Nogais
Flag of the Nogais[1][2]
Total population
c. 120,000[3]
Regions with significant populations
 Russia109,042[4]
 ∟  Dagestan36,944[5]
 ∟  Stavropol Krai22,569[5]
 ∟  Karachay-Cherkessia17,368[5]
 ∟  Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug9,990[5]
 ∟  Astrakhan Oblast9,320[5]
 ∟  Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug3,740[5]
 ∟  Chechnya2,819[5]
 Romania4,057[6]
 Bulgaria500
 Kazakhstan400
 Ukraine385[7]
 Turkey90,000[8]
Languages
Nogai, Russian
Religion
Sunni Islam[3]
Related ethnic groups
Crimean Tatars, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Kumyks, Karachays, Volga Tatars[9][10]
The map shows the Nogai population.

The Nogais (Nogai: Ногай, Noğay /noˈɣaj/, plural: Ногайлар, Noğaylar /noɣajˈlar/) are a Turkic[2] ethnic group who live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Chechnya, Dobruja (Romania and Bulgaria), Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and a small Nogai diaspora is found in Jordan. They speak the Nogai language and are descendants of various Mongolic and Turkic tribes who formed the Nogai Horde. There are seven main groups of Nogais: the Ak Nogai, the Karagash, the Kuban-Nogai, the Kundraw-Nogai, the Qara-Nogai, the Utars and the Yurt-Nogai.

Name

For a long time it was believed that their namesake founder was Nogai Khan (lit. 'dog' in Mongolian), a grandson of Jochi. Nogai (d. 1299–1300) was the de facto ruler, kingmaker, and briefly self-proclaimed khan of the Golden Horde.[3]

Geographic distribution

In the 1990s, 65,000 were still living in the Northern Caucasus, divided into Aq (White) Nogai and Qara (Black) Nogai tribal confederations. Nogais live in the territories of Dagestan, Chechnya, Stavropol district and Astrakhan Oblast. From 1928 there was a Nogaysky District, Republic of Dagestan and from 2007 a Nogaysky District, Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

A few thousand Nogais live in Dobruja (today in Romania), in the town of Mihail Kogălniceanu (Karamurat) and villages of Lumina (Kocali), Valea Dacilor (Hendekkarakuyusu), Cobadin (Kubadin).

An estimated 90,000 Nogais live in Turkey today, mainly settled in Ceyhan/Adana, Ankara and Eskisehir provinces. The Nogai language is still spoken in some of the villages of Central Anatolia – mainly around the Salt Lake, Eskişehir and Ceyhan. To this day, Nogais in Turkey have maintained their cuisine: Üken börek, kasık börek, tabak börek, şır börek, köbete and Nogay şay (Nogai tea – a drink prepared by boiling milk and tea together with butter, salt and pepper).[11]

The Junior Juz or the Lesser Horde of the Kazakhs occupied the lands of the former Nogai Khanate in Western Kazakhstan. A part of Nogais joined Kazakhs in 17–18th centuries and formed separate clan or tribe called as Kazakh-Nogais. Their estimated number is about 50,000.

Subgroups

From the sixteenth century until their deportation in the mid-nineteenth century the Nogais living along the Black Sea northern coast were divided into the following sub-groups (west to east):

  • Bucak (Budjak) Nogais inhabited the area from Danube to Dniester.
  • Cedsan (Yedisan) Nogais inhabited the land from Dniester to Southern Bug.
  • Camboyluk (Jamboyluk) Nogais inhabited in the lands from Bug to the beginning of Crimean Peninsula.
  • Cedişkul (Jedishkul) Nogais inhabited the north of Crimean peninsula.
  • Kuban Nogais inhabited the north of Sea of Azov around Prymorsk (previously Nogaisk).

History

The name Nogai derives from Nogai Khan (died 1299/1300, great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan), a general of the Golden Horde[12][13] (also called the Kipchak Khanate). The Mongol tribe called the Manghits (Manghut) constituted a core of the Nogai Horde. The Nogai Horde supported the Astrakhan Khanate, and after the conquest of Astrakhan in 1556 by Russians, they transferred their allegiance to the Crimean Khanate. The Nogais protected the northern borders of the Crimean khanate, and through organized raids to the Wild Fields inhibited Slavic settlement. Many Nogais migrated to the Crimean peninsula to serve as the Crimean khans' cavalry. Settling there, they contributed to the formation of the Crimean Tatars. They raised various herds and migrated seasonally in search of better pastures for their animals. Nogais were proud of their nomadic traditions and independence, which they considered superior to settled agricultural life.

The recorded history of the Nogais first commenced when representatives of the Ottoman Empire reached the Terek–Kuma Lowland, where the Nogais were living as rogue clans and herders. There were two main chiefs: Yusuf Mirza and Ismail Mirza (Bey of the Nogai Horde from 1555 to 1563). Yusuf Mirza supported joining the Ottomans. However, his brother Ismail Mirza, who was allied with the Russians, ambushed Yusuf and declared his chiefdom under Russian rule. After that, the supporters of Yusuf Mirza migrated to Crimea and Yedisan, joining the Crimean Khanate. Supporters of Yusuf took the name Qara, later named by Crimeans as Kichi (Small – founded in 1557 by Mirza Kazy). Those who remained in present-day West Kazakhstan and the North Caucasus (the Great Nogay Horde) took the name Uly (Strong).

About 500,000 Nogais migrated to present-day Turkey around the 16th century, after the fall of the Nogai Horde. They settled in the following cities: Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep, Kırşehir, Eskişehir, Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Afyon, Bursa. These Nogais do not speak the Nogai language anymore and some of them are not aware of their ancestry; however their villages do have Nogai customs.

