A six-week abortion ban, also called a "fetal heartbeat bill" by proponents, is a law in the United States which makes abortion illegal as early as six weeks gestational age (two weeks after a woman's first missed period), which is when proponents falsely claim that a "fetal heartbeat" can be detected.[1][2][3] Medical and reproductive health experts, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, say that the reference to a fetal heartbeat is medically inaccurate and intentionally misleading[4][5][6][7][8][9] because a conceptus is not called a fetus until eight weeks after fertilization, as well as that at four weeks after fertilization, the embryo has no heart, only a group of cells which will become a heart.[10][11][12][13][14] Medical professionals advise that a true fetal heartbeat cannot be detected until around 17 to 20 weeks of gestation when the chambers of the heart have become sufficiently developed.[14]

Janet Porter, an anti-abortion activist from Ohio, is considered to be the person that first authored this type of legislation.[15] Efforts to introduce her model law succeeded in passing through political branches of government in about a dozen states, but in most cases the courts struck down or blocked similar legislation. However, the Texas law and analogues subsequently adopted in other states succeeded due to a unique enforcement mechanism that makes challenging the law extremely difficult, and which was upheld by the Supreme Court. In some states, the heartbeat bills' effect (whether blocked or not) has been minimized by more stringent total abortion bans that were announced following the decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization; in other states, such as Ohio,[16] South Carolina and Tennessee, judges lifted the injunctions against the previously passed laws.

Porter's anti-abortion group argues that a heartbeat "is the universally recognized indicator of life".[17] Reproductive rights advocates, on the other hand, say that these bans are de facto complete abortion bans, since many women do not even know that they are pregnant six weeks after their last menstruation, which is four weeks post-fertilization.[1][10][18]

Background

The heartbeat bills are based on model legislation created by Faith2Action, a conservative Christian ministry from Ohio advocating for abortion restrictions. Its founder and leader, Janet Porter, said that she was frustrated by what she saw was slow progress in banning pregnancy termination around the United States.[17][15] The activist thus authored the Ohio House Bill 493 in 2011, and arranged for heart-shaped balloons and fetuses' "testimony" in the legislature, but the bill failed to get out of the Senate because the lawmakers feared the bill was unconstitutional.[15] Her efforts were not considered mainstream at the time, and the Ohio Right to Life, an anti-abortion group which previously employed Porter, opposed such legislation.[19] While that proposal failed, a flurry of copycat legislation was proposed in several other states, which has not abated since then.[15]

In 2013, North Dakota became the first state to pass legislation banning abortions after six weeks. In 2015, the law was ruled unconstitutional under the precedent set by the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade (1973). Eleven states have proposed bills for six-week abortion bans since 2018; since 2019, such bills have passed including bills in Ohio, Georgia, Louisiana, Missouri, Alabama, Kentucky, South Carolina, and Texas, most of which lie either partly or entirely in the Bible Belt. Utah and Arkansas voted to limit the procedure to the middle of the second trimester. As of June 2021,[20] except for the Texas bill, none of the laws were in effect due to court intervention.[21][22] The Guttmacher Institute writes that "state policymakers are testing the limits of what the new U.S. Supreme Court majority might allow and laying the groundwork for a day when federal constitutional protections for abortion are weakened or eliminated entirely."[20] Texas has taken a novel approach in their wording of the legislation; rather than have the government enforce the law, private citizens are to be allowed to sue the provider or anyone that helps the woman to get an abortion. The Texas Tribune writes that "supporters of the bill hope this novel provision will trip up legal challenges to the legislation, as without state officials enforcing the ban, there will be nobody for pro-women's rights groups to sue."[23]

Timing

Because the start of pregnancy is measured from the date of a woman's last menstruation (generally about two weeks before conception), six weeks into a pregnancy equals four weeks of embryonic development, and only two weeks after a woman's first missed period, when many women are unaware that they are pregnant.[11][24][25] Most women who have an abortion do so after six weeks' gestation.[26] Reproductive rights advocates contend that because of these and other reasons, the "fetal heartbeat" bills are de facto bans on abortion.[27][18]

Terminology

While some of these laws ban abortions after six weeks of pregnancy and are called "fetal heartbeat" laws by their proponents who claim that a fetal heartbeat can be detected at six weeks, doctors have said that the term "fetal heartbeat" at that stage is false and intentionally misleading.[10][11][12][13][14] A conceptus is not called a fetus until after ten weeks of pregnancy.[10][11][12][13][14] Additionally, since at six weeks the embryo has no heart – only a group of cells which will become a heart – calling it a heartbeat is also misleading.[10][11][12][13][14] The heart will only have formed enough to be able to hear a real fetal heartbeat by 17–20 weeks of gestation.[10][11][12][13][14]

Jennifer Keats, an OB-GYN at University of California, San Francisco, stated that the embryo's cardiovascular system at six weeks is "very immature". Keats described the cardiac activity as "a group of cells with electrical activity. That's what the heartbeat is at that stage of gestation... We are in no way talking about any kind of cardiovascular system."[10]

Ted Anderson, formerly president of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), said that "ACOG does not use the term 'heartbeat' to describe these legislative bans on abortion because it is misleading language, out of step with the anatomical and clinical realities of that stage of pregnancy." and "Pregnancy and fetal development are a continuum; What's interpreted as a heartbeat in these bills is actually electrically induced flickering of a portion of fetal tissue that will become the heart as the embryo develops."[12][1]

"The flickering that we're seeing on the ultrasound that early in the development of the pregnancy is actually electrical activity, and the sound that you 'hear' is actually manufactured by the ultrasound machine." - Nisha Verma, an OB-GYN who specializes in abortion care[13]

Controversy exists surrounding six-week abortion bans in part because there is debate on the point at which an embryo heartbeat can be detected. In 2013, when the Wyoming House of Representatives considered a "heartbeat bill", Norine Kasperik said that "she heard different answers [as] to when a heartbeat is detectable", and in her view "there seemed to be variation by medical equipment used". Mary Throne asked: "Is this abortion illegal at 22 days with a highly invasive ultrasound or is it illegal at 9 weeks when we hear a heartbeat with a stethoscope?"[28] Other critics of the bills have claimed that they ignore that not all embryos' heartbeats become detectable at the same time, even when measured using the same methods.[29]

The Center for Reproductive Rights has stated that there is some inconsistency with regard to these laws; specifically, the Arkansas law requires providers to use an abdominal ultrasound to attempt to detect a fetal heartbeat, while the North Dakota law allows the use of any available technology, including a transvaginal probe, which makes it possible to detect a fetal heartbeat earlier than an abdominal ultrasound can.[30] With specific regard to the North Dakota law, detecting an embryo's heartbeat at six weeks into a pregnancy requires the use of a transvaginal ultrasound, which some members of the abortion-rights movement say is unnecessarily invasive.[31]

Controversy

Protest against the Heartbeat bill in Columbus, Ohio on December 4, 2018

Pregnancy from rape

In the United States, it is estimated that there are 25–32 thousand pregnancies from rape per year in adult women, although the number may be considerably higher, since many women do not report rape. Many victims receive little to no aftercare, and most experience various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A third of these pregnancies are not discovered until the second trimester. Any delay in detection reduces women's options, especially outside major urban centers. However, this is complicated by the fact that, when they are called on to decide whether to have an abortion, many women are still physically and mentally recovering from being raped (and will continue to for an extended period of time).[32]

Most women do not report sexual assault, and often it is hard to bring an assault case to trial. Teenage girls are especially unlikely to report assault, even though 74% of women who had intercourse before age 14 and 60% of those who had sex before age 15 report having had a forced sexual experience. One study conducted in the 1970s that looked at California data found that "on average, only 413 men were arrested annually for statutory rape in California, even though 50,000 pregnancies occurred among underage women in 1976 alone".[33]

Alabama's "heartbeat bill", passed in 2019, makes abortions illegal even in cases of rape and incest. Furthermore, it requires that judges terminate the parental rights of a man convicted of first-degree rape or certain other sex crimes, leaving a loophole that allows rapists to seek custody of a child conceived as the result of their assault. However, because the law requires a conviction, activists say that since most sexual assaults are never reported, much less produce a finding of guilt in court, many victims are left vulnerable. Activists fear that a victim could find herself in a situation where she would be forced to bear a child of rape and then be forced to co-parent the child with her rapist.[34] Responding to criticism of the Texas "heartbeat bill", which also does not exempt from its provisions women and girls who have been raped, Governor Greg Abbott asserts that the Act will not force a woman who has been raped to carry a pregnancy to term because the state will "work tirelessly to make sure that we eliminate all rapists from the streets of Texas by aggressively going out and arresting them and prosecuting them and getting them off the streets."[35]

Constitutionality

Critics of six-week abortion bans say that, since Roe v. Wade established that states must allow abortion until the point of viability (between 24 and 28 weeks into the pregnancy), such bills "blatantly contradict" Supreme Court precedent. The 2013 North Dakota law banning abortions after six weeks was ruled in District Court to be "clearly invalid and unconstitutional based on the United States Supreme Court precedent in Roe v. Wade."[36]

Proponents of six-week abortion bans contend that the constitutional precedent of Roe v. Wade should be re-examined in light of advancements in law and science. Ohio governor Mike DeWine argued that the main purposes of the bills are to "protect the most vulnerable among us, those who don't have a voice" and that the "government's role should be to protect life from the beginning to the end."[37]

