Paranoid anxiety is a term used in object relations theory, particularity in discussions about the Paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions. The term was frequently used by Melanie Klein,[1][2] especially to refer to a pre-depressive and persecutory sense of anxiety characterised by the psychological splitting of objects.[3]

Further developments

Donald Meltzer saw paranoid anxiety as linked not only to a loss of trust in the goodness of objects, but also to a confusion between feeling and thought.[4]

For the extreme forms of such anxiety, he coined the term 'terror', to convey something of the qualitatively different intensity of their nature.[5]

External sources

Freud considered that there was generally a small kernel of truth hidden in the exaggerated anxiety of the paranoid[6] - what Hanns Sachs described as an amoeba about to become monster.[7]

The anti-psychiatrist David Cooper argued indeed that "The therapist in working with people might far more often have to confirm the reality of paranoid fears than in any sense disconfirm or attempt to modify them",[8] but most family therapists would probably agree that this is an extreme and one-sided position.[9]

Defensive functions

Idealisation (as in the transference) can be used as a defence against deeper paranoid anxieties about the actual presence of a destructive, denigrating object.[10]

Conversely, paranoid fears, especially when systematised, may themselves serve as a defence against a deeper, chaotic disintegration of the personality.[11]

Persecutory anxiety state (panic attack) and persecutory delusion

Paranoid anxiety may reach the level of a persecutory anxiety state[12] (a form of panic attack), including various levels of persecutory delusions (the preferred term to paranoid delusions).

Heavy drinking is said to sometimes precipitate acute paranoid panic[13] – the protagonist's unconscious hostile impulses being projected onto all those around.[14]

Literary examples

Hamm in Endgame by Samuel Beckett has been singled out as a character driven by paranoid anxiety.[15]

Noboru in The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea by Yukio Mishima is shown to have persecutory anxiety

See also

References

  1. ↑ Klein, Mélanie (1946). "Notes on some schizoid mechanisms". Envy and gratitude and other works 1946-1963. Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis (published 1975). ISBN 978-0-02-918440-0.
  2. ↑ Klein, Melanie (1946). "Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms". International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 27 (Pt 3–4): 98–110. PMID 20261821.
  3. ↑ Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (1993) p. xv
  4. ↑ Donald Meltzer, The Kleinian Development (2008) p. 180
  5. ↑ D. Meltzer et al, Exploring the Work of Donald Meltzer (2011) p. 120
  6. ↑ S. Freud, On Psychopathology (PFL 10) p. 200-1
  7. ↑ O. Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 428
  8. ↑ D. Cooper, The Death of the Family (1974) p. 11
  9. ↑ R. Skinner/J. Cleese, Families and how to survive them (1994) p. 106
  10. ↑ J. Segal, Melanie Klein (2001) p. 26
  11. ↑ R. Anderson ed., Clinical Lectures on Klein and Bion (1992) p. 49
  12. ↑ Waska, Robert (2010). Treating Severe Depressive and Persecutory Anxiety States: To Transform the Unbearable. Karnac Books. ISBN 978-1855757202.
  13. ↑ E. Berne, A Layman's Guide to Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis (1976) p. 239
  14. ↑ R. Gregory ed, The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 577
  15. ↑ Meltzer et al, p. 176-7
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