Panstrongylus geniculatus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Family: Reduviidae
Genus: Panstrongylus
Species:
P. geniculatus
Binomial name
Panstrongylus geniculatus
(Latreille, 1811)

Panstrogylus geniculatus is a blood-sucking sylvatic insect noted as a putative vector of minor importance in the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to humans; this is a parasite, which causes Chagas disease. The insect is described as sylvatic; subsisting primarily in humid forests, and is also known to inhabit vertebrate nesting places such as those of the armadillo (dasypus novemcinctus or dasypus),[1] and is also involved in enzootic transmission of T. cruzi to those species. It has wide distribution throughout 16 Latin American countries.[2]

There have been few scientific studies of this particular species because of the low number of collected specimens and difficulties in rearing and maintaining populations in the laboratory. However, currently P. geniculatus is receiving attention as a potential vector of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) due to reports of this species invading the domestic and peridomestic habitats over a vast area: Venezuela,[3] Colombia,[4] Brazil,[5] Peru, Ecuador, and Argentina.

P. geniculatus is apparently in the process of domiciliation, using the same strategies as highly domesticated species like Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus. This is also the case for other sylvatic triatomine species (Triatominae) that are experiencing similar ecological pressures originating from human disruption of the natural habitat.

Prevalence in Venezuela

Panstrongylus geniculatus
A. Numbers of triatomine specimens obtained, B Rates of natural T. cruzi infection in triatomine specimens an C potential bloodmeal Triatomines from each MDC parish for the collection period 2007–2019

A 2005 study conducted by the Universidad Central de Venezuela, used Panstrongylus specimens collected from Caracas City and the neighboring areas of Miranda and Vargas States. Through the use of a dot-ELISA test and other techniques to determine the presence of trypanosome cruzi, it was found through the examination of feces that 67 of the 88 (76.1%) specimens collected were carrying the parasite and that 53 (60.2%) of those reacted positively to human antiserum.[6] A  2014 publication of Citizen science-based domiciliary triatomine collection carried out between 2007 and 2013 in the MDC has advanced understanding of urban T. cruzi prevalence, this piblicaction show the Geographical distribution of triatomine bugs in Caracas, Natural infection of triatomine bugs with T. cruzi, The presence of blood in the stomachs of the triatomine bugs and a Study of the nymphal stages of P. geniculatus in Caracas, showing A total of 3551 triatomines were captured from 31 of the 32 parishes surveyed. The vast majority of these were identified as P. geniculatus (98.96%), followed by Triatoma nigromaculata (0.59%), Triatoma maculata (0.39%) and Rhodnius prolixus (0.06%).[7] for  2023 a recent Publication  demonstrate risk of urban Chagas disease transmission in Caracas, Venezuela by Vector mapping and bloodmeal metabarcoding.[8]

References

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  1. ↑ Miles MA, de Souza AA, Póvoa M (1981). "Chagas' disease in the Amazon basin III. Ecotopes of ten triatomine bug species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from the vicinity of Belém, Pará State, Brazil". J Med Entomol. 18 (4): 266–78. doi:10.1093/jmedent/18.4.266. PMID 6790704.
  2. ↑ Dujardin J.P.; Schofield C.J.; Panzera F. (2002). "Los vectores de la Enfermedad de Chagas". Interciencia. 8 (6): 348–95.
  3. ↑ Feliciangeli MD, Carrasco H, Patterson JS, Suarez B, Martinez C, Medina M (October 2004). "Mixed domestic infestation by Rhodnius prolixus Stal, 1859 and Panstrongylus geniculatus Latreille, 1811, vector incrimination, and seroprevalence for Trypanosoma cruzi among inhabitants in El Guamito, Lara State, Venezuela" (PDF). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 71 (4): 501–5. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.501. PMID 15516649. S2CID 32263692.
  4. ↑ Wolff M, Castillo D (2000). "Evidencias de domesticación y aspectos biológicos de Panstrogylus geniculatus (Latreille, 1811) (Hemiptera: Rediviidae)". Acta Entomol Chil. 24: 77–83.
  5. ↑ Valente VC, Valente SA, Noireau F, Carrasco HJ, Miles MA (1998). "Chagas disease in the Amazon Basin: association of Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with domestic pigs" (PDF). J Med Entomol. 35 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1093/jmedent/35.2.99. PMID 9538568.
  6. ↑ Hernan J. Carrascoa; Annhymariet Torrellas; Carlos Garcıa; Maikell Segovia; M.Dora Feliciangeli (November 2005). "Risk of Trypanosoma cruzi I (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) transmission by Panstrongylus geniculatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Caracas (Metropolitan District) and neighboring States, Venezuela". International Journal for Parasitology. 35 (13): 1379–1384. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.05.003. PMID 16019006.
  7. ↑ Carrasco, Hernán J.; Segovia, Maikell; Londoño, Juan C.; Ortegoza, Jaire; Rodríguez, Marlenes; Martínez, Clara E. (2014-12-23). "Panstrongylus geniculatus and four other species of triatomine bug involved in the Trypanosoma cruzi enzootic cycle: high risk factors for Chagas' disease transmission in the Metropolitan District of Caracas, Venezuela". Parasites & Vectors. 7 (1): 602. doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0602-7. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 4307744. PMID 25532708.
  8. ↑ Segovia, Maikell; Schwabl, Philipp; Sueto, Salem; Nakad, Candy Cherine; Londoño, Juan Carlos; Rodriguez, Marlenes; Paiva, Manuel; Llewellyn, Martin Stephen; Carrasco, Hernán José (2023-03-17). "Vector mapping and bloodmeal metabarcoding demonstrate risk of urban Chagas disease transmission in Caracas, Venezuela". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 17 (3): e0010613. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010613. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 10057784. PMID 36930686.
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