"Informed consent" laws

A related though distinct type of law is that introduced at the state level in all 50 states in the US in October 2011, which would require any woman seeking an abortion to see and hear their conceptus's heartbeat. Supporters included the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Americans United for Life, and the Susan B. Anthony List.[38] Another such bill was introduced in Texas. A similar type of legislation, the Heartbeat Informed Consent Act, was introduced at the national level around the same time by Michele Bachmann; however, it died in committee.[39] Another law of this variety, introduced by Sharon Weston Broome, was passed by legislators in Louisiana in 2012, as an amendment to a 2010 bill requiring women seeking an abortion to receive an ultrasound of their conceptus.[40] Similar laws have been passed in states such as Georgia in 2005;[41] and a law that mandated both an ultrasound of the "unborn child" and listening to its heartbeat before an abortion could be procured was laid on the table in 2012 in Pennsylvania.[42] This last bill became controversial when Tom Corbett, Pennsylvania's governor, stated that "You just have to close your eyes" and dismissed accusations that the bill would be unnecessarily obtrusive.[43] Furthermore, while the anti-abortion movement claims that bills mandating a woman listen to her conceptus' heartbeat would increase the likelihood of them changing their mind, the abortion-rights community, with the support of the Pennsylvania Medical Society, opposes "informed-consent" bills because they threaten to, if passed, "significantly jeopardize the open dialogue within the physician-patient relationship."[44]

"Informed consent" laws requiring women seeking abortions to have the physician play a recording of her conceptus' heartbeat have met with challenges in court, notably in Texas, when the CRR filed a lawsuit against it, leading to a court case entitled Texas Medical Providers Performing Abortion Services v. Lakey. Prior to Sam Sparks condemning the law in January 2012, however, a federal district court had ruled that the law violated the First Amendment in August 2011. This decision was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, led by Edith Jones. Another similar law was challenged in North Carolina in Stuart v. Huff, in which a federal district court ruled that the law was in violation of the First Amendment. This case, unlike the one in Texas, has not yet been appealed.[45] This has led to some debate among different anti-abortion groups regarding strategy; specifically, while some of these groups, like the Kansas Coalition for Life, have supported the passing of this legislation, others, like Kansans for Life, are concerned that "enacting a fetal heartbeat ban would prompt a court ruling undoing some limits on abortion and providers."[46] Paul Linton, former general counselor for AUL, has argued that fetal heartbeat laws "have no chance in the courts." He, like most mainstream anti-abortion advocates (including James Bopp), prefers instead a legislative strategy that chips away at Roe v. Wade.[30]

Arkansas lawsuit

On May 27, 2015, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court ruling and permanently blocked the law from being enforced.[47] In January 2016, The U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit's ruling in place.[48]

Iowa lawsuit

On May 15, 2018, eleven days after Iowa Governor, Kim Reynolds, signed SF 359 into law, Planned Parenthood of the Heartland, Inc., Jill Meadows, and Emma Goldman Clinic (petitioners) filed a lawsuit seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in state court arguing the fetal heartbeat law violated the Iowa State Constitution.[49][50][51] On June 1, 2018, Polk County District Court Judge Michael Huppert entered a preliminary injunction which temporarily blocked the law from going into effect.[52] On January 22, 2019, the county district judge declared the law to be in violation of the Iowa Constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement.[53] In holding the law unconstitutional the judge cited the Iowa Supreme Court's 2018 ruling in a challenge to a different abortion-restriction in which the state's court of last resort held that "a woman's right to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy is a fundamental right under the Iowa Constitution."[54] Anti-abortion proponents have said they hope this litigation creates a pathway for Roe v. Wade to be reexamined by the U.S. Supreme Court, but University of Iowa law professor Paul Gowder and other legal experts have said that it is almost impossible that it could end up in front of the U.S. Supreme Court, as the U.S. Supreme Court does not review Supreme Court decisions concerning state constitutional questions.[55]

In response to Judge Michael Huppert's ruling that Iowa's heartbeat abortion ban violates the state Constitution, anti-abortion legislators have filed legislation to amend the state constitution to state "that the Constitution of the State of Iowa does not secure or protect a right to or require the funding of abortion."[56] The resolutions proposing to amend Iowa's constitution are SJR 9 and HJR 5 which were filed on January 24, 2019, and February 6, 2019, respectively.[57][58]

Kentucky lawsuit

Kentucky already has three lawsuits over abortion restrictions.[59]

North Dakota lawsuit

In July 2015, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a lower court decision blocking HB 1456 from going into effect.[60] The U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case and the law remains permanently blocked.[61]

South Carolina lawsuit

In August 2022, the South Carolina Supreme Court temporarily granted an injunction suspending the law until it could make a ruling on the constitutionality of the law.[62] In January 2023, the court overturned the law in a 3–2 split decision, ruling that the 2022 six-week abortion ban violates a woman's right to privacy which is granted by the state constitution.[63]

Texas lawsuits

There have been multiple lawsuits challenging enforcement of the 2021 Texas Heartbeat Act. Several of these are still pending or active.

State laws

Summary table

State Session Bill Lower house Upper house Executive Status
 Alabama[lower-alpha 1] 2014 HB 490 Passed 73–29 Died in committee
—
 Failed
2019 HB 314 Passed 74–3 Passed 25–7 Signed Effective June 24, 2022[64]
 Alaska 2019–20 HB 302 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
 Arizona 2022 HB 2483 Passed 31–28 Died in committee
—
 Failed
 Arkansas[lower-alpha 1] 2013 SB 134 Passed 68–20 Passed 26–8 Vetoed Effective[65]
Overrode 56–33 Overrode 20–14 Overridden
2021 HB 1012 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed
2022 HB 1118 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed
 Florida 2019 HB 235 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed
SB 792
—
 Died in committee
—
 Failed
2022 HB 167 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed
 Georgia 2019–20 HB 481 Passed 92–78 Passed 34–18 Signed Effective as July 20, 2022[66]
 Idaho 2021 HB 366 Passed 53–16 Passed 25–7 Signed Effective, de facto overridden by SB 1309
2022 SB 1309 Passed 51–14 Passed 28–6 Signed Effective[67]
 Iowa 2018 SF 359 Passed 51–46 Passed 29–17 Signed Temporarily blocked by state court[68]
 Kentucky[lower-alpha 1] 2019 SB 9 Passed 71–19 Passed 31–6 Signed Effective[69]
 Louisiana[lower-alpha 1] 2019 SB 184 Passed 79–23 Passed 31–5 Signed Effective[70]
 Maryland 2019 HB 933 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
HB 978 Withdrawn
—
—
 Failed
 Michigan 2019–20 HB 4664 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
2021–22 HB 5445 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
 Minnesota 2019 HF 271 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
SF 869
—
 Did not pass
—
 Failed
 Mississippi 2019 SB 2116 Passed 78–37 Passed 34–14 Signed Effective[71]
 Missouri[lower-alpha 1] 2019 HB 126 Passed 117–39 Passed 24–10 Signed Effective[72]
 Nebraska 2022 LB 781
N/A (unicameral legislature)
 Indefinitely postponed
—
 Failed
 North Carolina 2021–22 H 31 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed
 North Dakota 2013 HB 1456 Passed 63–28 Passed 26–17 Signed Temporarily blocked by state court[73]
 Ohio 2016 HB 493 Passed 56–39 Passed 21–10 Vetoed Failed
2018 HB 258 Passed 58–35 Passed 18–13 Vetoed Failed
Overrode 61–28 Failed to override
2019 SB 23 Passed 56–40 Passed 19–13 Signed Effective 24 June 2022[16]
2023 November 2023 Ohio Issue 1 Ballot initiative, passed 56-44[74]
 Oklahoma 2021 HB 2441 Passed 80–19 Passed 37–10 Signed Temporarily blocked by state court[75]
2022 SB 1503 Passed 68–12 Passed 33–11 Signed Effective as of May 3, 2022[76] de facto overridden by a statute criminalizing abortion at all stages of pregnancy (with some exceptions), signed on May 26[77]
 Pennsylvania 2017–18 HB 2315 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed
2021–22 HB 904 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
SB 378
—
 Died in committee
—
 Failed
 South Carolina 2019–20 H 3020 Passed 64–22 Did not pass
—
 Failed
2021–22 S 1 Passed 74–39 Passed 30–13 Signed Struck down by state court[63]
2023–24 S 474 Passed 82–32 Passed 27–19 Signed Temporarily blocked by state court[78]
 Tennessee 2019 HB 77 Passed 65–21 Indefinitely postponed
—
 Failed
2020 HB 2263 Passed 70–20 Passed 23–5 Signed Effective June 28, 2022[79]
 Texas[lower-alpha 1] 2013 HB 59 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
2019 HB 1500 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
2021 SB 8 Passed 83–64 Passed 18–12 Signed Effective as of October 8, 2021[80][81]
 West Virginia[lower-alpha 1] 2019 HB 2903 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
HB 2915 Did not pass
—
—
 Failed
 Wisconsin[lower-alpha 1] 2022 SB 923
—
 Did not pass
—
 Failed
 Wyoming[lower-alpha 1] 2013 HB 97 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed
2021 HB 0134 Died in committee
—
—
 Failed

Alabama

House Bill 490 prohibiting abortions after a heartbeat can be detected was passed by a vote of 73–29 in the Alabama House on March 4, 2014. In doing so they became the first state to pass such a bill.[82] The bill later died in committee.[83]

In 2019, Alabama passed an abortion law that is more far-reaching than a heartbeat law.[84] On April 2, 2019, House Bill 314 banning abortions at every stage of pregnancy and criminalizing the procedure for doctors (except in the case of medical emergency or lethal fetal anomaly), was introduced into the House. The bill passed the House on April 30 (74–3),[85] passed the Senate on May 14,[86] and was signed into law by Governor Kay Ivey on May 16.[87]

Arkansas

A fetal heartbeat bill, banning abortion after twelve weeks, was passed on January 31, 2013, by the Arkansas Senate,[88] vetoed in Arkansas by Governor Mike Beebe, but, on March 6, 2013, his veto was overridden by the Arkansas House of Representatives.[89] A federal judge issued a temporary injunction against the Arkansas law in May 2013,[90] and in March 2014, it was struck down by federal judge Susan Webber Wright, who described the law as unconstitutional.[91]

Florida

Two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the Florida Legislature in 2019.[92] Rep. Mike Hill filed a fetal heartbeat bill (HB 235) on January 10, 2019, in the Florida House of Representatives.[93] A companion bill (SB 792), was filed in the Florida Senate on February 6, 2019, by Sen. Dennis Baxley.[94] The bills, which are identical,[95] would have made it a third-degree felony for a doctor to perform an abortion on a woman after a fetal heartbeat is detected,[96] unless the "woman has been diagnosed with a condition that would create a serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function if the woman delayed terminating her pregnancy."[97] Both bills died in committee.[93][98]

Florida Governor Ron DeSantis has pledged to sign legislation that would ban abortions after a fetal heartbeat was detected.[99][100]

Georgia

Two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the Georgia General Assembly in 2015.

