Examples of European biometric passports

Passports in Europe are issued by each state individually, e.g. the Netherlands or United Kingdom. In general, passports issued in Europe either grant the holder the right of freedom of movement within the European Economic Area (EU and EFTA passports), to those that don't (EU candidate countries and other non-EU European states). The majority of European states are members of the European Union, and therefore issue EU passports.

All passports issued in Europe are B7 size and (ISO/IEC 7810 ID-3, 88 mm × 125 mm). The overwhelming majority of European passports are biometric (). These include all EU, EFTA, British, and EU candidate passports.

There are also several passports issued by partially-recognised and disputed states, such as Northern Cyprus and Kosovo.

Passports of the European Union

European Union Bulgarian: Европейски съюз Croatian: Europska unija Czech: Evropská unie Danish: Den Europæiske Union Dutch: Europese Unie Estonian: Euroopa Liit Finnish: Euroopan unioni French: Union européenne German: Europäische Union Greek: Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση Hungarian: Európai Unió Irish: An tAontas Eorpach Italian: Unione europea Latvian: Eiropas Savienība Lithuanian: Europos Sąjunga Maltese: Unjoni Ewropea Polish: Unia Europejska Portuguese: União Europeia Romanian: Uniunea Europeană Slovak: Európska únia Slovene: Evropska unija Spanish: Unión Europea Swedish: Europeiska unionen
Flag
Motto: "In Varietate Concordia" (Latin) "United in Diversity"
Capital	Brussels (de facto)[1]
Largest city	Paris (metropolitan area) Berlin (city proper)
Official languages	24 languages[note 1] Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish
Official scripts[3]	Latin Greek Cyrillic
Demonym(s)	European
Type	Supranational union
Member states	27 states  Austria  Belgium  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Malta  Netherlands  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden
Government	Intergovernmental and supranational
Formation[4]
• Treaty of Rome	1 January 1958
• Single European Act	1 July 1987
• Treaty of Maastricht	1 November 1993
• Treaty of Lisbon	1 December 2009
• Last polity admitted	1 July 2013 (Croatia)
• Last polity withdrawn	31 January 2020 (UK)
Area
• Total	4,233,262 km2 (1,634,472 sq mi) (7th)
• Water (%)	3.08
Population
• 2020 estimate	447,206,135[5]
• Density	106/km2 (274.5/sq mi)
Currency	Euro (EUR; €; in eurozone) and 10 others Lev (BGN; Bulgaria) Koruna (CZK; Czech Republic) Krone (DKK; Denmark) Kuna (HRK; Croatia) Forint (HUF; Hungary) Złoty (PLN; Poland) Leu (RON; Romania) Krona (SEK; Sweden) US dollar (USD; Caribbean Netherlands) Swiss franc (CHF; Campione d'Italia, Italy)
Website europa.eu

The EU itself does not issue ordinary passports, but ordinary passports issued by the 27 member states follow a common format.^[6] This includes a burgundy cover (not compulsory: Croatia is the only exception) emblazoned with the title "European Union", followed by the member state's name in their official language(s) (occasionally translation into English and French), their coat of arms, the word "PASSPORT", together with the biometric passport symbol ().^[7] Holders of EU passports are citizens of the European Union and entitled to exercise the rights of that citizenship, e.g. freedom of movement.

Some EU member states also issue non-EU passports to certain people who have a nationality which is not supplemented by European Union citizenship (e.g., Danish nationals residing in the Faroe Islands).

In addition, the European Commission issues European Union Laissez-Passers to the members and certain civil servants of its institutions.^[8]

