Namdhari
Vishav Namdhari Sangat
NicknameKuka
FormationApril 1812
FounderBalak Singh
Founded atBank of the Haron river
TypeSect of Sikhism
HeadquartersBhaini Sahib, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Membership
Claim to number between 5 and 10 lakhs (500,000-1 million), consisting primarily of Jat, Ramgarhia, Arora, and Mazhabi castes.[1]
Official language
Punjabi
Current Guru
Uday Singh
Key people
H.S. Hanspal (president of Namdhari Darbar)
Main organ
Sri Bhaini Sahib
SecessionsInternational Namdhari Sangat
Websitehttps://sribhainisahib.com/

The Namdharis (Gurmukhi: ਨਾਮਧਾਰੀ; Devanagari: नामधारी; nāmadhārī, meaning "bearers of the name"), also known as Kuka and Kukaism[2] (Gurmukhi: ਕੂਕਾ; kūkā [sg]; ਕੂਕੇ; kūkē [pl]: from Punjabi kuk, “scream” or “cry”),[3] are a Sikh sect that differs from mainstream Sikhs chiefly in that it believes that the lineage of Sikh Gurus did not end with Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), as they recognize Balak Singh (1797–1862) as the 11th Guru of the Sikh religion, thus continuing the succession of Sikh Gurus through the centuries from Guru Nanak Dev to the present day.[4] The 12th Guru was Ram Singh (1816–1885), who moved the sects centre to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana) and is regarded as the first Indian to use non-cooperation and non-violence boycott in order to combat the British Empire in India.[5]

Names

The most common names for the sect are Namdhari or Kuka.[2][3] Some texts refer to them as Jagiasi or Abhiasi.[6]

Ideology

Namdhari Sikhs believes that the lineage of Sikh gurus did not end with Guru Gobind Singh and that he did not die at Nanded, instead he was able to escape.[7][8][9] They recognize Balak Singh (1797–1862) as the 11th Guru of the Sikh religion, thus continuing the succession of Sikh Gurus through the centuries from Guru Nanak Dev to the present day.[10] Each member of the Namdhari community is given Amrit at a young age,[11] they do not consume meat, alcohol or drugs. The 12th Guru was Ram Singh (1816–1885), who moved the sects centre to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana) and is regarded as the first Indian to use non-cooperation and non-violence boycott in order to combat the British Empire in India.[5]

Painting of a Namdhari Sikh or Kuka Sikh, by Kapur Singh, Amritsar, ca.1860–65

The Namdhari's are advocates for Guru Nanak Dev 's message and philosophy of sharing your wealth and food with the needy, earn an honest living and to unifying with the creator by appreciating and reciting the lords Naam.

They did not believe in any religious ritual other than the repetition of their god's name (or nam, for which reason members of the sect are called Namdharis),[12] rejecting the worship of idols, graves, tombs, gods, or goddesses.[13] The Namdharis had more of a social impact than the Nirankaris at the time of its founding due to the fact that they emphasized Khalsa identity, seeking to reestablish it, and the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib,[14] as well as their clashes with the British colonial authority. They call their houses of worship dharamsalas, though they freely attend other gurdwaras, maintaining family and friendship ties across sect lines.[15]

They consider Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth as equally important, and compositions from the Chandi di Var are a part of their daily Nitnem. They circumambulate the fire (havan) during their weddings, but they differ in that the hymns are those from the Adi Granth.[6][16]

Namdhari Rehatnama

Issued by Guru Ram Singh during their time of exile, it has become the foundation of the Namdhari Sikh belief system.[17] It was specifically addressed to the community of Sikhs living in Bhaini. In promotes waking up early before sunrise, hygiene and cleanliness as well as brushing teeth and showering from head to toe daily.

