;^[1] no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in the Pacification of 1917. All governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, with all parties having to adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.

General overview

Members of four Dutch political parties (PvdA, D66, CDA and VVD) campaigning in Ulft, shortly before the 2010 municipal elections

• GL-PvdA (Dutch: [ɣrunˈlɪŋks ˌpeːveːdeːˈjaː]), alternatively PvdA–GroenLinks, is an alliance between GreenLeft (GL) and the social democratic Labour Party (PvdA) in the Netherlands. The centre-leftist political alliance was founded at the national level by party leaders Lilianne Ploumen and Jesse Klaver during the 2021–2022 Dutch cabinet formation, whereas local alliances between the two parties had already been formed in prior years. The two parties have formed a joint parliamentary group in the Provincial Council of Zeeland since 29 March 2023, before they formed a joint group in the Senate following the 2023 Dutch Senate election. GreenLeft combines green politics^[2] with left-wing ideals. The party was founded in 1990 as a merger of the Radical, Pacifist, Communist, and Evangelical Left parties. The current leader Jesse Klaver opposes what he calls "economism", where important values seem to be secondary to economic growth. GreenLeft is a member of the Global Greens and the European Green Party. The Labour Party (PvdA) is a social democratic party, and centre-left in orientation.^[2] Its program is based on more social, political, and economic equality for all citizens. Former PvdA Prime Minister Joop den Uyl has called it an "equal distribution of knowledge, income and power." Under Prime Minister Wim Kok, the PvdA espoused a centrist Third Way programme. The PvdA is generally supportive of European integration. Although called the Labour Party, it has no formal links to trade unions. In practice, however, strong links exist, with PvdA politicians often beginning their careers in the FNV trade union. The party is led by Lilianne Ploumen. The PvdA was a member of the Socialist International until it delisted in 2014.^[3] Nowadays, the party is a member of the Progressive Alliance and the Party of European Socialists.
• The Party for Freedom (PVV) is a right-wing populist^[2] and Nationalist^[4] party. It was founded by Geert Wilders, who split from the VVD in 2004. The PVV seeks to lower taxation and limit immigration, especially from Islamic and non-Western countries. Supporting Nexit, it is hard Eurosceptic. The party is part of the Identity and Democracy group.
• The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) is a conservative-liberal party.^[2] As a centre-right movement (''big market small government''), it attaches great importance to private enterprise, economic liberalism^[5] and the freedom of the individual in political, social, and economic affairs. The party is generally supportive of European economic integration, but is less supportive of political integration. The party's outgoing leader is Mark Rutte, who announced his retirement from Dutch politics in July 2023.^[6] VVD is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
• The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) is an agrarian^[7] and right-wing populist^[8] political party in the Netherlands.^[9] It is headquartered in Deventer, Overijssel. The current party leader is founder Caroline van der Plas, who has led it since its creation in 2019.^[10] The BBB is a primarily agrarian^[7] and right-wing populist^[8][11][12] political party, that is generally placed on the right-wing^{[13][14][15][16]} of the political spectrum. The party has been variously described as conservative,^[17] Christian democratic,^[18] centre-right,^[17][19] centrist^[7] and partially centre-left.^[7] While not a far-right party itself, some academics and journalists have argued that it is supported by far-right elements.^[20][21] The BBB shifted further to the right after PVV and JA21 members joined the BBB faction in September 2023.^[22][23]
• New Social Contract (NSC) is a Christian democratic and communitarian political party in the Netherlands launched and led by Pieter Omtzigt.^[24] The party intends to focus on its main themes of good governance and social security.^[25] The party has been described as Christian democratic^[26][27] and close to communitarian philosophy.^[27] Article 2 of the party's statutes speak of "personal responsibility, family and communities and distributed private property" as founding principles, while an accompanying programme of principles mentions notions including personalism, virtue ethics and the social market economy.^[28] After the 2023 Dutch general election was announced following the fall of the fourth Rutte cabinet, Omtzigt founded New Social Contract (NSC) on 19 August 2023.^[24] His 2021 manifesto has served as the basis for the views of the new party.^[25] On 20 August 2023, Omtzigt announced in Tubantia newspaper that he did not strive for NSC to become the largest party in the general election in November that year. If that does happen, he does not want to become prime minister, but to remain in the House of Representatives as parliamentary leader. Eddy van Hijum became chairman of the committee that would write the party's manifesto ahead of the 2023 general election.^[29] Until 28 August 2023, the party offered people who endorsed the party's principles the opportunity to apply online for a seat in the House of Representatives. It was later announced that around 2,400 candidates had registered.^[30]
