The Planctus (de obitu) Karoli ("Lament [on the Death] of Charlemagne"), also known by its incipit A solis ortu (usque ad occidua) ("From the rising of the sun [to the setting]"), is an anonymous medieval Latin planctus eulogising Charlemagne, written in accented verse by a monk of Bobbio shortly after his subject's death in 814.[1] It is generally considered the earliest surviving planctus, though its melody is written in tenth-century neumes, one of the earliest surviving examples of this sort of musical notation.[2] The poem has been translated into English by Peter Godman.[3]

The authorship of the Planctus has been a matter of some dispute. Its author has been identified with Columbanus of Saint Trond, who, it is claimed, also wrote the Ad Fidolium, a set of quantitative adonics.[4] The Planctus appeared in a seventeenth-century manuscript compilation of the poems of Hrabanus Maurus under the subscription "Hymnus Columbani ad Andream episcopum de obitu Caroli", which inspired L. A. Muratori to make the identification, but this late ascription to a Columbanus is probably deduced from the poem's own seventeenth stanza. As argued by Heinz Löwe, that stanza in fact makes it very difficult to argue that the poet, who consistently uses the first person, was the Columbanus he refers to.[5]

The poem is composed of twenty three-line romance strophes each with a distich of two dodecasyllables and the parenthetical heptasyllabic refrain Heu mihi misero!, which does not mark a division in thought but is inserted regularly in an otherwise continuous syntax.[6] Each dodecasyllable ends in a proparoxytone (mot métrique). The existence of quilisma in the musical notation indicates the influence of plainchant.[7]

The first line (A solis ortu...) is drawn from a fifth-century hymn of Caelius Sedulius.[8] As the Sedulian hymn was sung at Christmastime, the sorrowful Planctus presents a contrast with the joy typically associated with its opening. The poet expands upon his personal grief at the death of his emperor—and benefactor of Bobbio—by asking all the regions of Earth to mourn with him, and using the tears of Saint Columbanus, founder of Bobbio, as a symbol of the monastery's grief. The rhythm of the verse, presence of musical notation, and orientation towards contemporary events suggest popular recitation or performance. The poem, though associated with the Carolingian Renaissance in Latin letters, is not a commentary on the "disintegration" (or décomposition) of the Carolingian Empire after the death of Charlemagne.[9]

Select stanzas

The following text is taken from Peter Godman (1985), Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), 206–211.

The latest critical and only textual and musical edition can be found in Corpus Rhythmorum Musicum (saec. IV–IX), I, "Songs in non-liturgical sources [Canti di tradizione non liturgica]", 1 "Lyrics [Canzoni]" (Florence: SISMEL, 2007), edited by Francesco Stella (text) and Sam Barrett (music), with reproduction of the manuscript sources and recording of the audio executions of the modern musical transcriptions, now partially consultable here.

References

  1. ↑ For the standard Latin edition of the poem see Ernst Dümmler, ed. (1881), Poetae latini aevi Caroli, MGH, I (Berlin), 434–436.
  2. ↑ Rosamond McKitterick (2008), Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-88672-4), 225 n54. Its music, at least that of the first two strophes, can be found in manuscript BnF lat. 1154, folio 132r.
  3. ↑ Peter Godman (1985), Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press), 206–211.
  4. ↑ The identification of the Columbanus of Saint Trond with the Columbanus who composed the adonic verse is supported by Johannes Smit (1971), Studies on the Language and Style of Columba the Younger (Columbanus) (Amsterdam); Michael Lapidge (1977), "The Authorship of the Adonic Verse 'Ad Fidolium' Attributed to Columbanus," Studi Medievali, series 3, 18:2, 249–314; Peter Jacobsen (1982), "Carmina Columbani," Die Iren und Europa im führen Mittelalter, Heinz Löwe, ed. (Stuttgart), 434–467; and Rosamond McKitterick (1989), The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31565-4), 229–230.
  5. ↑ Löwe and his objection are sustained by Michael Herren (2000), "Some Quantitative Poems Attributed to Columbanus of Bobbio," Poetry and Philosophy in the Middle Ages: A Festschrift for Peter Dronke, John Marenbon, ed. (BRILL, ISBN 90-04-11964-7), 101.
  6. ↑ Godman, 207.
  7. ↑ Giulio Cattin, F. Alberto Gallo, trans. (1984), Music of the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28489-9), 128.
  8. ↑ Godman, 32, who stresses that the poem is not a mixture of "popular dirge with ... rhetorical devices" (phrase of F. J. E. Raby), but, like the contemporary Versus de Verona and De Pippini regis Victoria Avarica, a purposed hybrid of learned and vulgar Latin. Godman also notes that the planctus is not a hymn, though it has hymn-like characteristics.
  9. ↑ The idea of the décomposition of the Carolingian Empire with the death of Charlemagne comes from F.-L. Ganshof, cf. Godman, 32. Note that Sam Barrett (1997), "Music and Writing: On the Compilation of Paris Bibliotheque Nationale lat. 1154," Early Music History, 16, 62, classifies the Planctus among that manuscript's political works.
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