Mumeo Oku
Mumeo Oku in 1953
Mumeo Oku in 1953
Born(1895-10-24)October 24, 1895
Fukui, Japan
DiedJuly 7, 1997(1997-07-07) (aged 101)
Tokyo, Japan
OccupationPolitician
CitizenshipJapanese
SpouseEiichi Oku
ChildrenKyoichi Oku
Kii Nakamura

Mumeo Oku (奥 むめお, Oku Mumeo, October 24, 1895 – July 7, 1997) was an important Japanese feminist and politician who served three terms in Japan's Imperial Diet after having been a leader in the early modern women's suffrage movement in Japan.[1] She played an important role in various early Japanese women's rights movements, and she was a crucial part of Japan's consumer movement.[2] She was a renowned activist in the 1920s, co-founding the New Women's Association with Hiratsuka Raichō and Ichikawa Fusae, and eventually held a seat in the House of Councilors from 1947 to 1965 when she retired.[3]

Biography

Life and activism

Oku Mumeo was born the eldest daughter of a third-generation blacksmith on October 24, 1895, outside of Fukui.[4] Her father disliked being a blacksmith and urged her to continually further her education.[5] Her mother died of tuberculosis on November 3, 1910, when she was still too young to remember much of her mother.[6] She decided to further her education at the Japan Women's University in 1912.[7] Her father died in the middle of February in 1918 at the age of forty-two.[8]

In late 1919, she received a visit from Hiratsuka Raichō who asked if she would be interested in co-founding a new organization, the New Women's Association, with the intention of petitioning the 42nd Diet on reforms to Article 5 of the Police Safety Regulations and also a petition to prevent men infected with a venereal disease from marrying[9]Following the failure to revise Article 5, Ichikawa left for America, resigning her position as the head of the organization, and Raichō suddenly moved to the foot of Mt. Akagi in the Gumma Prefecture, leaving Oku as the head of the New Women's Association.[10] Finally, on March 25, 1922, Oku Mumeo and the New Women's Association would succeed in revising Article 5 in the last day of the 45th Diet.[11]

Oku Mumeo would go on to dissolve the New Women's Associate on December 8, 1922, and form the Women's League on the seventeenth of that same month.[12] With her growing fame in the women's activist circles, she was asked to move to Nakano in order to assist with the Nakano Consumer Union Movement in 1926.[13] Working in the consumer movement she found the area of activist work that would drive her, but she would go on to lead, or at the very least be associated with, various women's activist movements and organizations, such as: the Association of Households, forming the Cooperative Women's Consumer Union, opposing the dissolution of the proletarian parties, and starting women's settlements with the Women's Settlement Movement.[14]

Marriage and children

Oku Mumeo married a man named Oku Eiichi, a poet who never really had much success and was employed in the translation department of Sakai Toshihiko's Baihunsha.[15] She is survived by her son, Kyoichi Oku, and her daughter, Kii Nakamura, who, like her mother before her, served as chairman of the Housewives' Association.[2]

Death and afterward

Oku Mumeo died on July 7, 1997, living to be a hundred and one years old. Due to her numerous contributions to activism in modern Japan, Japanese women are able to run for and hold public office and her Housewives' Association was able to improve the overall quality of life in Japan.[16]

References

  1. ↑ "Mumeo Oku Japanese Politician". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  2. 1 2 Pollack, Andrew. "Mumeo Oku, Japanese Pioneer in Women's Rights, Dies at 101". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  3. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 32.
  4. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 34.
  5. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 35.
  6. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 37.
  7. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 40.
  8. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 43.
  9. ↑ Loftus 2004, pp. 49–50.
  10. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 56.
  11. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 57.
  12. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 59.
  13. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 66.
  14. ↑ Loftus 2004, pp. 67–75.
  15. ↑ Loftus 2004, p. 48.
  16. ↑ "Mumeo Oku, a rare woman in the politics of Japan, died on July 7th, aged 101". The Economist. Retrieved December 8, 2015.

Bibliography

Loftus, Ronald (2004). Telling Lives: Women's Self-Writing in Modern Japan. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824828349.

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