• Democrats 66 (D66) have had widely fluctuating electoral fortunes since the party's founding in 1966. The party was founded as a movement that advocated direct democracy and electoral reform. Today, it is a centrist social liberal^[2][31] party, professing a pro-European platform and progressive views on, for example, euthanasia, organ donation, ecological sustainability and ethnic and religious tolerance. Rob Jetten leads the party.^[32] D66 is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party.
• The Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) is a Christian democratic party on the centre to centre-right.^[2] It supports free enterprise and holds to the principle that government activity should supplement but not supplant communal action by citizens. On the political spectrum, the CDA sees its philosophy as standing between the "individualism" of the VVD and the "statism" of the Labour Party. The CDA favours European economic, cultural, and political integration. The CDA is a member of the Centrist Democrat International and the European People's Party. Henri Bontenbal is the current leader of the party.^[33]
• The Socialist Party (SP) is a left-wing populist party.^[34] The party itself has called its ideological shift a move "from socialism to a social-ism." The party opposes what it sees as the European Superstate. The SP operated as an independent party within the European United Left-Nordic Green Left group until the 2019 European elections, when it lost all seats in the European Parliament. Lilian Marijnissen is the leader of the SP.
• Party for the Animals (PvdD) is an animal rights party. It has been labeled as a one issue-party, though former PvdD leader Marianne Thieme has claimed it is not.^[35] The focus of the party is on animal welfare and environmental protection. The party also has distinctive points of view about education, privacy, health care and the economy. Its founder is Marianne Thieme. Its current leader is Esther Ouwehand. The party is currently part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left group.
• The Christian Union (CU) is a socially conservative^[2] Christian democratic party. It mostly concentrates on ethical issues, such as a resistance against abortion, euthanasia, and gay marriage. In other areas, such as immigration and the environment, the party often is closer to the progressive parties. It is a moderately Eurosceptic party. The CU operated within the European Conservatives and Reformists group, until after the 2019 European elections, when it joined the European People's Party group. The party is a founding member of the European Christian Political Movement.
• Forum for Democracy is a right-wing populist, and national conservative party. The party is favour of lower taxes, military investment and expansion, electoral reform, offering a referendum on European Union membership, reinstating border controls and ending what it perceives as mass immigration. The party was founded and is currently led by Thierry Baudet. The party is a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party and part of the ERC-group.
• The Reformed Political Party (SGP) is a party of the Christian right,^[2] with stronger ethical points of view than the Christian Union. Although the party is small on a national level, having gained either two or three seats in every general election,^[36] it is an important political power in some orthodox reformed municipalities. The party sees governments (local, regional, national and international) as unconditional servants of God. The party bases all of its views directly on the Bible. Opposing European integration, the party is Eurosceptic, and operates within the European Conservatives and Reformists group and is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Chris Stoffer leads the SGP.
• JA21 is a conservative-liberal party founded by former Second Chamber member of the LPF Joost Eerdmans and senator Annabel Nanninga, following antisemitic text messages within Forum for Democracy in late 2020 .^[37] Joost Eerdmans wants to reintroduce the ideas from right-wing politician Pim Fortuyn into parliament,^[38] promoting more direct democracy, stricter immigration policies, and reforms on tax and wealth systems.^[39]
• Volt Netherlands is the Dutch branch of the European federalist political movement Volt Europa. Its leader Laurens Dassen wants the EU to be a "strong parliamentary democracy" and proposes jointly tackling "cross-border issues", such as climate change.^[40]
• DENK is a small political party mainly focusing on and promoting multiculturalism and social integration. The party also supports environmentalism and international justice. Tunahan Kuzu founded the party after splitting from the PvdA in 2014. The current leader is Farid Azarkan.
• 50PLUS (50+) is a populist pensioners' party. The party takes a centrist position on the political spectrum and combines social-liberal and conservative viewpoints with a focus on preserving the welfare state, especially regarding pensions. Currently, the party is not represented in the House of Representatives. Martin van Rooijen leads the party's faction in the Senate. Gerard van Hooft is the leading candidate for 50PLUS in the 2023 elections. The party is a member of the European Democratic Party.
• The Independent Politics Netherlands, formerly known as "Independent Senate Group (OSF)", is a parliamentary party in the Dutch Senate with one senator, representing several provincial parties and advocating a regionalist agenda. The party's current senator, Auke van der Goot, is a member of the civic nationalistic Frisian National Party, which is itself a member of the European Free Alliance.

