Oenanthe aquatica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Apiaceae
Genus: Oenanthe
Species:
O. aquatica
Binomial name
Oenanthe aquatica
L.

Oenanthe aquatica, fine-leaved water-dropwort, is an aquatic flowering plant in the carrot family. It is widely distributed from the Atlantic coast of Europe to central Asia.

Description

Fine-leaved water-dropwort is a hairless, annual to perennial herb about 150 cm tall. Young plants have tubers, which disappear by mid-summer. The stem is hollow and striated, normally about 1 cm in diameter but exceptionally reaching 8 cm,[2] erect or sprawling, rooting at the nodes of any submerged sections. Very large sprawling plants have been found to have stems up to 2 m long.[3]

The upper (aerial) leaves are 2- to 3-pinnate, finely divided into lanceolate (sword-shaped) to ovate leaflets up to 5 mm long; the lower leaves are 3–4 pinnate, with very narrow (thread-like) leaflets under water, but flat, ovate leaf segments if emergent. The leaf stalks form a sheath around the stem at the base.

It flowers between June and September in northern Europe, the inflorescence arising from the leaf axils or at the tip of the stem. It consists of a compound umbel of 6–16 smaller rounded umbels about 1–2 cm in diameter, each of which has numerous white flowers. There are no bracts on the main umbel and 4–8 small, lanceolate bracteoles at the base of each of the secondary umbels. Plants are monoecious, with bisexual and male flowers in most umbels. Each flower has 5 sepals, 5 unequal petals with the outer ones slightly larger, 5 stamens and 2 styles. After flowering, the rays (stalks of the individual umbels) and pedicels (stalks to the individual flowers) do not thicken, and the umbels do not become flat-topped in fruit.

The fruits are 3–5.5 mm long, ovoid, with prominent ridges. On maturity, each fruit splits into two (1-seeded) mericarps.[4][5]

A sprawling plant of Fine-leaved Water-dropwort at Ashford, Kent, England

Reproduction is entirely by seed; well-grown plants have been found to produce as many as 40,000 seeds.[3]

Taxonomy

The basis for the modern classification of the Apaiceae was developed by Artedius in the early 18th century and his name for fine-leaved water-dropwort (the basionym), Phellandrium aquaticum, was published after his death by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[6] However, in 1798 it was placed in the genus Oenanthe (as O. aquatique) by Jean Louis Marie Poiret in the 4th volume of Lamarck's Encyclopédie méthodique Botanique,[7] and it has stayed there ever since.

It has several synonyms (i.e. other authors have named the same plant, but Poiret's name for it stands), including Ligusticum phellandrium (Lam.) Crantz. (1762), Phellandrium divaricatum Gray (1851) and Selinum phellandrium (Lam.) E.H.L. Krause (1904). A full list can be found in the Synonymic Checklists of the Plants of the World.[8]

A couple of varieties have been named but are not widely used. It is not known to hybridise with any other species.[9]

Its chromosome number is 2n = 22 (based on British specimens).[4]

The generic name Oenanthe, which comes from the Ancient Greek οίνος, "wine" and άνθος, "flower", was used in ancient times for certain Mediterranean plants and later adopted to describe this genus. The specific epithet "aquatica" is the feminine form (nominative, singular) of the Latin word aquaticus, meaning "of water".[10]

Identification

Ripening fruits
The foliage is characteristically finely-divided

When compared to other water-dropworts in Britain, fine-leaved water-dropwort does have particularly finely divided leaves, up to 4-pinnate, with small, lobed leaflets. The plant it is most likely to be confused with is river water-dropwort, which for a long time was thought to be the same species. Under water, they are not at all alike (river water-dropwort grows fully submerged in running water, with diamond-shaped leaflets), but the emergent plants are very similar. The best way to separate them is by the fruits, which are ovoid and no more than 4.5 mm long in aquatica vs. cylindrical and greater than 5 mm long in fluviatilis.[4]

Distribution and status

The native range is from Ireland in the west, eastwards to central Siberia and from the more southerly parts of Scandinavia southwards to the Mediterranean basin. It is rarely found as an introduction outside this area, but there are records of it in Washington, D.C., and New Zealand, where it is not considered to be invasive.[11][12] Although it was present in a few places in Spain, it is thought to be extinct there now.[13]

A close-up on flowers of Oenanthe aquatica, growing in Karlsruhe, Germany

Globally, its status is LC (Least Concern), and populations of Oenanthe aquatica are recorded as 'stable' by the IUCN.[1]

In Britain, it is found mainly in the lowlands of eastern England, from Kent to Yorkshire and western England, from Somerset to Lancashire. It is rare in Wales, and absent from Scotland. In Ireland it is widely distributed throughout lowland areas. It has declined slightly in abundance in Britain over the last 50 years or so, but it is still given the status of LC.[14] In many counties it is listed as an axiophyte, showing that it is considered a plant of significance for conservation.[15]

It is widespread and common in France and overall has a status of Least Concern, although in Corsica it is considered to be VU (Vulnerable) and in two départements (Midi-Pyrénées and Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur) it is classified as EN (Endangered).[16]

In Germany, where it is known as Großer Wasserfenchel (Great Water Fennel), it is considered an indicator of natural floodplain vegetation, and attempts to restore ecosystem function on the Danube have used this species as a measure of success.[17]

In the former Czechoslovakia, fine-leaved water-dropwort is very common and occurs predominantly in shallow reservoirs, oxbows and temporary pools up to 640 m above sea level in the Brdy hills. It can be very abundant, reaching pest status, in pools with a fluctuating water level, in the year following the drainage event.[3]