Rep. Ed Setzler introduced HB 481 in the Georgia House of Representatives on February 25, 2019.[101] A similar bill is expected to be filed in the Georgia State Senate by Sen. Bruce Thompson soon.[102][103] During his campaign for Governor, Brian Kemp, now the Governor of Georgia, "vow[ed] to sign the toughest abortion laws in the country" and when asked about litigation said, "bring it! I'll fight for life at the Capitol and in the courtroom."[104] After being passed in the House on March 7, 2019, HB 481 was passed out of a Senate committee on March 18, 2019.[105][106] It was subsequently passed by the entire state Senate, after which it was narrowly passed by the House 92–78.[107] The bill was signed by Governor Kemp on May 7, 2019, bringing into effect one of the strictest abortion laws in the country at the time.[108]

The bill would prohibit abortions after a heartbeat can be detected in a conceptus, which is usually when a woman is six weeks pregnant.[24] Democratic opponent of the Georgia bill, former governal candidate Stacey Abrams, called the bill a "forced pregnancy bill."[109]

Idaho

Rep. Gregory Chaney introduced HB 366 on April 13, 2021, that would ban abortions after a fetal heartbeat is detected. The bill passed the house by a vote of 53–16 on April 16, 2021, and the senate on April 21, 2021, by a vote of 25–7 and was later signed into law by Governor Brad Little on April 29, 2021.[110] The law included exceptions for cases of rape, incest, and when the mother's life is in danger.[111] The law goes into effect if another similar ban is upheld by appellate court.[112]

Iowa

On May 4, 2018, governor Kim Reynolds signed into law a bill that would ban abortion in Iowa after a fetal heartbeat is detected, starting July 1, 2018.[113] On January 22, 2019, a county district judge declared the law to be in violation of Iowa's State Constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement.[53] See the Iowa Lawsuit section of this article under the Legal challenges heading for more details related to the litigation over Iowa's fetal heartbeat bill.

Kansas

The bill was introduced and referred to committee in February 2013. The bill was presented to the Kansas house in March 2013.[114] The bill was known as House Bill 2324, "An act prohibiting an abortion of an unborn human individual with a detectable fetal heartbeat."[115] One outspoken advocate of such bills is Mark Gietzen, who has tried to gather as many signatures as possible in order to get Sam Brownback to convene a special session of Congress in order to consider the bill.[116] Gietzen also advocated for a fetal heartbeat law to be passed during a special session of the Kansas legislature, to be held on September 3, 2013.[117] HB 2324 died in committee in May 2014.[114]

Kentucky

Two bills which seek to prohibit abortions after a fetal heartbeat is detected have been filed in the Kentucky General Assembly in 2019.[118] Sen. Matt Castlen introduced SB 9 in the Kentucky Senate on January 8, 2019.[119] On February 14, 2019, SB 9 passed out of the Kentucky Senate by a 31–6 vote.[120] The bill was received in the House on February 15, 2019.[121] Damon Thayer, the Senate Republican floor leader said SB 9 "absolutely" was a priority for the chamber and said he would be delighted if it became law and ended up before the U.S. Supreme Court as a means to overturn to Roe v. Wade "It would be the pinnacle of my career," he said.[122] On March 14, 2019, the Kentucky House passed SB 9 by a vote of 71–19.[123] As of April 2019, the ACLU filed suit to challenge it and a federal judge blocked enforcement until the final ruling in district court.

A similar bill by Rep. Robert Goforth was introduced in the Kentucky House of Representatives. The bill, HB 100, which was prefiled on December 13, 2018, was referred to the Health and Family Services Committee on January 10, 2019.[124] When asked about the heartbeat bill, Rep. Goforth, who announced his candidacy for Governor of Kentucky on January 8, 2019, the same day the bill was introduced, said he would be pleased if Kentucky or one of the other states considering similar measures enacted such a law and, in the event of court challenge, took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court in an effort to overturn Roe v. Wade.[122]

Previous fetal heartbeat bills filed in Kentucky have failed to pass. A fetal heartbeat bill, HB 132, was introduced on January 7, 2014, by Joseph Fischer. The bill was referred to the House Health and Welfare Committee on March 19, 2014, where the bill died.[125][126] In 2013, Rep. Fischer introduced the same bill with the same bill number (Hb 132) on January 11, 2013. The bill was referred to the House Health and Welfare Committee on February 20, 2013, where the bill died.[127][128]

Maryland

Two fetal heartbeat bills have been filed in the Maryland House of Delegates in 2019. On February 8, 2019, Ric Metzgar filed HB 933.[129] On February 8, 2019, Robin L. Grammer, Jr. filed HB 978, a bill entitled "Keep Our Hearts Beating Act."[130]

Minnesota

On January 22, 2019, Tim Miller filed HF 271 in the Minnesota House of Representatives.[131]

Mississippi

In 2018, three heartbeat bills were filed in Mississippi; all of which died in committee.[132][133][134] In 2017, three heartbeat bills were filed in Mississippi; all of which died in committee.[135][136][137] In 2014, Sen. Joey Fillingane, filed a heartbeat bill in the Mississippi State Senate.[138] The bill died in committee.[139] In 2013, HB 6, was introduced in January and died in committee on February 5, 2013.[140]

Another fetal heartbeat bill filed in 2019, HB 529 by Robert Foster died the House Judiciary A Committee on February 5, 2019.[141]

Three fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the Mississippi Legislature in January 2019.[142] SB 2116, by Sen. Angela Burks Hill was referred to the Public Health and Welfare Committee on January 11, 2019.[143] HB 732, by Rep. Chris Brown was referred to the Public Health and Human Services Committee on January 17, 2019.[144] After passing out of their respective committees on February 5, 2019,[142] both SB 2116 and HB 732, were passed out of the Mississippi Senate and Mississippi House on February 13, 2019.[145] On March 19, 2019, the Senate concurred in the House amendments to SB 2116,[146] and on March 22, 2019, the fetal heartbeat bill was signed into law by Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant.[147]

Missouri

Two fetal heartbeat bills have been filed in Missouri on January 9, 2019.[148] SB 139 was filed in the Missouri Senate by Sen. Andrew Koenig; the bill is pending in the Health and Pensions Committee.[149] HB 126 was filed in the Missouri House of Representatives by Rep. Nick Schroer.[150] On January 30, 2019, HB 126 was referred to the Children and Families Committee, and on February 12, 2019, a public hearing on the bill was completed.[151] On February 21, 2018, HB 126 was voted out of committee to the full House with the recommendation that it "do pass."[152][153] On February 27, 2019, HB 126 was passed out of the Missouri House and was sent to the state Senate.[154] Missouri's House Speaker Elijah Haahr has said he supports the "heartbeat bill" calling it a top priority for the 2019 session.[155][156] When asked if he would sign a fetal heartbeat bill, Governor Mike Parson said, "I've been pro-life my entire career, and I support that all the time."[157]

The bill was signed on May 24, 2019, with an effective date of August 28, 2019. The bill bans abortions after 8 weeks, with no exceptions for rape or incest.[158]

North Dakota

North Dakota HB 1456 was signed into law in March 2013[159] by Jack Dalrymple, who stated that it was "a legitimate attempt by a state legislature to discover the boundaries of Roe v. Wade." A federal district court found that it clearly violated the constitutional protections afforded in Roe v. Wade and it was quickly blocked.[160] In July of that year, a lawsuit had been filed with regard to the law by the Center for Reproductive Rights (CRR), on behalf of the only abortion clinic in North Dakota, Red River Women's Clinic. In July 2015, the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals blocked the bill.[161] The case was appealed to the Supreme Court, but the court denied a writ of certiorari in January 2016 and let stand the decision of the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals.[162]

Ohio

In Ohio, a fetal heartbeat bill, HB 125, was co-authored by Janet Porter,[163] was introduced in the state legislature in October 2011.[164] The bill was shelved by the Republican majority Senate to avoid controversy.[165] This bill was notably supported by Jack Willke.[38] The original Bill was authored by Janet Porter of Faith2Action; former Governor John Kasich vetoed it twice prior to its passing.[166]

A related law was signed in Ohio in 2013 (HB 248)[167] by John Kasich, which mandates, among other things, that doctors who do not test for a fetal heartbeat must be subject to criminal penalties; specifically, "The doctor's failure to do so would be a first-degree misdemeanor, carrying up to six months in jail, for the first violation and a fourth-degree felony, carrying up to 18 months in jail, for subsequent violations."[168] A further fetal heartbeat bill, based on Porter's original,[163] was introduced on August 14, 2013, by Lynn Wachtmann and others.[169]

On March 25, 2015, another heartbeat bill (House Bill 69) passed the Ohio House of Representatives.[170] The Guardian reported that "The bill is unlikely to go any further, facing stiff opposition in the senate as well as from John Kasich, the Republican governor of Ohio."[171]

On December 6, 2016, the Ohio Senate added a heartbeat ban provision to an unrelated bill, House Bill 493, previously passed by the Ohio House of Representatives. The bill was returned to the House and passed by the House the same day.[172][173] The bill as passed would make abortion after the detection of a fetal heartbeat a fifth-degree felony except in cases where a physician judges the abortion necessary "to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman."[174] On December 13, 2016, Kasich vetoed the bill,[175][176][177][178] on the basis that it was unconstitutional and would almost certainly be struck down if challenged in court.[179] The Ohio House of Representatives considered whether to override Kasich's veto, which would require a three-fifths vote in both the House and the Senate.[180] However, the House leadership opted not to call lawmakers back to Columbus before the end of the year, ensuring Kasich's veto would stand.[181]