National political parties

Parties represented in the States General and/or European Parliament

Political party				Main ideology	Position	Leader	Affiliation			Seats			Ref.
							Eur.	EP group	Intl.	Senators	House reps.	MEPs
	PvdA		Labour Party, Partij van de Arbeid	Social democracy	Centre-left	Frans Timmermans[41]	PES	S&D	PA	14 / 75	25 / 150	6 / 29	[2][42]
	GL		GreenLeft, GroenLinks	Green politics	Centre-left	Frans Timmermans[43]	EGP	Greens–EFA	GG			3 / 29	[42]
	PVV		Party for Freedom, Partij voor de Vrijheid	Right-wing populism	Far-right	Geert Wilders	ID	—	—	4 / 75	37 / 150	0 / 29	[44][45][46][47]
	VVD		People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie	Conservative liberalism	Centre-right	Dilan Yeşilgöz	ALDE	Renew	LI	10 / 75	24 / 150	5 / 29	[48][49][50]
	BBB		Farmer–Citizen Movement, BoerBurgerBeweging	Agrarianism	Right-wing	Caroline van der Plas	—	—	—	16 / 75	7 / 150	0 / 29	—
	NSC		New Social Contract Nieuw Sociaal Contract	Christian democracy	Centre-right	Pieter Omtzigt	—	—	—	0 / 75	20 / 150	0 / 29	—
	D66		Democrats 66, Democraten 66	Social liberalism	Centre	Rob Jetten	ALDE	Renew	LI	5 / 75	9 / 150	2 / 29	[49][48]
	CDA		Christian Democratic Appeal, Christen-Democratisch Appèl	Christian democracy	Centre-right	Henri Bontenbal	EPP	EPP	CDI	6 / 75	5 / 150	5 / 29	[51][52][53][54]
	SP		Socialist Party, Socialistische Partij	Democratic socialism	Left-wing	Jimmy Dijk	—	—	—	3 / 75	5 / 150	0 / 29	[55][56][57][58]
	PvdD		Party for the Animals, Partij voor de Dieren	Environmentalism	Left-wing	Esther Ouwehand	APEU	GUE–NGL	—	3 / 75	3 / 150	1 / 29	[59]
	CU		Christian Union, ChristenUnie	Christian democracy	Centre	Mirjam Bikker	ECPM	EPP	—	3 / 75	3 / 150	1 / 29	[2][42][60][61]
	FvD		Forum for Democracy, Forum voor Democratie	National conservatism	Far-right	Thierry Baudet	—	NI	—	2 / 75	3 / 150	1 / 29	[62][63][64]
	SGP		Reformed Political Party, Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij	Christian right	Right-wing	Chris Stoffer	ECPM	ECR	—	2 / 75	3 / 150	1 / 29	[2][42][65]
	JA21		Right Answer 2021, Juiste Antwoord 2021	Liberal conservatism	Right-wing	Joost Eerdmans	ECR	ECR	—	3 / 75	1 / 150	1 / 29	—
	Volt		Volt Netherlands, Volt Nederland	European federalism	Centre	Laurens Dassen	Volt	Greens–EFA	—	2 / 75	2 / 150	0 / 29	[66]
	DENK		DENK	Minority interests	Centre-left	Stephan van Baarle	—	—	—	0 / 75	3 / 150	0 / 29	[67][68]
	50+		50PLUS	Pensioners' interests	Centre	Gerard van Hooft	EDP	—	—	1 / 75	0 / 150	0 / 29	[2][49][48][59]
	OPNL		Independent Politics Netherlands Onafhankelijke Politiek Nederland	Regionalism	Centre	Auke van der Goot	EFA	—	—	1 / 75	0 / 150	0 / 29	—
	MDD		More Direct Democracy Meer Directe Democratie	Direct Democracy	Centre-right	Dorien Rookmaker	EAFD	ECR	—	0 / 75	0 / 150	1 / 29	—