Habitat and ecology

Plants of fine-leaved water-dropwort flourishing in a recently harvested Phragmites reedbed

Fine-leaved water-dropwort is strictly a wetland plant, occurring in a wide variety of habitats which vary from full sun to medium shade, fresh to slightly brackish water, and from low to fairly high nutrient status. Its Ellenberg values in Britain are L = 7, F = 10, R = 7, N = 6, and S = 0.[18]

Typical habitat in a fluctuating pool, as here at Zieringser Teich in Austria

Its main habitat throughout its range is reed swamp (European C5.1a "tall helophyte beds"),[19] where it is generally scarce but sometimes appears in abundance when the reeds are cut or disturbed.[20] It is generally more abundant, however, in pools with a fluctuating water level, where it can germinate and rapidly grow on bare mud in the summer. Other habitats for it include ditches, canals, streams, rivers, wet woodland, and degraded mires.[21] Its National Vegetation Classification communities include W1 grey willow, W5 alder and W6 crack willow woodlands; OV30 drawdown zone vegetation; S4 common reed, S12 reedmace and S28 reed canary-grass reedbeds; and S27 marsh cinquefoil bog. Sometimes it occurs on silty, mineral soils in places such as farmland ponds, but more often it is found on fenland peat.[22][23]

It is a lowland plant, in Britain being found up to about 200 m in Shropshire.[24][23] In Europe it occurs at higher altitudes (Zieringser Teich, pictured here, is at 520 m).

Like all umbellifers, fine-leaved water-dropwort has unspecialised flowers which are pollinated by a variety of insects.

There are eight species listed on the Database of Insects and their Food Plants as feeding on fine-leaved water-dropwort in Britain. Three (Prasocuris phellandrii, Hypera adspersa and H. arundinis) are beetles, two (Lixus iridis and L. paraplecticus) weevils, one (Lasioptera carophila) a midge, and two (Depressaria daucella and D. ultimella) are micro-moths. They create galls in the stem, leaves or flowers, or the larvae browse on the foliage or flowers. None of them feeds exclusively on fine-leaved water-dropwort.[25]

Uses

Because of the danger of poisoning, fine-leaved water-dropwort is not widely used. The fruits are reputed to cause vertigo, drunkenness and narcotic symptoms, and it can easily be confused with other, more deadly species such as hemlock water-dropwort. Nevertheless, it is reported by ethnobotanists as being used to treat various medical conditions, such as chronic pectoral diseases, dyspepsia, fevers and ulcers.[26]


References

  1. 1 2 IUCN Red List
  2. ↑ Bertová, L. (1973). "Taxonomy of species of the genera Phellandrium L. and Oenanthe L. in Slovakia". Biol. Pr.SAV, Bratislava. 19 (4): 1–73.
  3. 1 2 3 Hroudová, Z.; Zákravský, P. (1992). "Oenanthe aquatica (L.)Poir. : Seed reproduction, population structure, habitat conditions and distribution in Czechoslovakia". Folia Geobotanica. 27 (3): 301–335. doi:10.1007/BF02853019. S2CID 24954262.
  4. 1 2 3 Tutin, T.G. (1980). Umbellifers of the British Isles. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles.
  5. ↑ Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2009). Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  6. ↑ Constance, L. (1971). History of the classification of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) in Heywood, V. H. (ed.) The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae. London: Academic Press. pp. 1–11.
  7. ↑ Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1798). Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique. Paris. p. 530.
  8. ↑ Hassler, M. (2023). "Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World". ChecklistBank. doi:10.48580/ddz4x-3dd. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ Stace, C.A. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles. Suffolk. ISBN 978-1-5272-2630-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ↑ Wiktionary (12 January 2023). "aquaticus".
  11. ↑ Global Biodiversity Information Facility. "Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir". Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  12. ↑ New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. "Oenanthe aquatica". Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  13. ↑ Plants of the World Online. "Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir". Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  14. ↑ Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A.; Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  15. ↑ Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. "Axiophytes". Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  16. ↑ Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel. "Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir., 1798". Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  17. ↑ Stammel, B.; Fischer, P.; Gelhaus, M. (2016). "Restoration of ecosystem functions and efficiency control: case study of the Danube floodplain between Neuburg and Ingolstadt (Bavaria/Germany)". Environmental Earth Sciences. 75 (16): 1174. doi:10.1007/s12665-016-5973-y. S2CID 132911888.
  18. ↑ Hill, M.O.; Mountford, J.O.; Roy, D.B.; Bunce, R.G.H. (1999). Ellenberg's indicator values for British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex (PDF). Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. ISBN 1870393481. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
  19. ↑ European Environment Information and Observation Network. "C5.1a Tall-helophyte bed".
  20. ↑ Lockton, Alex (23 January 2022). "The Flora of Stodmarsh National Nature Reserve". Internet Archive. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  21. ↑ Preston, C.D.; Croft, J. (1995). Database and atlas of aquatic vascular plants in the British Isles: part 1 species accounts. Bristol: National Rivers Authority.
  22. ↑ Rodwell, J.S. (1991–2000). British Plant Communities, vol. 1–5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  23. 1 2 Lockton, Alex; Whild, Sarah (2015). The Flora and Vegetation of Shropshire. Montford Bridge: Shropshire Botanical Society.
  24. ↑ Pearman, D.A. "Altitudinal Limits of British Plants, 2021".
  25. ↑ Biological Records Centre. "Insects and their food plants". Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  26. ↑ Swiatek, Ł. (2022). "Phytochemical profile and biological activities of the extracts from two Oenanthe species (O. aquatica and O. silaifolia)". Pharmaceuticals. 15 (1): 50. doi:10.3390/ph15010050. PMC 8779323. PMID 35056107.
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