Overview of EU passports

Member state	Passport cover	Biodata page	Validity	Issuing authority	Latest version
Austria		Link to image	10 years (aged 12 or over) 5 years (aged 2–11) 2 years (aged 0–2)	Municipal registration offices If abroad, Austrian embassies and consulates	5 September 2014[9]
Belgium		Link to image	7 years (majors aged 18 or over) 5 years (minors aged under 18)	Communes (in Belgium) Belgian embassies and consulates (abroad)	1 May 2014[10]
Bulgaria		Link to image	5 years	Ministry of Interior Affairs	29 March 2010
Croatia		Link to image	10 years (adults aged 21 or over) 5 years (adults aged under 21)	Ministry of the Interior Affairs of the Republic of Croatia	3 August 2015
Cyprus		Link to image	10 years (adults) 5 years (minors)[11]	Civil Registry and Migration Department, Ministry of the Interior; Embassies and High Commissions of the Republic of Cyprus	13 December 2010
Czech Republic		Link to image	10 years (adults aged 15 or over) 5 years (children under 15)	any of the 205 town halls with augmented authority abroad: consulates of the Czech Republic (except honorary consulates)	1 September 2006
Denmark		Link to image	10 years (adults) 5 years (children under 18)	Kommune (Municipality)	1 January 2012
Estonia		Link to image	10 years (ages 15 and up) 5 years (children under 15)	Police and Border Guard Board (PPA)	1 January 2021
Finland		Link to image	5 years	Police of Finland	1 January 2017
Finland Åland Islands[12]		Link to image	5 years	Police of Åland[13]	1 January 2017
France		Link to image	10 years (adults) 5 years (children under 18)	Préfecture offices (but forms can be addressed to any city hall) French consulates (abroad)	12 April 2006
Germany		Link to image	10 years (aged 24 or over) 6 years (applicants under 24 or second passport)	Municipal registration offices If abroad, German embassies and consulates, including some honorary consulates	1 March 2017
Greece		Link to image	5 years (applicants aged 15 or over) 2 years (children under 15)	National Passport Centre ("Διεύθυνση Διαβατηρίων/Αρχηγείο Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας")	28 August 2006
Hungary		Link to image	5 years 10 years	Registration Office (Nyilvántartó Hivatal)	1 March 2012
Ireland		Link to image	10 years (adults) 5 years (children)	Consular and Passport Division of the Department of Foreign Affairs	3 October 2013
Italy		Link to image	10 years (adults) 5 years (minors aged 3–18) 3 years (children aged 0–3)[14]	Minister of Foreign Affairs through Local quaestor of the state police (in Italy) Consulates and embassies (abroad)[15]	20 May 2010
Latvia		Link to image	10 years (adults aged 20 or over) 5 years (applicants aged 5–19) 2 years (children under 5)	Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (PMLP)	29 January 2015[16]
Lithuania		Link to image	10 years (adults aged 16 or over) 5 years (children aged 5–15) 2 years (children under 5)		27 January 2011
Luxembourg		Link to image	5 years (applicants aged 4 or over) 2 years (applicants under 4)	Bureau des passeports	16 February 2015[10]
Malta	Link to image	Link to image	10 years (applicants aged 16 and over) 5 years (applicants aged 10 to 15) 2 years (applicants under 4)	Passport & Civil Registration Directorate	29 September 2008
Netherlands		Link to image	10 years (applicants aged 18 and over)[17] 5 years (applicants aged under 18)	Gemeente (Municipality) Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Abroad)	23 December 2017
Poland		Link to image	10 years (applicants aged 13 and over) 5 years (applicants aged under 13) 1 year (temporary passport)	Governor of a province (voivodeship) Consul	5 November 2018
Portugal		Link to image	5 years (applicants aged 5 or over) 2 years (children under 5)		10 July 2017
Romania		Link to image	10 years (applicants aged 18 or over) 5 years (applicants aged 12–18) 3 years (applicants under 12) 1-year (temporary passport)	Ministry of Internal Affairs (General Directorate for Passports)	12 January 2019
Slovakia		Link to image	10 years (adults aged 16 or over) 5 years (children aged 5–15) 2 years (children under 5)	Ministry of Interior	26 November 2014
Slovenia		Link to image		Ministry of the Interior	12 December 2016
Spain	Link to image	Link to image	10 years (applicants over 30) 5 years (applicants between 5 and 30) 2 years (applicants under 5)	National Police Corps of Spain	2 January 2015
Sweden		Link to image	5 years	Swedish Police Authority (in Sweden) Swedish embassies and consulates (abroad)	1 January 2022

Passports of European Union candidate countries

European Union candidate states
EU candidate states shown in cyan
Demonym(s)	Albanian Bosnian, Herzegovinian Georgian Moldovan Montenegrin Macedonian Serbian Turkish Turk Ukrainian
Candidate states	Albania  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Georgia  Moldova  Montenegro  North Macedonia  Serbia  Turkey  Ukraine
Area
• Total	1,687,411 km2 (651,513 sq mi)

Since the establishment of the European Economic Community, previous enlargements have seen the founding Inner Six states of 1958^[4] grow to the EU's current 27 member-states. Currently, there are nine recognised candidates for future membership of the EU: Turkey (applied in 1987), North Macedonia (applied in 2004), Montenegro (applied in 2008), Albania (applied in 2009), Serbia (applied in 2009), Bosnia and Herzegovina (applied in 2016), Ukraine (applied in 2022), Moldova (applied in 2022) and Georgia (applied in 2022). All except Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Georgia have started accession negotiations.^[18]

Unlike EU and EFTA passports, nationals carrying passports of EU candidate countries do not have free movement rights and are required to possess appropriate visas.

Overview of passports issued by EU candidate countries

Candidate state	Passport cover	Biodata page	Validity	Issuing authority	Latest version
Albania		Link to image	5 or 10 years	Ministry of the Interior	2015
Bosnia and Herzegovina		Link to image			1 October 2014
Georgia		Link to image		26 February 2010
Moldova		Link to image	10 years (aged 16 or older)[19] 7 years (aged at least 7 and under 16) 4 years (under the age of 7 years)	Agency of public services [20] or Moldovan foreign representations abroad	5 April 2023
Montenegro		Link to image	10 years	Ministry of the Interior[21]	2008
North Macedonia		Link to image	5 or 10 years (aged 27 and older)	Ministry of the Interior[22]	2019
Serbia		Link to image	10 years(adults) 5 years(minors)	Ministry of the Interior[23]	7 July 2008
Turkey		Link to image	6 months 1–10 years	Ministry of the Interior[24]	25 August 2022
Ukraine		Link to image	10 years: adults 4 years: children	State Migration Service (part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs)[25]	1 January 2015