The bill passed the Ohio Senate with a vote of 21 yeas, out of 33 seats in the senate; it received 10 nays:

House Bill 493 – Final vote in the Senate[182]
Party Votes for Votes against Abstained/Absent
Republican (23) –
Democratic (10) –
Total (33) 21 10 2

In the House of Representatives, the bill passed the Ohio House with a vote of 56 yeas, out of 99 seats in the house; it received 39 nays:

House Bill 493 – Final vote in the House of Representatives[182]
Party Votes for Votes against Abstained/Absent
Republican (65)
Democratic (34)
Total (99) 56 39 4

Two fetal heartbeat bills were introduced in the Ohio General Assembly in 2019, marking the 133rd Session of the Ohio General Assembly as the fifth time such legislation has been proposed in the state.[183] On February 11, 2019, Christina Hagan and Ron Hood filed HB 68,[184] which was introduced in the Ohio House of Representatives on February 12, 2019.[185] On February 12, 2019, Kristina Roegner filed SB 23 in the Ohio Senate;[186] the bill was referred to the Health, Human Services and Medicaid Committee on February 13, 2019.[187] On February 21, 2019, the President of the Ohio Senate, Larry Obhof pledged to pass SB 23 out of the upper chamber stating, "We are going to pass that bill by the middle of March. I have no doubt at all."[188] On March 13, 2019, SB 23 was passed out of the Ohio Senate by a vote of 19 to 13.[189] The next month, the Ohio House amended the bill, and passed it, 56–40; the changes were ratified in the Senate, 18–13.[190] The bill was signed into law by Governor Mike DeWine on April 11, 2019.[191][192][193] On July 3, 2019, a federal judge blocked the implementation of the bill temporarily, just days before the law was to take effect.[194]

Oklahoma

A fetal heartbeat bill (SB 1274) was signed into law by then-Oklahoma governor Mary Fallin in April 2012 that requires an abortion provider to offer a woman the opportunity to hear the conceptus's heartbeat before ending the pregnancy, and applies when the conceptus is at least eight weeks old. The bill took effect in November 2012.[195]

Pennsylvania

A fetal heartbeat bill (HB 2315) was introduced in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on May 2, 2018, primarily sponsored by Rep Rick Saccone.[196] The bill was referred to the Judiciary Committee where it died.[197]

South Carolina

State Representative John McCravy prefiled HB 3020 in the South Carolina House of Representatives in December 2018.[198] The bill, which is entitled "Fetal Heartbeat Protection from Abortion Act", was introduced on January 8, 2018, and referred to the House Judiciary Committee.[199] Previous attempts to pass fetal heartbeat bills in the South Carolina General Assembly had failed. The State Senate voted 30–13 on January 27, 2021, to pass the new ban. The law had exceptions for cases of rape, incest, and when the life of the mother is at risk.[200] The state's Republican-controlled House had passed similar legislation in previous years.[201] McMaster signed the bill into law on February 18, 2021,[202] but it was blocked by U.S. District Court Judge Mary Geiger Lewis a mere day later following a lawsuit by Planned Parenthood and Greenville Women's Clinic.[200] In January 2023, the law was permanently overturned by the state supreme court.[63]

Tennessee

Two fetal heartbeat bills were filed in the Tennessee General Assembly in 2019. On January 23, 2019, by Rep. James "Micah" Van Huss filed HB 77 in the Tennessee House of Representatives.[203] On February 7, 2019, Sen. Mark Pody filed SB 1236 in the Tennessee Senate.[204] On February 20, 2019, HB 77 was passed out of a Public Health subcommittee and sent to the full committee.[205] On February 26, 2019, the House Public Health Committee voted 15–4 to send HB 77 to the House floor for a full vote.[206][207] On February 7, 2019, HB 77 was passed out of the Tennessee House by a vote of 66–21.[208]

Texas

A fetal heartbeat bill was previously introduced in Texas by Phil King on July 18, 2013, in the wake of Rick Perry signing Texas Senate Bill 5 into law.[209] The bill was not passed.[210][211] The bill (HB 1500) is joint authored by Representatives Phil King, Dan Flynn, Tan Parker, and Rick Miller.[212] As of February 26, 2019, HB 1500 had 57 sponsors or cosponsors of the 150 members of the Texas House of Representatives.[213] Former State Senator Wendy Davis said HB 1500 is "the most dangerous I've ever seen."[214]

On March 11, 2021, state senator Bryan Hughes of Mineola, Texas, introduced a fetal heartbeat bill entitled the Texas Heartbeat Bill (SB8) into the Texas Senate and state representative Shelby Slawson of Stephenville, Texas, introduced a companion bill (HB1515) into the state house. It includes an exception for medical emergencies but includes cases where a woman or girl has become pregnant by incest or rape. Governor Greg Abbott asserts that the Act will not force a woman who has been raped to carry a pregnancy to term because the state will "work tirelessly to make sure that we eliminate all rapists from the streets of Texas by aggressively going out and arresting them and prosecuting them and getting them off the streets."[215]

The SB8 version of the bill passed both chambers and was signed into law by Texas Governor Abbott on May 19, 2021. It will take effect on September 1, 2021.[216] Rather than have the government enforce the law, private citizens will be allowed to sue the provider or anyone that helps the woman to get an abortion. Although similar, H.B NO 1515 is not to be confused with bill H.R 705, also known as the Heartbeat Protection Act of 2021, which was introduced to Congress on February 2, 2021, and sponsored by Republican Mike Kelly.[217] As both bill's note the criminalization of physician's performing abortions once a heartbeat is detected around the 6 week mark of a woman's pregnancy. The Texas Tribune wrote that "supporters of the bill hope this novel provision will trip up legal challenges to the legislation, as without state officials enforcing the ban, there will be nobody for pro-women's rights groups to sue".[23]

A key aspect in the enforcement of the HB 1515 bill is connected to the cost of being sued. As listed in the introductory act, if an organization or individual were found guilty of assisting in an abortion, each individual would be fined a minimum of $10,000.[218] In contrast to the H.R 705, the HB 1515 only mentions punishment through the $10,000 fines, whereas if found guilty under H.R 705, physicians are not only subject to receiving a fine, but are also subject to prison time as well.[219]

According to some individuals associated with the support of HB 1515, the severity of the cost of being sued is intentional. John Seago, an active legislative director for Texas Right to Life, an anti-abortion organization, exemplifies this connection. Seago notes that the cost of getting sued can act as an incentive for abortion providers to avoid administering abortions. According to the Texas Tribune, Seago said, "Have a public statement. Put it on their website that they're not scheduling appointments after six weeks",[220] in doing so individuals associated with performing abortion halt their practice, and are no longer at risk for conducting the fine.

In June 2021, 18-year-old Paxton Smith, senior class valedictorian, delivered a high school graduation speech addressing the Texas heartbeat bill rather than the one which had been pre-approved by her school saying, "I cannot give up this platform to promote complacency and peace, when there is a war on my body and a war on my rights." The speech went viral and was viewed by millions on YouTube, TikTok, and Twitter.[221]

The bill was temporarily blocked by District Court Judge Robert L. Pitman on October 6, 2021,[80] but reinstated by an appeals court panel on October 8.[81]

West Virginia

Two fetal heartbeat bills have been introduced in the West Virginia House of Delegates in 2019. On February 7, 2019, Ralph Rodighiero (D-Logan) filed HB 2903 entitled "The Fetal Hearbeat Act".[222] On February 8, 2019, Evan Worrell (R-Cabell) filed HB 2915.[223]

Wyoming

A fetal heartbeat bill, HB 97, was introduced in the Wyoming House of Representatives in January 2013 by Representative Kendell Kroeker. In February 2013, the bill was struck down by a house committee in a 4–5 vote.[28][224]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Abortions in this state are banned, there are no abortion providers available or the situation around these states' abortion legality is rapidly developing

