Peripatopsidae
Euperipatoides kanangrensis in Australia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Onychophora
Family: Peripatopsidae
Bouvier, 1905[1]
Genera

See text

Global range of Onychophora
  Peripatopsidae
  extant Peripatidae
  fossils

Peripatopsidae is one of the two living velvet worm families.[2][3]

Description

The Peripatopsidae exhibit relatively many characteristics that are perceived as original or "primitive" with respect to the Peripatidae. The species in this family have relatively few legs, ranging from 13 pairs (in Ooperipatellus nanus[4]) to a maximum of 29 pairs (in Paraperipatus papuensis[5][6]).[7][8] Behind or between the last leg pair is the genital opening (gonopore).[7] This family includes both oviparous genera (e.g., Ooperipatellus and Ooperipatus) and viviparous genera, which adopt various modes of supplying nourishment to their embryos, ranging from lecithotrophic ovoviviparity (with yolky eggs retained in their uteri, e.g., Peripatoides) to matrotrophic viviparity (with little or no yolk in the eggs retained in their uteri and nourishment supplied by the mother instead, e.g., Metaperipatus, Opisthopatus, Paraperipatus, Paropisthopatus, and Peripatopsis).[9] The Peripatopsidae lack a placenta, however, which has been found in velvet worms only in the neotropical Peripatidae.[9][10][11]

Most genera in this family have only 15 pairs of legs; one genus has 15 or fewer (Regimitra, with 14 or 15 in the only species), and another genus includes only species with fewer than 15 (Ooperipatellus, with 13 or 14, depending on the species).[12] Two genera are characterized by 16 pairs of legs (Occiperipatoides[13] and Paropisthopatus[12]), another genus has 16 or fewer (Peripatoides),[14] and only four genera include velvet worms with more than 16: Opisthopatus (with 16 to 18),[15] Peripatopsis (with 16 to 25), Metaperipatus (with 19 to 22), and Paraperipatus (with 21 to 29).[5][12] Although leg number is fixed within most peripatopsid species,[16] the four genera that feature more than 16 leg pairs exhibit some variation in leg number within species as well as among species.[12][17] Peripatopsid species with more legs also feature greater intraspecific variation in leg number.[5]

Distribution

The distribution of the Peripatopsidae (also known as southern velvet worms[18]) is circumaustral; in particular, they inhabit Australasia, South Africa and Chile.[1] Most genera in this family are found in Australia, one genus (Peripatoides) is found in New Zealand, and another (Ooperipatellus) is found in both; two genera (Opisthopatus and Peripatopsis) are found in South Africa, two others (Metaperipatus and Paropisthopatus) are found in Chile, and one other (Paraperipatus) is found in Indonesia and New Guinea.[1]

Genera

The family contains the following genera:[19]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Oliveira, I. S.; Read, V. M. S. J. & Mayer, G. (2012). "A world checklist of Onychophora (velvet worms), with notes on nomenclature and status of names". ZooKeys (211): 1–70. doi:10.3897/zookeys.211.3463. PMC 3426840. PMID 22930648.
  2. ↑ Oliveira, I.; Hering, L. & Mayer, G. "Updated Onychophora checklist". Onychophora Website. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  3. ↑ "Peripatopsidae (Bouvier, 1907)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  4. ↑ Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Gerber, Sylvain; Butterfield, Nicholas J.; Hou, Jin-bo; Lan, Tian; Zhang, Xi-guang (2015-07-14). "A superarmored lobopodian from the Cambrian of China and early disparity in the evolution of Onychophora". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (28): 8678–8683. doi:10.1073/pnas.1505596112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4507230. PMID 26124122 – via ResearchGate.
  5. 1 2 3 Monge-Nájera, Julián (1994). "Reproductive trends, habitat type and body characteristcs in velvet worms (Onychophora)". Revista de Biología Tropical: 611–622. ISSN 2215-2075.
  6. ↑ Sedgwick, A. (1910). "Peripatus papuensis". Nature. 83 (2117): 369–370. doi:10.1038/083369b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 45711430.
  7. 1 2 Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03). 30. Onychophora. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9780691197067-032. ISBN 978-0-691-19706-7. S2CID 240645062.
  8. ↑ Mayer, Georg (2007-04-05). "Metaperipatus inae sp. nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Chile with a novel ovarian type and dermal insemination". Zootaxa. 1440 (1): 21–37. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1440.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334 – via ResearchGate.
  9. 1 2 Mayer, Georg; Franke, Franziska Anni; Treffkorn, Sandra; Gross, Vladimir; de Sena Oliveira, Ivo (2015), Wanninger, Andreas (ed.), "Onychophora", Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 3: Ecdysozoa I: Non-Tetraconata, Vienna: Springer, pp. 53–98, doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1865-8_4, ISBN 978-3-7091-1865-8, retrieved 2023-02-15
  10. ↑ Marotta, R.; Ruhberg, H. (2004). "Sperm ultrastructure of an oviparous and an ovoviviparous onychophoran species(Peripatopsidae) with some phylogenetic considerations". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 42 (4): 265–355. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2004.00278.x – via Wiley Online Library.
  11. ↑ Baker, Caitlin M; Buckman-Young, Rebecca S; Costa, Cristiano S; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021-12-09). Xia, Xuhua (ed.). "Phylogenomic Analysis of Velvet Worms (Onychophora) Uncovers an Evolutionary Radiation in the Neotropics". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (12): 5391–5404. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab251. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 8662635. PMID 34427671.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Reid, A. L. (1996). "Review of the Peripatopsidae (Onychophora) in Australia, with comments on peripatopsid relationships". Invertebrate Systematics. 10 (4): 663–936. doi:10.1071/it9960663. ISSN 1447-2600.
  13. ↑ Reid, AL. (2002). "Western Australian Onychophora (Peripatopsidae): a new genus, Kumbadjena, for a southern species-complex". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 21 (2): 129–155. doi:10.18195/issn.0312-3162.21(2).2002.129-155.
  14. ↑ Tait, N.N.; Briscoe, D.A. (1995-05-01). "Genetic differentiation within New Zealand Onychophora and their relationships to the Australian fauna". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 114 (1): 103–113. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00115.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  15. ↑ Daniels, Savel R.; Dambire, Charlene; Klaus, Sebastian; Sharma, Prashant P. (2016). "Unmasking alpha diversity, cladogenesis and biogeographical patterning in an ancient panarthropod lineage (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Opisthopatus cinctipes ) with the description of five novel species". Cladistics. 32 (5): 506–537. doi:10.1111/cla.12154. PMID 34727674. S2CID 49525550.
  16. ↑ Lande, Virginia M. (1991). "Native and introduced Onychophora in Singapore". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 102 (2): 101–114. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00284.x.
  17. ↑ Barnes, Aaron; Daniels, Savel R. (2022). "Refining species boundaries among velvet worms (Onychophora, Peripatopsidae), with the description of two new species of Opisthopatus from South Africa". Invertebrate Biology. 141 (2). doi:10.1111/ivb.12368. ISSN 1077-8306. S2CID 248171576.
  18. ↑ "Southern Velvet Worms (Family Peripatopsidae)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
  19. ↑ "Australian Faunal Directory". Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
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