The equestrian statue of Owain Glyndŵr in Corwen, Denbighshire, the focal point of the town's Owain Glyndŵr Day celebrations

Owain Glyndŵr Day is held annually on 16 September in Wales, as a celebration of Owain Glyndŵr, the last native Prince of Wales and founder of the first Welsh parliament.

On 16 September every year, thousands in Wales celebrate the life and legacy of the "rebel" Prince of Wales.

Owain ap Gruffydd (c. 1359 – c. 1415), commonly known as Owain Glyndŵr was a Welsh leader who led a long-running war of independence to end English rule in Wales during the Late Middle Ages. He formed the first Welsh Parliament (Senedd Cymru), and he was the last native-born Welshman to hold the title Prince of Wales.[1]

Owain Glyndŵr

Banner of Owain Glyndŵr
The Glyndwr Banner in use during Owain Glyndwr day celebrations in Corwen, 2017.

Owain Glyndŵr was a descendant of the Princes of Powys through his father Gruffudd Fychan II. Through his mother, Elen ferch Tomas ap Llywelyn, he was a descendant of the Princes of Deheubarth, also a descendant of Llywelyn the Great of the House of Aberffraw.[2]

On 16 September 1400, Owain Glyndŵr proclaimed himself Prince of Wales.[3] He instigated a 15-year Welsh Revolt against the rule of King Henry IV of England.[4] His troops inflicted a series of defeats on the English forces and captured key castles across Wales, rapidly gaining control of most of the country. Glyndŵr received naval support from Scotland and Brittany and also received the support of King Charles VI of France.[5] In 1403 a Welsh army including a French contingent, commanded by Owain Glyndŵr, his senior general Rhys Gethin and Cadwgan, Lord of Glyn Rhondda, defeated a large English invasion force reputedly led by King Henry IV himself at the Battle of Stalling Down in Glamorgan.[6]

By 1404 four English military expeditions had been repelled and Owain solidified his control of Wales. He was officially crowned Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru) and held a parliament at Machynlleth where he outlined his national programme for an independent Wales, which included plans such as building two national universities, re-introducing the traditional Welsh laws of Hywel Dda, and establishing an independent Welsh church. There were envoys from other countries including from France, Scotland and the Kingdom of León (in Spain).[7]

Despite the initial success of the revolt, in 1407 the superior English resources and wealth began to turn the tide; by 1409 the English forces had reconquered most of Wales. Glyndŵr was cornered and besieged at Harlech Castle, but he managed to escape by disguising himself as an elderly man, slipping past the enemy at night. He retreated to the wilderness with a band of loyal supporters, continuing the war with guerrilla tactics throughout Wales and the English borderlands. The last documented sighting of him was in 1412 when he ambushed the King's men in Brecon, capturing a leading supporter of King Henry's. Owain twice ignored offers of a pardon from the new king Henry V of England. Despite the large rewards offered for his capture, Glyndŵr was never betrayed. His death was recorded by a former follower in the year 1415, at the age of approximately 56.[8]

With his death, Owain acquired a mythical status along with Cadwaladr, Cynan and Arthur as a folk hero awaiting the call to return and liberate his people, Y Mab Darogan (The Foretold Son).[8]

Glyndŵr is often referred to as "the last Prince of Wales".[9]

Celebration

Owain Glyndwr Day celebrations, Corwen 2017.

600th anniversary of the Glyndŵr Rising

On the 600th anniversary of Glyndŵr's Welsh Revolt in 2000, celebrations took place across Wales including Ruthin, where the uprising against the English had begun in 1400. The Welsh Tourist Board also encouraged flying of the Welsh flag from homes on the day. The publisher Y Lolfa printed a commemorative stamp as a protest against the Royal Mail's decision not to produce a stamp for the occasion. Cadw also opened Sycharth, Owain Glyndŵr's home in Glyndyfrdwy, to the public for the weekend.[10]

Recent celebration

Many schools and organisations commemorate the day, and street parades such as Gŵyl y Fflam (Festival of the flame) are held to celebrate it.[11][12][13]

For around 20 years, residents of the town of Corwen in Denbighshire have been celebrating its link to Owain Glyndŵr. Townspeople annually gather at the equestrian statue of Glyndŵr in Corwen town square on the date of his proclamation in 1400. The day's event includes a procession and wreath-laying ceremony and later a service held at the local church.[14]

The day is also celebrated in Harlech, where an annual procession tales place.[15]

Celebration also takes place in Machynlleth, the town where Glyndŵr held a national parliament of Wales before being crowned Prince of Wales and going into battle against the English to maintain Welsh independence.[16] Children from Betws Gwerfil Goch and Gwyddelwern schools also make presentations, before the Cambrian Band marches onwards to the statue of Glyndŵr. A walking tour starts at Owain Glyndŵr's Parliament House. Caffi Alys in the town also hosts a night of music.[17]

Councils

Powys county council building fly the Welsh flag in celebration on Owain Glyndwr day (as well as St David's Day).[18]