References

  1. 1 2 3 Glenza, Jessica (June 7, 2019). "Why the Guardian is changing the language it uses to describe abortion bans". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 7, 2019. ACOG, which represents 58,000 physicians, says the term 'heartbeat bill' is not medically accurate. 'Pregnancy and fetal development are a continuum,' said the ACOG president, Dr Ted Anderson. 'What's interpreted as a heartbeat in these bills is actually electrically induced flickering of a portion of fetal tissue that will become the heart as the embryo develops.' ... The bans, dubbed "heartbeat" bills by supporters, have the practical effect of banning abortion before most women know they are pregnant.
  2. ↑ Gordon, Mara (June 5, 2019). "Early Abortion Bans: Which States Have Passed Them?". NPR. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  3. ↑ Glenza, Jessica (June 5, 2019). "Doctors' organization: calling abortion bans 'fetal heartbeat bills' is misleading". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  4. ↑ McDonald, Jessica (July 26, 2019). "When Are Heartbeats Audible During Pregnancy?". FactCheck. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  5. ↑ Carr Smyth, Julie; Kruesi, Kimberlee (May 14, 2021). "'Fetal heartbeat' in abortion laws taps emotion, not science". AP News. Associated Press. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  6. ↑ Feibelò, Carrie; Simmons-Duffin, Selena (February 9, 2021). "The Texas Abortion Ban Hinges On 'Fetal Heartbeat.' Doctors Call That Misleading". NPR. Retrieved May 7, 2022. Updated May 3, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  7. ↑ Irvine, Bethany (September 2, 2021). "Why 'heartbeat bill' is a misleading name for Texas' near-total abortion ban". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  8. ↑ Heaney, Kate (May 24, 2019). "Why 'Fetal Heartbeat Bill' is a Misleading Phrase – Embryos Don't Have Hearts". The Cut. Retrieved May 6, 2022. But obstetricians say the term 'fetal heartbeat' is misleading, and that this scientific misunderstanding, among countless others, may contribute to negative public opinion toward abortion. To wit: though pulsing cells can be detected in embryos as early as six weeks, this rhythm — detected by a doctor, via ultrasound — cannot be called a 'heartbeat,' because embryos don't have hearts. What is detectable at or around six weeks can more accurately be called 'cardiac activity,' says Robyn Schickler, OB/GYN and fellow with Physicians for Reproductive Health. The difference between 'cardiac activity' and 'heartbeat' may seem linguistically minimal, but Schickler and others argue otherwise. At this stage, she says, what doctors can detect is essentially communication between a group of what will eventually become cardiac cells.
  9. ↑ Baran, Nicole M.; Goldman, Gretchen; Zelikova, Jane (August 21, 2019). "Abortion Bans Based on So-Called 'Science' Are Fraudulent". Scientific American. Retrieved May 7, 2022. So-called heartbeat bills, which ban abortion as early as after six weeks of pregnancy, are not based on science. In fact, no heart yet exists in an embryo at six weeks. Yet six states and counting enacted such bills in 2019, in addition to Alabama's near-total ban. ... Both heartbeat bills and abortion reversal laws have been opposed by leading medical groups, including the American Medical Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rogers, Adam (May 14, 2019). "'Heartbeat' Bills Get the Science of Fetal Heartbeats All Wrong". Wired. Retrieved May 23, 2019. Using the word heartbeat here is an intentional obfuscation," [Jennifer Kerns, an ob-gyn at UC San Francisco and director of research in obstetrics and gynecology at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital] says. "Hearing the word heartbeat plays upon people's emotions … when in fact what it does is effectively ban abortions for many people, because many people don't even know they're pregnant at six weeks.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Belluck, Pam (May 9, 2019). "What Do New State Abortion Laws Really Mean for Women?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 18, 2019. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, an embryo is not considered a fetus until eight weeks after fertilization, which is about 10 weeks into a pregnancy. At six weeks into a pregnancy, the tissues that will become the heart are beginning to develop and a pulsing can be detected that is faster than the heartbeat of the expectant mother. Several medical experts, including those opposed to the new abortion restrictions, say that it isn't medically correct to call that pulsing a heartbeat. Rather, they say, it is the vibration or "embryonic cardiac activity" of the fetal pole, a tubelike structure that will become the heart.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Baker, Carrie N. (September 7, 2021). "Media Repeat Junk Science Behind Abortion Ban Laws: Check the Science—There is No Heartbeat at Six Weeks". Ms. Retrieved May 7, 2022. The Texas law bans abortion at six weeks of pregnancy, which is around four weeks after fertilization — when an embryo is the size of grain of rice. At this point in pregnancy, the embryo develops a group of cells that gain the capacity to fire electrical signals, described by Dr. Saima Aftab as "a little flutter in the area that will become the future heart." ... This electrical signal can only be detected by a highly sensitive ultrasound device.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Simmons-Duffin, Selena; Feibel, Carrie (May 2, 2022). "The Texas Abortion Ban Hinges On 'Fetal Heartbeat.' Doctors Call That Misleading". NPR. The term "fetal heartbeat," as used in the anti-abortion law in Texas, is misleading and not based on science, say physicians who specialize in reproductive health.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "ACOG Guide to Language and Abortion". American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Retrieved May 16, 2022. "Heartbeat bill" - It is clinically inaccurate to use the word "heartbeat" to describe the sound that can be heard on ultrasound in very early pregnancy. In fact, there are no chambers of the heart developed at the early stage in pregnancy that this word is used to describe, so there is no recognizable "heartbeat." What pregnant people may hear is the ultrasound machine translating electronic impulses that signify fetal cardiac activity into the sound that we recognize as a heartbeat. "Fetal heartbeat" - Until the chambers of the heart have been developed and can be detected via ultrasound (roughly 17-20 weeks of gestation), it is not accurate to characterize the embryo's or fetus's cardiac development as a heartbeat.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "For anti-abortion activists, success of 'heartbeat' bills was 10 years in the making". Center for Public Integrity. June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  16. 1 2 Knight, Anna Staver and Cameron. "Ohio's six-week abortion ban becomes law hours after Supreme Court's Dobbs decision". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  17. 1 2 North, Anna (April 19, 2019). "The "heartbeat" bills that could ban almost all abortions, explained". Vox. Retrieved June 26, 2022.
  18. 1 2 Anna North (May 16, 2019). "Abortion is still legal in America". Vox. Retrieved May 23, 2019. Because that's before many people know they are pregnant, reproductive rights advocates say the "heartbeat" bills are de facto abortion bans
  19. ↑ "All Things Considered" transcript. "Who Is 'Heartbeat Bill' Author Janet Porter?". NPR. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  20. 1 2 "2021 Is on Track to Become the Most Devastating Antiabortion State Legislative Session in Decades". Guttmacher Institute. April 29, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  21. ↑ Lai, K. K. Rebecca (May 15, 2019). "Abortion Bans: 8 States Have Passed Bills to Limit the Procedure This Year". The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  22. ↑ Eric Levenson (May 16, 2019). "Alabama's anti-abortion law isn't alone. Here are all the states pushing to restrict access". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  23. 1 2 "Abortion: Texas governor signs restrictive new law". BBC News. May 19, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  24. 1 2 "Could miscarriages land women in jail? Let's clarify these Georgia and Alabama abortion bills". The Washington Post. 2019.
  25. ↑ Gellhaus, Thomas (January 18, 2017). "ACOG Opposes Fetal Heartbeat Legislation Restricting Women's Legal Right to Abortion". The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Women often are unaware they are pregnant prior to six weeks LMP [last menstrual period]
  26. ↑ "Swalwell's tweet about new GA abortion law is slightly off". PolitiFact. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
  27. ↑ Cari Sietstra (May 11, 2019). "Alabama's Terrible Law Doesn't Have to Be the Future of Abortion". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  28. 1 2 Hancock, Laura (January 29, 2013). "Wyoming House Panel votes down abortion bill". Casper Star-Tribune. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  29. ↑ Quraishi, Jen. "Ohio's "Heartbeat" Abortion Bill Moves Forward". Mother Jones. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  30. 1 2 Redden, Molly (April 1, 2013). "New Republic: Fetal-Heartbeat Abortion Laws Are Dangerous Even If Judges Reject Them". Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  31. ↑ "A Fleeting Victory for Abortion Rights". Chicago Sun-Times. July 28, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  32. ↑ Solomon, Andrew (August 29, 2012). "The Legitimate Children of Rape". The New Yorker. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  33. ↑ Michael M. v. Sonoma County Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981).
  34. ↑ "Ala. law terminates parental rights for anyone convicted of first-degree rape". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  35. ↑ Cohen, Li. "Texas governor says new law won't force rape victims to give birth because they'll have 6 weeks to get an abortion". CBS News. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
  36. ↑ Margolin, Emma (July 22, 2013). "Judge calls ND's 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban unconstitutional". MSNBC. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  37. ↑ Rosenberg, Gabe (April 11, 2019). "A Bill Banning Most Abortions Becomes Law In Ohio". NPR.
  38. 1 2 "Abortion foes push fetal heartbeat bills in states". MSNBC. October 12, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Heartbeat Informed Consent Act (2011; 112th Congress H.R. 3130) – GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us.
  40. ↑ "Louisiana Senate Approves "Heartbeat" Bill While Committee Creates New Criminal Penalties For Abortion Providers". RH Reality Check.
  41. ↑ "Abortion: A Women's Right to Know". Georgia Department of Public Health. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Session 2011–2012 House Bill 1077". Pennsylvania General Assembly website. March 12, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  43. ↑ Bassett, Laura (March 15, 2012). "Tom Corbett, Pennsylvania Governor, On Ultrasound Mandate: Just 'Close Your Eyes'". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  44. ↑ "Vote on Controversial Ultrasound Bill Delayed: Medical Community's Concerns Must be Addressed". Pennsylvania Medical Society Website. March 19, 2012. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
  45. ↑ Masci, David; Lupi, Ira (January 16, 2013). "A History of Key Abortion Rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court". Pew Research Center. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  46. ↑ Hanna, John (July 30, 2013). "Kan. officials resist push for anti-abortion bill". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