Parties without representation in the States General and/or European Parliament

Party				Main ideology	Position	Leader	Affiliation		Ref.
							European	International
	Alliantie		Alliance Alliantie	New social contract	Centre-right	Vacant	—	—	—
	BIJ1		BIJ1	Anti-capitalism	Left-wing	Edson Olf	—	—	—
	CO		Code Orange Code Oranje	Direct democracy	Syncretic	Bert Blase	—	—	—
	NVU		Dutch People's Union Nederlandse Volks-Unie	Ethnic nationalism	Far-right	Constant Kusters	—	—	—
	OPA		Elderly Politically Active Ouderen Politiek Actief	Pensioners' interests	Single-issue politics	Vacant	—	—	—
	GOUD		GOUD	Pensioners' interests	Centre	Vacant	—	—	—
	HVV		Heart for Freedom Hart voor Vrijheid	Antivax	Syncretic	Vacant	—	—	—
	LHK		Henk Krol List Lijst Henk Krol	Progressive conservatism	Centre-right	Vacant	—	—	—
	BVNL		Interest of the Netherlands Belang van Nederland	Classical liberalism	Right-wing	Wybren van Haga	—	—	—
	JL		Jesus Lives Jezus Leeft	Evangelism	Right-wing	Florens van der Spek	—	—	—
	LEF		LEF - For the New Generation LEF - Voor de Nieuwe Generatie	Youth politics	Left-wing	Daniël van Duijn	—	—	—
	LibDem		Liberal Democratic Party Liberaal Democratische Partij	Social liberalism	Centre	Sammy van Tuyll	—	—	—
	LP		Libertarian Party Libertaire Partij	Right-libertarianism	Right-wing	Tom van Lamoen	EPIL	LI	[69]
	NCPN		New Communist Party of the Netherlands Nieuwe Communistische Partij van Nederland	Marxism–Leninism	Far-left	Rinze Visser	—	IMCWP	—
	NLB		NLBeter	Public sector interests	Centre	Esther van Fenema	—	—	—
	NLPlan		Netherlands with a Plan Nederland met een PLAN	Participatory democracy	Centre	Kok Kuen Chan	—	—	—
	PSP		Pacifist Socialist Party '92 Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij '92	Pacifist socialism	Left-wing	Vacant	—	—	—
	PvdR		Party for the Republic Partij voor de Republiek	Republicanism	Centre	Bruno Braakhuis	—	—	—
	PvdS		Party for Sports PartijvdSport	Health promotion	Centre	Annemarie van Duivenboden	—	—	—
	PDNM		Party The New Human Partij De Nieuwe Mens	Spiritual left	Centre-left	Niraï Melis & Raishrie Gajadin	—	—	[70]
	PPNL		Pirate Party Piratenpartij	Pirate politics	Syncretic	Mark van Treuren[71]	PPEU	PPI	[72]
	PPvB		Political Party for Basic Income Politieke Partij voor Basisinkomen	Universal basic income	Single-issue politics	Sepp Hannen	—	—	—
	TON		Proud of the Netherlands Trots op Nederland	Conservative liberalism	Right-wing	Sander van den Raadt	—	—	—
	SPL		Splinter	Secular liberalism	Centre-left	Femke Merel van Kooten	—	—	—
	DG		The Greens De Groenen	Green politics	Centre-left	Mark van Treuren[73]	—	—	—
	DFP		The Party Party De Feestpartij	Joke Party	Syncretic	Johan Vlemmix	—	—	—
	SvN		Together for the Netherlands Samen voor Nederland	Right-wing populism	Far-right	Michel Reijinga	—	—	—
	UCF		Ubuntu Connected Front	Ubuntuism	Centre-left	Regillio Vaarnold	—	—	—
	VCP		United Communist Party Verenigde Communistische Partij	Communism	Far-left	Engel Modderman	—	—	—

Regional and local political parties

European Netherlands

Regional parties

Political party				Active in	Main ideology	Position	European affiliation
	FNP		Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij	Friesland	Civic nationalism	Big tent[74]	EFA
	GB		Groninger Interest Groninger Belang	Groningen	Regionalism	Centre	—
	LB		Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant	North Brabant	Regionalism	Centre	—
	LL		Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg	Limburg	Regionalism	Centre	—
	PvhN		Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden	Groningen  Friesland  Drenthe	Regionalism	Centre	—
	PvZ		Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland	Zeeland	Regionalism	Centre	—
	PBF		Provincial Interest Fryslân Provinciaal Belang Fryslân	Friesland	Regionalism	Centre	—
	SLD		Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe	Drenthe	Regionalism	Centre	—
	SLF		Strong Local Flevoland Sterk Lokaal Flevoland	Flevoland	Regionalism	Centre	—