Guru Ram Singh encouraged memorising Gurbani and to contemplate on the almighty 24 hours a day.[18] He promoted peace and non violence against oppression, forgiveness, humility and tolerance. The Namdhari Rehatnama promotes singing of hymns daily and also sets out a conduct which should be followed if a Havan is to be performed, listing out which texts should be read and how the area should be prepared. The rehatnama outlines how a Sikh should change his or her kacherra (one leg should remain in the kacherra whilst the other has been taken out). It banned child weddings and banned taking money from sisters or daughters along with outlaw of gambling (page 129).[19][20]

Practices

Painting of a Namdhari or Kuka (Sikh sect) congregation of Guru Ram Singh Kuka performing katha (Sikh religious discourse lecture) with an opened scripture of Guru Granth Sahib
Namdhari Sikh singer and musicians

The Namdharis wear homespun white turbans, which they wrap around their heads (sidhi pagri).[21][16] Around their necks they wear a white woolen cord (mala), woven as a series of 108 knots and serving as a rosary.[22]

They are called Kuka, which means "crier, shouter", for their ecstatic religious practices during devotional singing. They also meditate, using mala (rosary).[16]

Namdharis follow a strict lacto-vegetarian diet and also advocate for cow protection.[23] They abstain from the use of alcohol, caffeine and tobacco.[24][25]

The Namdhari community also perform Hom (Havan) in which a team of 7 people who are observing Sodh maryada recite Gurbani from the Guru Granth Sahib and Dasam Granth for the wellbeing of humanity. According to Namdharis, the modern form of performing Havan's within the Sikh community originates back to Guru Ram Singh and Guru Gobind Singh (page 2).[26] During the wedding ceremony (Anand Karaj) a Namdhari couple will circumvent the Hom once the Hom ceremony has finished.[27]

Interfaith harmony

Purna Swaraj

Attended by Guru Partap Singh on 31 December 1929. Thousands of Namdhari Sikhs participated in the procession. A 100 horses were sent for the procession, free langar was organised by the Namdhari Sikhs and Mata Jeewan Kaur played a vital role.[28]

Guru Nanak Sarv Sampradaya

The “Guru Nanak Sarv Sampradaya” conference was organised by Guru Partap Singh in 1934 with the sole intention to unite anyone who believed in or followed the teachings of Guru Nanak. In doing so they were able to strengthen the bond between Sikh factions by eradicating the ideological differences between different communities.[29]

Hindu-Muslim-Sikh unity conference

In 1943, Guru Partap Singh organised a Hindu-Muslim-Sikh unity conference[30] in Bhaini Sahib, stressing the importance of unity amongst not only Indians but amongst humanity also.

Sarab Dharam Samelan

Under the guidance of Guru Uday Singh, Bhaini Sahib became host of a religious unity convention dedicated to world peace and communal harmony on the 9th of March 2023 in which guests from various religious and cultural backgrounds came and gave sermons on topics including religious harmony, love and unity.[31]

Interfaith Harmony for World Peace

On 23 April 2023 the Namdhari Sikh community hosted an interfaith harmony for world peace conference in Melbourne, Australia.[32]

History

Origin

Namdharis, also known as Kuka Sikhs, believe that the line of Sikh Gurus did not end with Guru Gobind Singh, as they claim that he did not die in Nanded but escaped and lived in secret,[21] and secretly helped the Khalsa in the coming decades under the guise of a man named Ajaypal Singh.[33][34] and that he nominated Balak Das Udasi to be the 11th Guru, a tradition that was continued through the Namdhari leaders.[35][36] According to their beliefs, Guru Gobind Singh passed guruship to Balak Das of Hazro, Punjab in the year 1812 on Baisakh Sudi 10.[37] before passing on Jeth Sudi 5, Vikrami Samvat 1869 (1812 A.D.), at the claimed age of 146.

Their 12th Guru was Ram Singh, who moved the sect's center to Bhaini Sahib (Ludhiana). A Tarkhan or Ramgharia, his rural sect would be composed largely of Ramgharias and poorer Jat Sikhs.[38] He was strictly vegetarian and a strong opponent of cow slaughter, and retaliated against Muslims for killing cows in 1872.[6][16] Ram Singh Kuka was arrested by the British and he was exiled to Rangoon, Myanmar. Dozens of Namdharis were arrested by the British and executed without trial in Ludhiana and Ambala.[6]