Calls for a national bank holiday

In 1999, Wales Heritage started a campaign for the day to be designated a national and public holiday.[19]

In 2000, the campaign group Embassy called for the day to be made a national day in Wales for its 600th anniversary in 2001.[10]

In 2012, A company in Newcastle Emlyn gave its workers the option of either taking the day off on Owain Glyndwr day or on a jubilee day of the British monarch, "In order to be inclusive, therefore, we have decided to give staff a choice of when they would like to take this extra holiday."[20]

In 2021, Welsh politician, Dafydd Wigley called for an Owain Glyndŵr, saying, "any new national holiday should include 16 September as Owain Glyndŵr Day".[21][22]

In 2021, Nia Jones of the Corwen Owain Glyndŵr Day Celebration Festival Committee said that "...certainly Owain Glyndŵr, it should be bank holiday day so that everyone can celebrate".[22]

2022 controversies

The King's car leaving Cardiff Castle, during his visit on Glyndŵr Day 2022.

The death of Queen Elizabeth II took place eight days before Glyndŵr Day 2022. As a consequence, organisers announced the cancellation of multiple events.[23] Most notably, the parade and wreath-laying ceremony at Corwen was cancelled, although organisers decided to continue with the church service, lecture and community meal as planned.[24][25] Cadw also announced that while its events at Machynlleth would go ahead, it would cancel events at Harlech Castle which caused a reaction by some on social media.[26]

In the days following the Queen's death, the palace announced King Charles III would make post-accession visits to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, announcing that the visit to Wales would take place on Glyndŵr Day,[27] a decision that was described as insensitive by Welsh actor, Michael Sheen.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "RCAHMW: In the steps of Owain Glyndwr".
  2. ↑ "Owain Glyndwr". Historic UK.
  3. ↑ "Glyndŵr flag flies at city castle". news.bbc.co.uk. 12 September 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2005.
  4. ↑ Morgan 2009, p. 31.
  5. ↑ Morgan 2009, p. 91.
  6. ↑ Morgan 1911, pp. 418–425.
  7. ↑ Morgan 2009, p. 104.
  8. 1 2 Morgan 2009, p. 145.
  9. ↑ Evans, Matthew (12 September 2022). "Owain Glyndŵr – the legendary hero known as the 'last Prince of Wales'". North Wales Live. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  10. 1 2 "Calls for 'Glyndwr Day' on anniversary". BBC News. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  11. ↑ "Mold Schoolchildren celebrate Owain Gyndwr". Daily Post. 18 April 2013.
  12. ↑ Arron Evans (8 September 2019). "Corwen's Gwyl Y Fflam Festival to give guests unique look into Owain Glyndwr's home". Denbighshire Free Press.
  13. ↑ Adam Jones (11 September 2015). "Celebrting Owain Glyndŵr's day".
  14. ↑ "Corwen to celebrate Owain Glyndwr Day – as King Charles makes first Wales visit as monarch". The Leader. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  15. ↑ "Harlech cancels procession out of respect for the Queen". Cambrian News. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  16. ↑ "New Prince of Wales? Ancient capital prefers to celebrate Owain Glyndŵr". the Guardian. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  17. ↑ "Owain Glyndŵr Day celebrations to continue despite new King's visit". Nation.Cymru. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  18. ↑ "Powys CC buildings will fly flags to celebrate St David and Owain Glyndwr days". County Times. February 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  19. ↑ "BBC News | Wales | Call for holiday to honour Glyndwr". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  20. ↑ "Gŵyl Banc Owain Glyndŵr". Golwg360 (in Welsh). 11 May 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  21. ↑ "Glyndŵr Day is worthy of a new national holiday". The National Wales. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  22. 1 2 "Galw am Ŵyl y Banc i ddathlu Diwrnod Owain Glyndŵr". newyddion.s4c.cymru (in Welsh). Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  23. ↑ Davies, Gareth; Millimaci, Grace; White, Josh (16 September 2022). "Queen funeral latest: Queue a 'complete shambles' as thousands enter after line was 'shut'". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  24. ↑ "King to visit Wales on Owain Glyndwr Day". The Independent. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  25. ↑ Jones, Branwen (14 September 2022). "Glyndŵr Day parade cancelled after Queen's death but some will carry on". WalesOnline. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  26. ↑ "'Incredibly ironic': Cadw cancel Owain Glyndŵr Day after Queen's death". Nation.Cymru. 9 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  27. ↑ "King to visit Wales on Owain Glyndwr Day". The Independent. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  28. ↑ "Watch: Michael Sheen questions whether the title of Prince of Wales means anything to King Charles and William". Nation.Cymru. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.

Works cited

  • Davies, R R.; Morgan, Gerald (2009). Owain Glyn Dŵr: Prince of Wales. Ceredigion: Y Lolfa. ISBN 978-1-84771-127-4.
  • Morgan, Owen (1911). A history of Wales from the Earliest Period: Including Hitherto Unrecorded Antiquarian Lore. – A History of Wales at Google Books
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