  47. ↑ "Arkansas Human Heartbeat Protection Act (SB 134)". rewire.news. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Heartbeat Bans". rewire.news. Retrieved February 10, 2019. In January 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case, leaving the Eighth Circuit's ruling in place.
  49. ↑ "PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF THE HEARTLAND, INC., EMMA GOLDMAN CLINIC, and JILL MEADOWS, M.D., v. KIM REYNOLDS ex rel. STATE OF IOWA and IOWA BOARD OF MEDICINE" (PDF). CourthouseNews.com. Courthouse News Service. May 15, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  50. ↑ ACLU Iowa (May 15, 2018). "ACLU, PLANNED PARENTHOOD, EMMA GOLDMAN CLINIC FILE LAWSUIT TO BLOCK IOWA ABORTION LAW". aclu.ia.org. American Civil Liberties Union and the ACLU Foundation. Retrieved February 10, 2019. The lawsuit is being filed by the ACLU of Iowa and the Planned Parenthood Federation of America as co-counsel on behalf of Planned Parenthood of the Heartland and Dr. Jill Meadows. The Emma Goldman Clinic of Iowa City is also a co-plaintiff in the case.
  51. ↑ "ACLU, Planned Parenthood & Others File Lawsuit to Block Iowa Abortion Law". ACLU of Iowa. May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  52. ↑ Gruber-Miller, Stephen (June 1, 2018). "Judge temporarily blocks Iowa's 'fetal heartbeat' law while lawsuit is resolved". Des Moines Register. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  53. 1 2 Leys, Tony (January 23, 2019). "Iowa 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional". USA Today. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  54. ↑ Leys, Tony (January 23, 2019). "Iowa 'fetal heartbeat' abortion restriction declared unconstitutional". USA Today. Retrieved February 10, 2019. In his decision striking down the abortion law, Polk County District Judge Michael Huppert cited the Iowa Supreme Court's ruling last year in a challenge to a different abortion-restriction law. The high court held that "a woman's right to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy is a fundamental right under the Iowa Constitution" in that ruling.
  55. ↑ "Republicans hope a challenge to Iowa's fetal heartbeat bill will overturn Roe v. Wade. How would that work?". Des Moines Register. May 1, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  56. ↑ "Text of Senate Joint Resolution 9-Introduced". legis.iowa.gov. Iowa Legislature. Retrieved February 14, 2019. A Joint Resolution proposing anamendment to the Constitution of the State of Iowa that the Constitution of the State of Iowa does not secure or protect a right to or require the funding of abortion.
  57. ↑ "IA SJR9 – 2019–2020 – 88th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Introduced: on January 24, 2019
  58. ↑ "IA HJR5 – 2019–2020 – 88th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Introduced: on February 6, 2019
  59. ↑ Schreiner, Bruce (January 9, 2019). "Fetal heartbeat: New abortion-related fight in Kentucky". AP NEWS.
  60. ↑ Pieklo, Jessica Mason (July 22, 2015). "Federal Court Blocks North Dakota Heartbeat Ban, Calls on the Supreme Court to Overturn 'Roe'". Rewire News. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  61. ↑ "Heartbeat Bans". rewire.news. Retrieved February 10, 2019. As with Arkansas' law, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case. The law remains permanently blocked.
  62. ↑ Pierson, Brendan (August 18, 2022). "South Carolina top court puts abortion ban on hold as it hears challenge". Reuters. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  63. 1 2 3 Adcox, Seanna. "SC Supreme Court tosses out 6-week abortion ban, leaving it legal through 22 weeks". Post and Courier. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
  64. ↑ Koplowitz, Howard (June 24, 2022). "Federal judge lifts injunction on Alabama's 2019 abortion ban after Roe v. Wade overturned". al. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  65. ↑ Sparkman, Worth (June 24, 2022). "State attorney general: Abortions in Arkansas illegal". Axios. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  66. ↑ "Georgia high court reinstates ban on abortions after 6 weeks". November 25, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  67. ↑ Gonzalez, Oriana (August 13, 2022). "Idaho bans abortion at 6 weeks, trigger law to take effect". Axios. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  68. ↑ "Iowa's 'fetal heartbeat' abortion law to remain blocked, court rules; Kim Reynolds to appeal". MSN. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  69. ↑ "Abortion banned in Kentucky following Supreme Court Roe v. Wade ruling". FOX19 Digital. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  70. ↑ writer, EMILY WOODRUFF | Staff. "Abortion is now banned in Louisiana. Here's what you need to know". NOLA.com. Retrieved December 14, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  71. ↑ "AG Lynn Fitch certifies 'trigger law'; Mississippi abortions to be illegal in 10 days". www.wlbt.com. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  72. ↑ "Abortion ends in Missouri following SCOTUS ruling". June 24, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  73. ↑ Dave Kolpack (August 26, 2022). "Judge puts hold on North Dakota trigger law banning abortion". Associated Press. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  74. ↑ "Ohio voters enshrine abortion access in constitution in latest win for reproductive rights". PBS NewsHour. November 7, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  75. ↑ "Judge blocks two Oklahoma abortion laws; leaves three on track to go into effect Nov. 1".
  76. ↑ Stracqualursi, Veronica (May 3, 2022). "Oklahoma GOP governor signs 6-week abortion ban modeled after Texas law that allows civil enforcement". CNN. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  77. ↑ "Oklahoma governor signs the nation's strictest abortion ban". NPR. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  78. ↑ El-Bawab, Nadine (May 26, 2023). "Judge grants injunction, allows abortions to resume in South Carolina". ABC News. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  79. ↑ Brown, Melissa. "Tennessee 6-week abortion ban can now take effect following court order". The Tennessean. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
  80. 1 2 Lynch, Sarah N. (October 6, 2021). "U.S. judge blocks enforcement of near-total abortion ban in Texas". Reuters.
  81. 1 2 Goodman, J. David (October 8, 2021). "Most Abortions in Texas Are Banned Again After Court Ruling". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  82. ↑ "Alabama lawmakers weigh strict 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban". Reuters. March 4, 2014. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  83. ↑ Cason, Mike (April 6, 2014). "Bills that passed and died during the Alabama Legislature's 2014 session". Al.com. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  84. ↑ North, Anna (May 16, 2019). "Abortion in America, explained in 10 facts". Vox. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  85. ↑ "Alabama HB314 | 2019 | Regular Session". LegiScan. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  86. ↑ Williams, Timothy; Blinder, Alan (May 14, 2019). "Alabama Lawmakers Vote to Effectively Ban Abortion in the State". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  87. ↑ Ivey, Kay [@GovernorKayIvey] (May 15, 2019). "Today, I signed into law the Alabama Human Life Protection Act. To the bill's many supporters, this legislation stands as a powerful testament to Alabamians' deeply held belief that every life is precious & that every life is a sacred gift from God" (Tweet). Retrieved May 22, 2019 – via Twitter.
  88. ↑ Parker, Suzi (January 31, 2013). "Arkansas Senate passes fetal heartbeat law to ban most abortions". Reuters. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  89. ↑ Bassett, Laura (March 6, 2013). "Arkansas 12-Week Abortion Ban Becomes Law". Huffington Post. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
  90. ↑ "Ark. 'heartbeat' abortion law blocked – Washington Times". The Washington Times.
  91. ↑ AP (March 15, 2014). "U.S. judge strikes Arkansas' 12-week abortion ban". USA Today. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
  92. ↑ Callahan, Joe (February 8, 2019). "State Sen. Dennis Baxley files 'heartbeat' bill". Ocala Star Banner. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  93. 1 2 "HB 235 – Abortion". Florida House of Representatives. Retrieved December 7, 2019.
  94. ↑ "'Fetal heartbeat' bill emerges in Florida Senate". Fox 13. February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  95. ↑ "Second lawmaker files bill in Florida Senate banning abortions after fetal heartbeat detected". Orlando Weekly. February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019. Rep. Mike Hill, R-Pensacola, filed an identical bill (HB 235) last month
  96. ↑ Callahan, Joe (February 8, 2019). "State Sen. Dennis Baxley files 'heartbeat' bill". Ocala Star Banner. Retrieved February 9, 2019. Doctors who perform abortions after a heartbeat is detected could face a third-degree felony, according to language written into both bills
  97. ↑ Garrand, Danielle (January 22, 2019). "Florida bill would ban abortions if fetal heartbeat detected". CBS News. Retrieved February 9, 2019. an abortion can be provided if a woman has been diagnosed with a condition that "would create a serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function if the woman delayed terminating her pregnancy."
  98. ↑ "SB 792 (2019) - Abortion". Florida House of Representatives. Retrieved December 7, 2019.
  99. ↑ Glorioso, Alexandra (June 28, 2018). "Putnam and DeSantis vow to sign abortion-ban law if elected". Politico. Retrieved February 9, 2019. Republican gubernatorial candidates Adam Putnam and Ron DeSantis both pledged at their first debate to sign legislation to ban abortions "after a fetal heartbeat is detected."
  100. ↑ Garrand, Danielle (January 22, 2019). "Florida bill would ban abortions if fetal heartbeat detected". CBS News. Retrieved February 9, 2019. During now-Gov. Ron DeSantis' first gubernatorial debate, he pledged to sign legislation that would ban abortions after a fetal heartbeat was detected
  101. ↑ Prabhu, Maya (February 26, 2019). "Georgia Republican files 'heartbeat' bill that would effectively ban abortion". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 27, 2019. State Rep. Ed Setzler on Monday introduced House Bill 481, which would outlaw abortions once a doctor can detect a heartbeat in the womb.
  102. ↑ Darnell, Tim (February 26, 2019). "Anti-Abortion 'Heartbeat' Bill Introduced By 2 Cobb Legislators". Patch. Patch Media. Retrieved February 27, 2019. State Rep. Ed Setzler (R-Acworth) and Sen. Bruce Thompson (R-White) introduced Georgia's version of a "heartbeat bill," making Georgia the 12th state to introduce heartbeat legislation this year, according to the Family Policy Alliance of Georgia.
  103. ↑ Prabhu, Maya (February 26, 2019). "Georgia Republican files 'heartbeat' bill that would effectively ban abortion". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 27, 2019. A similar bill is expected to be filed in the Senate this week.
  104. ↑ Jimison, Robert (February 27, 2019). "Republican Lawmakers In Georgia Aim For Most Restrictive Abortion Law in The Country". Georgia Public Radio – GPB News. NPR. Retrieved February 27, 2019. Before becoming governor, Brian Kemp campaigned on the promise to sign "the toughest abortion laws in the country." ... I back Mississippi's ban on abortions after fifteen weeks and vow to sign the toughest abortion laws in the country as your next governor. If abortion rights activists want to sue me...bring it! I'll fight for life at the Capitol and in the courtroom.