Role in Indian freedom movement

Some Namdharis are recognized as freedom fighters due to their attacks on cow slaughters, inflicting many deaths on Muslims in Amritsar and Ludhiana in Vikrami Samvat 1928 at midnight on 15 July 1871. The British had instituted a slaughter house near the Golden Temple Amritsar on 5 May 1849.[39] Four Namdhari Sikhs — Bhai Lehna Singh, Bhai Fateh Singh, Bhai Hakam Singh Patwari, Bhai Beehla Singh took it upon themselves to kill Muslims in retaliation for the slaughtering of cows.[40] As a result, the mentioned Namdharis were sentenced to death by hanging at Ram Bagh, Amritsar, where at present, a Namdhari Shaheedi Samarak (memorial) is placed in their honor.[41][42] They had tried to blame the Nihang Panth for the action by placing a Blue Dummala and Chakrams outside the site of action. Afterwards many Sikhs and Nihangs killed Namdharis and 180 Namdharis and 12 Nihangs died in the clashes.[43][44]

A group of 66 Namdhari Sikhs were executed by cannons on 17–18 January 1872 after a group of 125 attacked a slaughterhouse in Malerkotla.[15] Ram Singh was sent to Allahabad with his servant (Nanu Singh) on 18 January 1872, in the morning hours from Ludhiana by a special train.[45] On 10 March 1872, Ram Singh was shifted to Calcutta. On 11 March 1872 he was sent to Rangoon in British Burma.[46][47] Ram Singh was kept there until 18 September 1880, and then shifted to Megui in Burma, in an attempt to make contact with him more difficult.[48][49]

The White triangular flag symbolizing peace

Even in exile, Satguru Ram Singh worked endlessly to keep the freedom struggle alive even sending his Suba (Lieutenant) Bishan Singh to Moscow, in order to gain the support of Czar Nicholas II of Russia, in removing British rule in India. Suba Bishan had made contact with Maharaja Duleep Singh who was also in Moscow at the time looking to gain support of the Russian Czar in order to expel the British from India, and re-institute the once flourishing Sikh Empire. However, due to the Russian-Turkish War (1877-1878) the Russians were not keen on supporting any Indian nationalist in going to war against the British Empire.

Ram Singh died in 1885 according to British records, though many Namdharis maintain a belief that he is alive and will reappear.[15]

Succession crisis

In 2012, after the death of the fifth guru of the Namdharis, Guru Jagjit Singh, there was controversy surrounding who would succeed him as the next Guru. This was further complicated by the fact that Jagjit had not made it clear who would succeed him. Eventually, Uday Singh (nephew of Guru Jagjit Singh) was announced as the successor but this attracted criticism and controversy within the sectoral community, with other factions vying for Dalip Singh (excommunicated elder brother of Uday Singh) or Chand Kaur (widow of late Guru Jagjit Singh) as the next Guru, others are awaiting for Guru Ram Singh's prophesied return. Chand Kaur, one of the supported claimants to the Guruship, was assassinated in April 2016. There have been violent clashes relating to the crisis between different cliques.[50][51][52][53]

Gurus recognized by Namdharis

The 12 Sadhgurus in Namdhari Sikhism

A Guru is Sanskrit term for "mentor, guide, expert or master" in a certain field or of certain knowledge.[54] The Namdhari's recognize the following as spiritual teachers (Guru). Below are the names of the Gurus followed by Namdhari Sikhs succeeding the mainstream Sikh Gurus:[55][56]

No. Name

(Birth–Death)

 Portrait Guruship Term Reference(s)
Succeeding Guru Gobind Singh:[note 1]
1. Guru Balak Singh
(1784/1785/1797–1862)		 1812–1841 [57][58]
2. Guru Ram Singh
(1816–1885, he is still alive according to Namdhari belief)		 1841–1872 [59][60][61][62]
3. Guru Hari Singh

(1819–1906)

 1872–1906 [63][64]
4. Guru Partap Singh

(1889/1890–1959)

 1906–1959 [65][66]
5. Guru Jagjit Singh

(1920–2012)

 1959–2012 [67][68][69]
6. Guru Uday Singh 2012–present [70]

Notes

  1. ↑ The Namdharis believe in the same lineage of gurus that mainstream Sikhs do, differing in that they believe Balak Singh succeeded Guru Gobind Singh as an 11th guru, a belief which is not shared by mainstream Sikhs. The Namdhari guruship lineage continues til the present-day.

