An orphon is a gene located outside the main chromosomal locus, i.e., it may be dispersed to an unconnected genomic location.[1][2]

Orphons have been found in both protein-coding and non-protein-coding gene families, which suggests that most gene transcription processes do not constitute a restriction on the development of orphons. Extensive polymorphism in this feature between individuals of the same species was shown. The gene class was first discovered in yeast, sea urchins, and fruitflies,[1] and has since been reported from the genome of many other eukaryote groups including molluscs,[3] amphibians,[4] and mammals including humans.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 Childs, G.; Maxson, R.; Cohn, R. H.; Kedes, L. (1981). "Orphons: Dispersed genetic elements derived from tandem repetitive genes of eucaryotes". Cell. 23 (3): 651–663. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(81)90428-1. PMID 6784929. S2CID 44633130.
  2. ↑ Borden, P; Jaenichen, R; Zachau, H. G. (1990). "Structural features of transposed human VK genes and implications for the mechanism of their transpositions". Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (8): 2101–7. doi:10.1093/nar/18.8.2101. PMC 330689. PMID 2159639.
  3. ↑ Eirín-López, J. M.; González-Tizón, A. M.; Martinez, A.; Méndez, J. (2002). "Molecular and evolutionary analysis of mussel histone genes (Mytilus spp.): possible evidence of an" orphon origin" for H1 histone genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 55 (3): 272–283. Bibcode:2002JMolE..55..272E. doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2325-1. hdl:2183/22492. PMID 12187381. S2CID 11565940.
  4. ↑ Guimond, A.; Moss, T. (1999). "A ribosomal orphon sequence from Xenopus laevis flanked by novel low copy number repetitive elements". Biological Chemistry. 380 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1515/BC.1999.025. PMID 10195424. S2CID 30071264.
  5. ↑ Huber, C.; Thiebe, R.; Hameister, H.; Smola, H.; Lötscher, E.; Zachau, H. G. (1990). "A human immunoglobulin kappa orphon without sequence defects may be the product of a pericentric inversion". Nucleic Acids Research. 18 (12): 3475–3478. doi:10.1093/nar/18.12.3475. PMC 330999. PMID 2114012.
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