Local parties

Party				Main ideology	Position
	Forza!		Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland	Right-wing populism	Right-wing
	HvDH		Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos	Conservative liberalism	Right-wing
	LR		Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam	Fortuynism	Right-wing
	VSP		United Seniors Party Verenigde Senioren Partij	Pensioners' interests	Single-issue politics

Water board parties

Political party			Main ideology	Position	Leader
	AWP		General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij	Apoliticism	Syncretic
	WN		Water Natuurlijk	Green politics	Centre-left

Defunct political parties

History and evolution of all Dutch political parties to ever have had seats in the House of Representatives.

• General Elderly Alliance (AOV)
• General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (succeeded by the Roman Catholic State Party)
• Article 50 (merged with For the Netherlands)
• General Dutch Fascist League
• Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP, 1879–1980; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
• Arab European League (AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP)
• Workers Party of the Netherlands (APN)
• Farmers' Party (BP)
• League of Christian Socialists (BCS)
• League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists (BNML; merged into the Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist))
• League of Free Liberals (merged into Liberal State Party)
• Brabant Party (active in North Brabant)
• Centre Democrats (CD; split from the Centre Party)
• Centre Party (CP; later Centre Party '86)
• Centre Party '86 (CP'86)
• Christian Democratic Party (CDP)
• Christian Democratic Union (CDU; merged into Labour Party)
• Christian Historical Union (CHU) (merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
• Christian Social Party (CSP)
• Christian Historical Voters' League (CHK) (merged into the Christian Historical Party)
• Christian Historical Party (CHP) (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
• Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons
• Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into GroenLinks, some members formed the New Communist Party of the Netherlands)
• Democratic Party (DP)
• Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70)
• Economic League (EB)
• Entrepreneurs Party (OP)
• Europe Transparent (ET)
• Evangelical People's Party (EVP; merged into GroenLinks)
• Fatherland League
• Free and Social Netherlands
• Frisian League (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
• Reformed Political League (GPV; merged into Christian Union)
• Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (dissolved in 1946)
• Independent Socialist Party (OSP)
• Islam Democrats (ID)
• Catholic National Party (KNP; merged into the Catholic People's Party)
• Catholic People's Party (KVP; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
• Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) (KAO(ml); dissolved around 1980)
• Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) (KEN(ml); dissolved in mid-1980s)
• Independent Citizens' Party (OBP)
• Livable Netherlands (LN)
• Liberal State Party (LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into Freedom Party (PvdV))
• Liberal Party (merged into the Fatherland League)
• Liberal Union (merged into Liberal State Party)
• Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) (disbanded in 2007)
• Ratelband List
• Marxist–Leninist Party of the Netherlands (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the CIA, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China)
• Middle Party for City and Country (MPSL)
• Middle Class Party (MP)
• National Socialist Dutch Workers Party (NSNAP) (1931–1941)
• National Alliance (NA)
• Dutch Block (NB)
• New Middle Party (NMP)
• Neutral Party
• New National Party (NNP)
• New Right (NR)
• NIDA
• Nieuwe Wegen (NiWe, New Ways)
• Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP; merged into GroenLinks)
• Party New Limburg (PNL; has been active in Limburg
• Party of the Future (PvdT)
• Freedom Party (PvdV) (succeeded by the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy)
• Party for Justice, Action and Progress (PRDV)
• Peasants' League
• Political Party of Radicals (PPR; merged into GroenLinks)
• Progressive Integration Party
• Radical League (RB; merged into Free-thinking Democratic League)
• Reformatory Political Federation (RPF; merged into Christian Union)
• Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands (RKPN)
• Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP; succeeded by the Catholic People's Party)
• Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP; merged into Labour Party)
• Social Democratic League (merged into the Social Democratic Workers' Party)
• Socialist Party (Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current Socialist Party)
• Union 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+)
• Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army
• League of Communists in the Netherlands (VCN; split from the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN))
• Alliance for National Reconstruction
• VoorNederland (VNL)
• Free-minded Party
• Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB; merged into Labour Party)
• Free Anti Revolutionary Party (merged into Christian Historical Party)

See also

• Politics of the Netherlands
• List of political parties by country
• Liberalism in the Netherlands
• Socialism in the Netherlands
• Christian democracy in the Netherlands
• Republicanism in the Netherlands

References

External links

• Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP) at University of Groningen