  105. ↑ "2019–2020 Regular Session – HB 481". legis.ga.gov. Georgia General Assembly. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  106. ↑ Fink, Jenni (March 18, 2019). "Georgia Senator: Anti-Abortion Bill 'National Stunt' In Race To Be Conservative State To Get Roe V. Wade Overturned". Newsweek. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  107. ↑ Prabhu, Maya (March 29, 2019). "Georgia's anti-abortion 'heartbeat bill' heads to governor's desk". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  108. ↑ Mazzei, Patricia; Blinder, Alan (May 7, 2019). "Georgia Governor Signs 'Fetal Heartbeat' Abortion Law". New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
  109. ↑ Harmon, Amy (May 22, 2019). "Fetal Heartbeat vs. Forced Pregnancy: The Language Wars of the Abortion Debate". The New York Times.
  110. ↑ "HOUSE BILL 366 – Idaho State Legislature". Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  111. ↑ Caroline Kelly (April 28, 2021). "Idaho GOP governor signs 'heartbeat' abortion ban into law". CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  112. ↑ Cagnassola, Mary Ellen (September 1, 2021). "Idaho heartbeat abortion law almost enacted by federal court's ruling for Texas law". Newsweek. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  113. ↑ "Nearly all abortions banned in Iowa as Gov. Kim Reynolds signs 'fetal heartbeat' law". Des Moines Register. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  114. 1 2 "HB 2324". kslegislature.org.
  115. ↑ House Bill. no: 2324 Session of 2013
  116. ↑ "Kansas groups push stricter abortion limits". kansas.
  117. ↑ "Kansas abortion group sees opportunity in special session - BaldwinCity.com". baldwincity.com.
  118. ↑ "New abortion-related fight in Kentucky heats up over fetal heartbeats". NBC News. Associated Press. January 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  119. ↑ "2019 Regular Session – Senate Bill 9". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  120. ↑ "The Latest: Kentucky Senate passes fetal heartbeat bill". The Washington Post. February 14, 2019. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019. The Kentucky Senate has overwhelmingly passed a bill that would ban most abortions in the state once a fetal heartbeat is detected. The Republican-led chamber's 31–6 vote on Thursday came a few hours after the measure cleared a committee. The bill now goes to the state House, which is also run by Republicans.
  121. ↑ "KY SB9 – 2019 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  122. 1 2 Yetter, Deborah (January 10, 2019). "After striking out twice, GOP tries again to 'effectively' ban abortion". Louisville Courier Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2019. And he said he would be pleased if Kentucky or one of the other states considering similar measures enacted such a law and, in the event of court challenge, took the case to the U.S. Supreme Court in an effort to overturn Roe v. Wade
  123. ↑ Heller, Marsha (March 15, 2019). "KY House passes fetal heartbeat bill". KFVS 12 (CBS). Retrieved March 20, 2019. Senate Bill 9, known as the "fetal heartbeat bill", was passed by the Kentucky House on Thursday, March 14, by a vote of 71–19.
  124. ↑ "2019 Regular Session – House Bill 100". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  125. ↑ "2014 Regular Session – House Bill 132". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  126. ↑ "KY HB132 – 2014 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  127. ↑ "2013 Regular Session – House Bill 132". Kentucky General Assembly. Kentucky Legislative Research Commission. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  128. ↑ "KY HB132 – 2013 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  129. ↑ "MD – 2019 Regular Session – HB933". mgaleg.maryland.gov. General Assembly of Maryland. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  130. ↑ "MD – 2019 Regular Session – HB978". mgaleg.maryland.gov. General Assembly of Maryland. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  131. ↑ "Minnesota Legislature – HF271 – 91st Legislature (2019–2020)". revisor.mn.gov. Office of the Revisor of Statutes. Retrieved February 13, 2019. Description: Abortion prohibited when a fetal heartbeat is detected with certain exceptions, and penalties provided.
  132. ↑ "MS HB226 – 2018 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  133. ↑ "MS SB2143 – 2018 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  134. ↑ "MS HB1509 – 2018 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  135. ↑ "MS HB1198 – 2017 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  136. ↑ "MS SB2562 – 2017 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  137. ↑ "MS SB2584 – 2017 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  138. ↑ "2014 Regular Session – Senate Bill 2807". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  139. ↑ "MS SB2807 – 2014 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  140. ↑ "MS HB6 – 2013 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  141. ↑ "2019 Regular Session – House Bill 529". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  142. 1 2 Ulmer, Sarah (February 5, 2019). "House and Senate pass HeartBeat bills out of Committee". Yall Politics. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  143. ↑ "2019 Regular Session – Senate Bill 2116". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  144. ↑ "2019 Regular Session – House Bill 732". Mississippi Legislative Bill Status System. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  145. ↑ Wagster Pettus, Emily (February 13, 2019). "Mississippi advances ban on abortion after fetal heartbeat". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019. The Republican-controlled Mississippi House and Senate passed separate bills Wednesday to ban most abortions once a fetal heartbeat is detected, about six weeks into pregnancy.
  146. ↑ "Fetal heartbeat bill heads to governor". WTOK 11 (ABC). March 19, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  147. ↑ Singman, Brooke (March 22, 2019). "Mississippi Gov. Bryant signs 'heartbeat bill,' enacting one of strictest abortion laws in nation". Fox News. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
  148. ↑ "MO HB126 – 2019 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  149. ↑ "MO SB139 – 2019 – Regular Session". LegiScan.
  150. ↑ "100th General Assembly, 1st Regular Session – HB126". Missouri House of Representatives. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  151. ↑ "MO HB126 – 2019 – Regular Session". LegiScan.com. History. Retrieved February 16, 2019. 2019-01-30 House Referred: Children and Families; 2019-02-12 House Public Hearing Completed
  152. ↑ "House and Senate Joint Bill Tracking – 2019 Regular Session – HB126". house.mo.gov. Missouri House of Representatives. Retrieved February 26, 2019. Date/Last Action: 2/21/2019 – Reported Do Pass (H)
  153. ↑ Cole, Ashley (February 21, 2019). "Bill to ban fetal heartbeat abortion in Missouri goes to House next". KSDK-TV. NBC 5. Retrieved February 26, 2019. The bill to ban fetal heartbeat abortion will go to the Missouri House next. The rules committee met Thursday morning.
  154. ↑ "MO House passes fetal heartbeat bill; legislation moves to the Senate". ABC 7 – KHQA. Associated Press. February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  155. ↑ Ballentine, Summer (February 14, 2019). "Abortion bill could cost Missouri $7B in Medicaid funding". Associated Press. apnews.com. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Republican House Speaker Elijah Haahr on Thursday called a bill to ban most abortions after a fetal heartbeat is detected a priority
  156. ↑ McKinley, Edward; Woodall, Hunter (February 12, 2019). "With eye on Supreme Court, Missouri Republicans file flurry of anti-abortion bills". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Haahr said he supports the "heartbeat bill" and that some form of anti-abortion legislation will definitely pass the House this year.
  157. ↑ McKinley, Edward; Woodall, Hunter (February 12, 2019). "With eye on Supreme Court, Missouri Republicans file flurry of anti-abortion bills". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Gov. Mike Parson, asked if he would sign such legislation, said: "I've been pro-life my entire career, and I support that all the time… I'm going to support pro-life."
  158. ↑ "Missouri bill banning abortions at 8 weeks signed into law by Gov. Mike Parson". CBS News. May 24, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  159. ↑ "N.D. governor approves 6-week abortion ban, says constitutionality is "open question"". CBS News. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  160. ↑ Jones, Allie (July 22, 2013). "North Dakota Is the Latest State to Have Its Abortion Law Blocked by a Federal Judge". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
  161. ↑ "N.D. makes next move after controversial abortion law overturned". CBS News. Associated Press. May 14, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  162. ↑ Williams, Pete. "Supreme Court Rejects North Dakota Appeal on Abortion Restrictions". NBC News. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  163. 1 2 Boguhn, Ally (December 19, 2018). "Janet Porter: The Architect of Ohio's 'Heartbeat' Bills". Rewire.News. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  164. ↑ "Laws, Acts, and Legislation". state.oh.us.
  165. ↑ "Ohio Lawmakers Give Up On Anti-Choice Legislation". ThinkProgress.
  166. ↑ Ingles, Jo (April 18, 2019). "Driving Force Behind Heartbeat Bill Left Out Of Bill Signing Celebration". The Columbus Dispatch. The Statehouse News Bureau.
  167. ↑ "Laws, Acts, and Legislation". state.oh.us.
  168. ↑ Provance, Jim (July 8, 2013). "Both sides of debate find Ohio abortion law decision to be historic". Toledo Blade. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  169. ↑ Hallett, Joe (August 15, 2013). "Fate unclear for new anti-abortion 'heartbeat bill'". Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  170. ↑ Oates, Lindsey J. (April 6, 2015). "Ohio abortion bill creating controversy among college women". USA Today. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  171. ↑ Siddiqui, Sabrina (March 25, 2015). "Ohio anti-abortion 'heartbeat bill' passes in house but likely to face opposition". The Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  172. ↑ Cadinsky, Catherine; Ludlow, Randy; Siegel, Jim. "House joins Senate in approving heartbeat abortion bill". The Columbus Dispatch. The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  173. ↑ Everhart, Michelle (December 7, 2016). "Ohio Politics Now: Will John Kasich sign the Heartbeat bill?". The Columbus Dispatch. GateHouse Media and Propel/DMG. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  174. ↑ "House Bill 493, As Passed By The Senate" (PDF). The Ohio Legislature. The Ohio Legislature, 131st General Assembly. December 6, 2016. p. 46. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Sec. 2919.195. (A) Except as provided in division (B) of this section, no person shall knowingly and purposefully perform or induce an abortion on a pregnant woman with the specific intent of causing or abetting the termination of the life of the unborn human individual the pregnant woman is carrying and whose fetal heartbeat has been detected in accordance with division (A) of section 2919.192 of the Revised Code. Whoever violates this division is guilty of performing or inducing an abortion after the detection of a fetal heartbeat, a felony of the fifth degree. (B) Division (A) of this section does not apply to a physician who performs a medical procedure that, in the physician's reasonable medical judgment, is designed or intended to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman. A physician who performs a medical procedure as described in this division shall declare, in a written document, that the medical procedure is necessary, to the best of the physician's reasonable medical judgment, to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman. In the document, the physician shall specify the pregnant woman's medical condition that the medical procedure is asserted to address and the medical rationale for the physician's conclusion that the medical procedure is necessary to prevent the death of the pregnant woman or to prevent a serious risk of the substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function of the pregnant woman. A physician who performs a medical procedure as described in this division shall place the written document required by this division in the pregnant woman's medical records. The physician shall maintain a copy of the document in the physician's own records for at least seven years from the date the document is created. (C) A person is not in violation of division (A) of this section if the person acts in accordance with division (A) of section 2919.192 of the Revised Code and the method used to determine the presence of a fetal heartbeat does not reveal a fetal heartbeat. (D) Division (A) of this section does not have the effect of repealing or limiting any other provision of the Revised Code that restricts or regulates the performance or inducement of an abortion by a particular method or during a particular stage of a pregnancy.