Passports of EFTA member-states

European Free Trade Association
Logo
Location of the EFTA {{{1}}}  (green) in Europe (green & dark grey)
Secretariat	Geneva
Largest city	Oslo
Official working language	English
Official languages of member states	7 languages French German Icelandic Italian Norwegian Romansh Sami
Type	Regional organization, Free-trade area
Member states	Iceland  Liechtenstein  Norway   Switzerland
Area
• Total	529,600 km2 (204,500 sq mi)
Currency	Króna (ISK) Krone (NOK) Franc (CHF)
Website efta.int

Like the EU, EFTA itself does not issue ordinary passports. It also does not issue any guidelines for a common passport design and format. The EFTA member states participate in the European Single Market and are part of the Schengen Area.^[26] EFTA member-states include Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein.

In accordance with the EFTA convention, nationals of EFTA member-states enjoy freedom of movement in each other's territory.^[27] EFTA nationals also enjoy freedom of movement with the EU. EFTA nationals and EU citizens and are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. The right of freedom of movement is defined by the Citizens’ Rights Directive, which defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA),^[28][29] which includes the three EFTA members Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein and EU member-states. Switzerland, which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on free movement with the EU.^[30]

Member state	Passport cover	Biodata page	Validity	Issuing authority	Latest version
Iceland		Link to image	10 years (adults)	Registers Iceland (Þjóðskrá Íslands)	23 May 2006[31](biometric) June 2013[32](current version)
Liechtenstein		Link to image	10 years adults and children over 12 5 years minors under 12	Ausländer- und Passamt	26 October 2006[33]
Norway		Link to image	2 years (aged 0–4) 3 years (aged 5–9) 5 years (aged 10–15) 10 years (aged 16 and older)	Norwegian Police Service	19 October 2020[34]
Switzerland		Link to image	10 years (aged 18 or over) 5 years (aged 0–17)	Canton passport office (Federal Office of Police)	31 October 2022

British Passports

The UK, Crown Dependencies, and British Overseas Territories
Flag of the United Kingdom
The UK (centre) and Crown Dependencies - Isle of Man (top left), Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey (middle right), and British Overseas Territory - Gibraltar (bottom left)
Largest city	London
Official language and national language	English
Recognised Regional Languages	Scots Ulster Scots Welsh Cornish Jèrriais Guernésiais Sercquiais Auregnais[note 2] Scottish Gaelic Irish
Type	Sovereign state, dependencies, and overseas territories
Sovereign state, Crown Dependencies, and British Overseas Territory	The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Bailiwick of Guernsey Bailiwick of Jersey The Isle of Man Gibraltar
Currency	Pound sterling[note 3] (GBP)

Following the end of the UK's EU withdrawal transition period on 31 December 2020, British passports no longer grant holders the right to free movement within the EEA. British passports are issued to all types of British nationals. These include British Nationals (Overseas), British Overseas Territories Citizens (BOTCs), and British citizens resident in the Crown Dependencies.

The UK also participates in the Five Nations Passport Group, along with Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the US.

In Europe, British passports are issued to British citizens, BOTCs in Gibraltar, and British citizens resident in the Crown Dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man).

Overview of British passports

Country	Passport cover	Biodata page	Validity	Issuing authority	Latest version
United Kingdom		Link to image	10 years (aged 16 or over) 5 years (under 16)	HM Passport Office	March 2020
Isle of Man
Jersey					June 2020
Guernsey
Gibraltar				Gibraltar Civil Status and Registration Office	October 2015

Other European passports

Overview of other European passports

Member state	Passport cover	Biodata page	Validity	Latest version
Armenia		Link to image	10 years (adults)	16 July 2012
Azerbaijan		Link to image	1 year: children under age of 1 3 years: children under age of 3 5 years: children under age of 18 10 years: Adults	1 September 2013
Belarus		Link to image	10 years	15 May 2006
Faroe Islands		Link to image	10 years: adults 5 years: children	1 January 2012
Kazakhstan		Link to image	10 years	1 January 2009
Kosovo	Link to image	Link to image	10 years: Adult 5 years: Child	1 January 2013
Sovereign Military Order of Malta	Link to image	Link to image
Monaco		Link to image	5 years	26 October 200
Northern Cyprus			5 years
Russia		Link to image	10 years	1 March 2010
San Marino	Link to image	Link to image	10 years: over 14 5 years: aged 3–14 3 years: under 3	12 October 2006

See also

• Visa requirements for European Union citizens
• Citizenship of the European Union
• National identity cards in the European Economic Area
• Passports of the EFTA member states
• Passports of European Union candidate states
• Five Nations Passport Group
• Visa policy in the European Union
• Schengen Area
• European Union laissez-passer
• British Passport

Notes

References