References

  1. ↑ Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada (1 October 1998). India: The Namdhari sect of Sikhism, including its practices and beliefs, and whether the Punjab police seeks in particular its male members. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.
  2. 1 2 Parkash Singh Badal : chief minister of Punjab. S. R. Bakshi, Sita Ram Sharma, S. Gajnani. New Delhi: APH Publishing. 1998. p. 40. ISBN 81-7024-987-2. OCLC 55522775.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. 1 2 "Ram Singh | Indian philosopher | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  4. ↑ Gill, Davinder Singh (1998). Nanded Toun Baad Dasam Guru. Punjab: Capco Printing. pp. 121–123.
  5. 1 2 "Ram Singh Philosopher". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.
  7. ↑ "Untitled Document". www.sikh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  8. ↑ W H Mcleod (1984). Sikhism Textual Sources. p. 127.
  9. ↑ Curtis, John (November 1845). "XXXII. Note on the Memoir printed at Page 249 of the present Volume". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 19 (4): 489–490. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1842.tb00374.x. ISSN 1945-9432.
  10. ↑ Gill, Davinder Singh (1998). Nanded Toun Baad Dasam Guru. Punjab: Capco Printing. pp. 121–123.
  11. ↑ "Baptism with Amrit". www.namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  12. ↑ Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2019). "Namdhari (Sikh sect)". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  13. ↑ V.K. Agnihotra (2010). Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps, Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010. Allied Publishers. p. C-171. ISBN 9788184245684.
  14. ↑ Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh (2013). Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed (illustrated ed.). London, England: A&C Black. p. 79. ISBN 9781441102317. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  15. 1 2 3 Gerald Parsons (2012). The Growth of Religious Diversity - Vol 1: Britain from 1945 Volume 1: Traditions. Routledge. pp. 221–222. ISBN 978-1-135-08895-8.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Kristen Haar; Sewa Singh Kalsi (2009). Sikhism. Infobase Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-4381-0647-2.
  17. ↑ W H Mcleod (1984). Sikhism Textual Sources. p. 129.
  18. ↑ "iGurbani - Shabad". www.igurbani.com. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  19. ↑ Singh, Harkirat (2020-02-06). "ਨਾਮਧਾਰੀ ਨਿਤਨੇਮ Namdhari Nitnem". Sri Bhaini Sahib. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  20. ↑ W H Mcleod (1984). Sikhism Textual Sources.
  21. 1 2 Sects in Sikhism, Encyclopedia Britannica
  22. ↑ W H Mcleod (1984). Sikhism Textual Sources. p. 127.
  23. ↑ Clarke, Peter B. (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Taylor & Francis. pp. 425-426. ISBN 978-1134499700
  24. ↑ Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 152. ISBN ISBN 978-8170103011
  25. ↑ Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0191004117
  26. ↑ Atma Singh Sankhatrivi (1965). Havan Jag Di Mahanta.
  27. ↑ W H Mcleod (1984). Sikhism Textual Sources. p. 127.
  28. ↑ Kaur, Beant (1999). The Namdhari Sikhs (1 ed.). London: Namdhari Sikhs Historical Museum. p. 38.
  29. ↑ "Sri Satguru Partap Singh Ji". KUKASIKHS.COM. 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  30. ↑ "Sri Satguru Partap Singh Ji". KUKASIKHS.COM. 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  31. ↑ Singh, Harkirat (2023-03-07). "Sarb Dharam Sammelan 2023". Sri Bhaini Sahib. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  32. ↑ "BAPS participates in the Religious Harmony for world peace conference". BAPS. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
  33. ↑ Gill, Davinder Singh (1998). Naded Toun Baad Dasam Guru. Capco Printing. pp. 28–30.
  34. ↑ Sects and other groups: Sikhism, Encyclopaedia Britannica
  35. ↑ McLeod, W.H. (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press. p. 126. ISBN 9780719010637. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  36. ↑ Jones, K.W. (1989). Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780521249867. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  37. ↑ Singh, Giani Gian (1880). Sri Guru Panth Parkash Vol. 7. Punjab.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  38. ↑ W. H. McLeod (2005). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism. Scarecrow. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8108-5088-0.