Nogay princess by Paul Jacob Laminit after Emelyan Korneev, 1812, National Museum in Warsaw

At the beginning of the 17th century, the ancestors of the Kalmyks, the Oirats, migrated from the steppes of southern Siberia on the banks of the Irtysh River to the Lower Volga region. Various theories attempt to explain this move, but the generally accepted view is that the Kalmyks sought abundant pastures for their herds. They reached the Volga about 1630. That land, however, was not uncontested pasture, but rather the homeland of the Nogai Horde. The Kalmyks expelled the Nogais, who fled to the Northern Caucasian Plains and to the Crimean Khanate, areas under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Some Nogai groups sought the protection of the Russian garrison at Astrakhan. The remaining nomadic Turkic tribes became vassals of the Kalmyk khan.

After the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783, Slavic and other settlers occupied the Nogai pastoral land, since the Nogais did not have permanent residence. In the 1770s and 1780s the Russian Empress Catherine the Great resettled approximately 120,000 Nogais from Bessarabia and areas northeast of the Sea of Azov to the Kuban and the Caucasus.[14] In 1790, during the Russo-Turkish war, Prince Grigory Potemkin ordered the resettlement of some Nogai families from the Caucasus (where, he feared, they might defect to the Ottomans) to the north shore of the Sea of Azov.[15] With the 1792 Treaty of Jassy (Iaşi) the Russian frontier expanded to the Dniester River and the Russian takeover of Yedisan was complete. The 1812 Treaty of Bucharest transferred Budjak to Russian control.

After confiscating the land previously belonged to Nogais, the Russian government forced Nogais to settle through various methods, such as burning their tents and limiting their freedom of movement. The Russian general Alexander Suvorov slaughtered thousands of rebellious Kuban Nogais in 1783. Several Nogai tribes took refuge among the Circassians in this period. Several other Nogai clans began to migrate to the Ottoman Empire in great numbers. The Nogais followed two routes. An estimated 7,000 Nogais of the Bucak and Cedsan Hordes settled in Dobruja before 1860. Most of these Nogais later migrated to Anatolia. However, the great exodus of the Nogais took place in 1860. Many clans from the Camboyluk and Kuban Hordes moved westwards to southern Ukraine, and wintered with their co-ethnics there in 1859. They emigrated either through the ports of Feodosia or Kerch, or by crossing via the Budjak steppes to Dobruja. 50,000 of the roughly 70,000 Nogais of the Kuban and adjacent Stavropol region left Russia for the Ottoman Empire during this period. They induced the Nogais of Crimea (who lived in the districts of Yevpatoria, Perekop and in the north of Simferopol) to emigrate too. 300,000 Crimean Tatars (which included Nogais) left Crimea in the year 1860. Similarly, 50,000 Nogais disappeared from southern Ukraine by 1861. Other Nogai clans emigrated directly from the Caucasus to Anatolia, together with the Circassians. Nogais lived alongside German-speaking Mennonites in the Molochna region of southern Ukraine from 1803, when the Mennonites first arrived there, until 1860, when the Nogais were deported.[16]

Kumyks, like the Nogais, appeared in the Caucasus in the 13th century. They, in a language, are affected with the Nogais and belong with them to the same branch (Nogai).[17]

Notable Nogais

See also

References

  1. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood/ABC-CLIO. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-61069-953-2.
  2. 1 2 Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 493–494. ISBN 978-0-313-30984-7.
  3. 1 2 3 Peter Golden. "Nogai people". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 3.
  4. ↑ "Russian Census of 2021". (in Russian)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Russian Census (2021)
  6. ↑ Ismail, Nilghiun. "Romanian Tatar language communication in the multicultural space". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Archived from the original on December 17, 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
  8. ↑ "Nogai in Russia".
  9. ↑ Ахметзянов М. И. Татарские родословные (шеджере) / М. И. Ахметзянов – Казань: ИЯЛИ им. Г. Ибрагимова // Золотоордынское обозрение. 2015.
  10. ↑ Исхаков Д. М. Юго-Восток Татарстана: проблема изучения этнической истории региона XTV-XVII вв. // Элмэт — Альметьевск. 2003.
  11. ↑ Project, Joshua. "Nogai in Russia". joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  12. ↑ Karpat, Kemal H. (2002). "Ottoman Urbanism: The Crimean Emigration to Dobruca and the Founding of Mecidiye, 1856–1878". Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays. Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Vol. 81. Leiden: Brill. pp. 226–227. ISBN 9789004121010. Retrieved 19 November 2018. [...] the Nogay (the term derives from Nogay Khan, the thirteenth-century ruler of the Golden Horde) [...].
  13. ↑ Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia edited by Jeffrey E. Cole "The origin of the Nogais is related to the Golden Horde in the 13th and 14th centuries. Their ethnonym (nogay means 'dog' in Mongolian) seems to have emerged among them under the leadership of Amir Nogay."
  14. ↑ B. B. Kochekaev, Nogaisko-Russkie Otnosheniia v XV-XVIII vv (Alma-Ata: Nauk, 1988), passim.
  15. ↑ P. S. Pallas, Travels through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire, in the Years 1793 and 1794, 2 vols. (London: S. Strahan, 1802), 1:533.
  16. ↑ Compare: Mennonite-Nogai Economic Relations, 1825–1860: "Mennonites lived alongside Nogais – semi-nomadic Tatar pastoralists – in the Molochna region of southern Ukraine from 1803, when Mennonites first arrived, until 1860, when the Nogais departed."
  17. ↑ Загурский Л.П. Этнологическая классификация кавказских народов. — Тифлис, 1888. — С. 11. — 12 с.
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