  175. ↑ Higgs, Robert (December 13, 2016). "Gov. John Kasich vetoes anti-abortion Heartbeat Bill, signs 20-week abortion ban". Cleveland.com. Columbus. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  176. ↑ Graham, Ruth (December 7, 2016). "Extreme anti-abortion "heartbeat" bill passes Ohio state legislature in wave of Trump optimism". Slate.com. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  177. ↑ "Ohio's 'heartbeat bill': How conservative judges in other states gutted similar laws". Cleveland.com. December 8, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  178. ↑ Beth Mole (May 17, 2012). ""Trumpmania" abortion battle begins: Ohio passes extreme heartbeat bill". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  179. ↑ Ludlow, Randy (December 13, 2016). "Gov. John Kasich vetoes Heartbeat Bill, signs 20-week abortion ban". The Columbus Dispatch. GateHouse Media and Propel/DMG. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  180. ↑ Ludlow, Randy (December 15, 2016). "Ohio House may try to override Kasich's veto of 'Heartbeat' abortion bill". The Columbus Dispatch. GateHouse Media and Propel/DMG. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  181. ↑ "Ohio lawmakers won't attempt to override veto of 'heartbeat' bill". The Columbus Dispatch. The Associated Press. December 28, 2016.
  182. 1 2 "House Bill 493 – Votes". The Ohio Legislature. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
  183. ↑ Kalser, Karen (February 13, 2019). "Heartbeat Bill Gets First Hearing For What Could Be Its Last Time Through The Legislature". The Statehouse News Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2019. It's the fifth time the Heartbeat Bill has been proposed. Republican House Speaker Larry Householder says he wants it to start in the Senate this time. But Rep. Ron Hood (R-Ashville) joined with fellow Republican Candice Keller (R-Middletown) to propose it in the House anyway, though he's on board with the Senate version too.
  184. ↑ "Ohio abortion 'heartbeat bill' returns to Legislature". WLWT5 (NBC). The Associated Press. February 12, 2019.
  185. ↑ "133rd General Assembly – House Bill 68". legislature.ohio.gov. The Ohio Legislature. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  186. ↑ Frazin, Rachel (February 12, 2019). "Ohio lawmakers reintroduce 'heartbeat' abortion bill". The Hill. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
  187. ↑ "OH SB23 | 2019–2020 | 133rd General Assembly". legiscan.com. Retrieved February 22, 2019. Status: Introduced on February 12, 2019 . . . Action: 2019-02-13 – Refer to Committee: Health, Human Services and Medicaid
  188. ↑ Kalser, Karen (February 21, 2019). "Senate President Says "Heartbeat Bill" Will Pass His Chamber Next Month". The Statehouse News Bureau. Retrieved February 22, 2019. "We are going to pass that bill by the middle of March. I have no doubt at all," said Senate President Larry Obhof (R-Medina).
  189. ↑ Kaplan, Talia (March 14, 2019). "Ohio 'heartbeat' abortion ban passes Senate as governor vows to sign it". Fox News. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  190. ↑ Frazin, Rachel (April 10, 2019). "Ohio legislature sends 'heartbeat' abortion bill to governor's desk". The Hill. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  191. ↑ Haynes, Danielle (April 11, 2019). "Ohio Gov. DeWine signs 'heartbeat' abortion bill". UPI. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  192. ↑ "Ohio Governor Signs Ban on Abortion After First Heartbeat | Time". April 12, 2019. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  193. ↑ "Ohio governor to sign ban on abortion after first detectable heartbeat". CNBC. April 11, 2019.
  194. ↑ "U.S. judge blocks Ohio 'heartbeat' law to end most abortions". Reuters. July 4, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2019.
  195. ↑ "Oklahoma governor signs fetal heartbeat bill". NewsOK.com. April 28, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  196. ↑ "Regular Session 2017–2018 – House Bill 2315". legis.state.pa.us. Pennsylvania General Assembly. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Referred to JUDICIARY, May 2, 2018 [House]
  197. ↑ "PA HB2315 | 2017–2018 | Regular Session". legiscan.com. Legi Scan. Retrieved February 16, 2019. Status: Introduced on May 2, 2018 – 25% progression, died in committee Action: 2018-05-02 – Referred to JUDICIARY
  198. ↑ "SC – 123rd General Assembly – House Bill 3020". LegisScan. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  199. ↑ "SC – 123rd General Assembly – House Bill 3020". LegisScan. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  200. 1 2 Durkee, Alison (February 19, 2021). "South Carolina Abortion Law Blocked One Day After Taking Effect". Forbes. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  201. ↑ "SC – 122nd General Assembly – House Bill 5403". LegiScan.
  202. ↑ Navarro, Marcus (February 18, 2021). "South Carolina governor signs bill banning abortion of fetus after heartbeat is detected". USA Today. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
  203. ↑ "TN HB0077 | 2019–2020 | 111th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Legi Scan. Retrieved February 21, 2019. Summary: As introduced, prohibits abortions from the point a fetal heartbeat is detected
  204. ↑ "TN SB1236 | 2019–2020 | 111th General Assembly". legiscan.com. Legi Scna. Retrieved February 21, 2019. Summary: As introduced, prohibits abortions from the point a fetal heartbeat is detected
  205. ↑ Wadhwani, Anita (February 20, 2019). "'Heartbeat' abortion ban advances in Tennessee legislature". Tennessean. USA Today Network. Retrieved February 20, 2019. A bill that would outlaw abortions in Tennessee after a fetal heartbeat can be detected advanced out of a legislative subcommittee on Wednesday. The measure, proposed by state Rep. Micah Van Huss, R-Jonesborough, and state Sen. Mark Pody, R-Lebanon, would make it a crime to perform an abortion in Tennessee once a fetal heartbeat can be detected — which typically occurs in the early weeks of a woman's pregnancy.
  206. ↑ Kruesi, Kimberlee (February 26, 2019). "Abortion: Tennessee lawmakers advance fetal heartbeat bill". ABC 6. Associated Press. Retrieved February 26, 2019. Republicans on the House Health Committee voted 15–4 to send the legislation to the House floor for a full vote
  207. ↑ Wadhwani, Anita (February 26, 2019). "Bill that bans abortions in Tennessee after fetal heart beat sails through House committee". Tennessean. USA Today Network. Retrieved February 26, 2019. A House committee voted 15–4 in favor of a bill that would ban most abortions in Tennessee, getting one step closer to a vote by the legislature on one of the most restrictive abortion bans in the nation. The so-called "fetal heartbeat" bill is making its way through Senate committees, but easily passed early hurdles. Tuesday's vote in the health committee means the bill moves on to a vote by the House of Representatives.
  208. ↑ Samuels, Brett (March 8, 2019). "Tennessee state House passes 'fetal heartbeat' abortion ban". The Hill. Retrieved March 8, 2019. The Tennessee House of Representatives passed a bill on Thursday that would outlaw abortions in the state after a fetus has a detectable heartbeat. . . The legislation passed 66–21.
  209. ↑ "Texas Legislators File Radical 'Fetal Heartbeat' Bill To Ban Abortion After Just Six Weeks". Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  210. ↑ "Texas Legislature Online – 83(2) History for HB 59". Texas Legislature Online. Texas Legislature. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  211. ↑ "Representative Cain Files The Texas Heartbeat Bill". house.texas.gov. Texas House of Representatives. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  212. ↑ "Texas Legislature Online – 86 History for HB 1500". Texas Legislature. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  213. ↑ Young, Stephen (February 26, 2019). "More Than a Third of the Texas House Is Backing a Stealth Abortion Ban". Dallas Observer. Retrieved February 26, 2019. Fifty-seven of the 150 member body of the Texas House have signed on as authors, co-authors or sponsors of Cain's legislation.
  214. ↑ Camarillo, Vicky (February 26, 2019). "The 'Fetal Heartbeat' Bill Has 57 Authors. All but 3 of them Are Men". Texas Observer. Retrieved February 26, 2019. Former state Senator Wendy Davis called the bill "the most dangerous I've ever seen" in a call to action last week.
  215. ↑ Treisman, Rachel (September 8, 2021). "Fact Check: Texas Gov. Greg Abbott's Misleading Remarks On The State's Abortion Law". NPR. Retrieved May 17, 2022.
  216. ↑ Najmabadi, Shannon. Gov. Greg Abbott signs into law one of nation's strictest abortion measures, banning procedure as early as six weeks into a pregnancy, Texas Tribune, May 19, 2021.
  217. ↑ "All Information (Except Text) for H.R.705 - Heartbeat Protection Act of 2021". Congress.gov. February 2, 2021.
  218. ↑ "texas house bill 1515". LegiScan. 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  219. ↑ "All Information (Except Text) for H.R.705 - Heartbeat Protection Act of 2021". congress.gov. March 22, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
  220. ↑ Najmabadi, Shannon (May 19, 2021). "Gov. Greg Abbott signs into law one of the nation's strictest abortion measures, banning procedure as early as six weeks into a pregnancy". Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  221. ↑ "Abortion: Texas teen attacks new law in high school graduation speech". BBC News. June 3, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  222. ↑ "WV – 2019 Regular Session – HB2903". West Virginia Legislature. February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  223. ↑ "WV – 2019 Regular Session – HB2915". West Virginia Legislature. February 8, 2019. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  224. ↑ "WY HB0097 – 2013 – Regular Session". LegiScan. 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
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