  39. ↑ Sanehi, Swaran Singh. Foremost Freedom Fighters. Maden Head: Deportation Centenary Committee. p. 3.
  40. ↑ Further correspondence regarding the murder of butchers at Amritsar & Raikot in Ludhiana District: Judicial, B, August 1871 Nos. 26-32
  41. ↑ Henry Schwarz; Sangeeta Ray (2004). A companion to postcolonial studies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 261–. ISBN 978-0-631-20663-7.
  42. ↑ Singh, Jaswinder (2007). Great Namdhari Martyrs of Amritsar Episode.
  43. ↑ Singh, Jaswinder (1985). Kuka Movement Freedom Struggle in Punjab. Punjab: Atlantic Publishers & Distributions. ISBN 9788171560813.
  44. ↑ Singh, M.A., Nahar. Gooroo Ram Singh & the Kuka Sikhs, Book III. Kamla Nagar, Delhi: R.K. Printers.
  45. ↑ Recent disturbances by Kookas in the Ludhiana District of the Punjab.: Judicial, A, 20 January 1872,Nos. 55-71
  46. ↑ Removal of Ram Singh, Kuka leader from Allahabad to British Burma.: Judicial, A, March 1872, Nos 111-112
  47. ↑ Removal of Ram Singh, the Kuka leader to British Burma.: Judicial A, May 1872, No. 122.
  48. ↑ Joginder Singh (2010). Namdhari Guru Ram Singh (1st ed.). New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. ISBN 978-81-237-5918-0. OCLC 696603673.
  49. ↑ Kooka Chief Ram Singh in Rangoon: Judicial, A, May 1872, No.80
  50. ↑ "Who is the Successor of "Satguru" Jagjeet Singh? | Namdhari Truth". Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  51. ↑ "Chand Kaur murder: A wealthy sect, an old family feud and the murder of a matriarch". The Indian Express. 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  52. ↑ "Namdhari sect succession struggle turns violent, 5 injured in Amritsar". The Hindu. 2013-02-25. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  53. ↑ "Namdharis' wedge: A sect divided between two brothers, two states". Hindustan Times. 2016-09-04. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  54. ↑ Lawrence, Stefan (2022-08-16). Digital Wellness, Health and Fitness Influencers. doi:10.4324/9781003256021. ISBN 9781003256021. S2CID 251632363.
  55. ↑ "Namdhari Sikhs article on Namdhari Sect's official website". Sri Bhaini Sahib. 10 December 2014.
  56. ↑ ""Naamdhari Gurus" - Sikh Gurus". www.sikh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  57. ↑ "Guru Balak Singh Ji". www.namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  58. ↑ "BALAK SINGH, BABA". The Sikh Encyclopedia. 19 December 2000. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
  59. ↑ Kaur, Gurjeet (2022). "Kuka Movement: A Historical Perspective" (PDF). International Journal of Law Management & Humanities. 5 (2): 1837–1846. ISSN 2581-5369.
  60. ↑ "Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji - the twelfth Master". www.sikh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  61. ↑ "Satguru Ram Singh Ji". www.namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  62. ↑ "Ram Singh | Indian philosopher | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05. Ram Singh, (born 1816, Bhaini, Punjab, India—died 1885, Mergui, Burma [Myanmar])
  63. ↑ "Satguru Hari Singh Ji". www.namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  64. ↑ "Sri Satguru Hari Singh Ji". www.sikh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  65. ↑ "Sri Satguru Partap Singh Ji". www.sikh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  66. ↑ "Satguru Pratap Singh Ji". www.namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  67. ↑ "Tributes – Newspapers". His Holiness Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji Maharaj. 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  68. ↑ "His Holiness Satguru Guru Jagjit Singh Ji". www.namdhari-world.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  69. ↑ "Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji". www.sikh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
  70. ↑ Desk, India TV News (2012-12-16). "Thakur Uday Singh installed as new Namdhari sect chief". www.indiatvnews.com. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.