A Masonic lodge meeting of Mozart's day, once thought to portray Mozart's own lodge.[1] Oil painting (1789), Wienmuseum Vienna.

For the last seven years of his life Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a Mason. The Masonic order played an important role in his life and work.

Mozart's lodges

Mozart was admitted as an Apprentice to the Viennese Masonic lodge called "Zur Wohltätigkeit" ("Beneficence") on 14 December 1784.[2] He was promoted to Fellow on 7 January 1785, and became a Master Mason "shortly thereafter".[2] Mozart also attended the meetings of another lodge, called "Zur wahren Eintracht" ("True Concord"). According to Otto Erich Deutsch, this lodge was "the largest and most aristocratic in Vienna. ... Mozart, as the best of the musical 'Brothers,' was welcome in all the lodges." It was headed by the naturalist Ignaz von Born.[3]

Mozart's own lodge "Zur Wohltätigkeit" was consolidated with two others in December 1785, under the Imperial reform of Masonry (the Freimaurerpatent, "Masonic Decree") of 11 December 1785, and thus Mozart came to belong to the lodge called "Zur Neugekrönten Hoffnung" (New Crowned Hope).[4]

At least as far as surviving Masonic documents can tell us, Mozart was well regarded by his fellow Masons. Many of his friends were Masons.

During his visit to Vienna in 1785, Mozart's father Leopold also became a Mason.[5]

Masonic ideology and Masonic music

Stage design for Mozart's opera The Magic Flute by German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, c. 1815, with Masonic symbols.

Mozart's position within the Masonic movement, according to Maynard Solomon, lay with the rationalist, Enlightenment-inspired membership, as opposed to those members oriented toward mysticism and the occult.[6] This rationalist faction is identified by Katharine Thomson as the Illuminati, a masonically inspired group which was founded by Bavarian professor of canon law Adam Weishaupt, who was also a friend of Mozart.[7] The Illuminati and rationalist Masons espoused the Enlightenment-inspired, humanist views proposed by the French philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Denis Diderot. For example, they contended that social rank was not coincident with nobility of the spirit, but that people of lowly class could be noble in spirit just as nobly born could be mean-spirited. This view appears in Mozart's operas; for example, in The Marriage of Figaro, an opera based on a play by Pierre Beaumarchais (another Freemason), the low-born Figaro is the hero and the Count Almaviva is the boor.[8]

The Freemasons used music in their ceremonies (see Masonic music), and adopted Rousseau's humanist views on the meaning of music. "The purpose of music in the [Masonic] ceremonies is to spread good thoughts and unity among the members" so that they may be "united in the idea of innocence and joy," wrote L.F. Lenz in a contemporary edition of Masonic songs. Music should "inculcate feelings of humanity, wisdom and patience, virtue and honesty, loyalty to friends, and finally an understanding of freedom."[9]

These views suggest a musical style quite unlike the style of the Galant, which was dominant at the time. Galant style music was typically melodic with harmonic accompaniment, rather than polyphonic; and the melodic line was often richly ornamented with trills, runs and other virtuosic effects. The style promoted by the Masonic view was much less virtuosic and unornamented. Mozart's style of composition is often referred to as "humanist" and is in accord with this Masonic view of music.[10]

The music of the Freemasons contained musical phrases and forms that held specific semiotic meanings. For example, the Masonic initiation ceremony began with the candidate knocking three times at the door to ask admittance. This is expressed musically as a dotted figure:

This figure appears in Mozart's opera The Magic Flute in the overture, suggesting the opening of the Masonic Master Mason's degree.[11] According to Katherine Thomson,[11] there are many other examples of specific musical symbols taken from the Masonic rites that appear throughout Mozart's compositions. These include the use of suspensions to indicate friendship and brotherhood, the use of three-part harmony to emphasize the special significance of the number three in Freemasonry, and special rhythms and harmonies to signify fortitude and other attributes.

Notwithstanding these manifestations of Freemasonry in Mozart's music and activities, some scholars question Mozart's personal commitment to Masonic ideology. Peter Paul Fuchs notes that Mozart was a devout Catholic, a religion that threatened Freemasons with excommunication.[12] "Mozart was pulled in various directions stylistically and probably personally. There is little evidence that he found these tensions troubling... " he writes.[13] However, in his book Mozart and the Enlightenment Nicholas Till demonstrates that Mozart's original lodge "Zur Wohltätigkeit" (At Beneficence) was a reform-Catholic lodge following the tenets of the Italian liberal theologian Ludovico Muratori and was committed in particular to the Catholic ideal of charity. And musicologist David J. Buch notes that many of Mozart's musical devices identified with Masonry have precedents in non-Masonic music as well.[14] For example, the three notes, which originate from the French genre of "le merveilleux", already appear in the musical theater of the early 18th century. The three chords in the overture can be found in many other 18th-century stage works, such as Traetta's Armida and Gazzaniga's La Circe, operas that have no connection with Freemasonry.

List of Mozart's Masonic compositions

The following is a list of surviving works that Mozart composed for performance at gatherings of Masons.

  • Song for tenor and piano, Lobegesang auf die feierliche Johannisloge: "O heiliges Band der Freundschaft treuer Brüder" (O sacred bond of friendship between true brothers), K 148/125h, (1772)
  • Cantata for two tenors, male chorus, and orchestra, "Dir, Seele des Weltalls", K. 429/468a (fragment, completed by M. Stadler) (1783)
  • Song for tenor and piano, "Lied zur Gesellenreise: Die ihr einem neuen Grad," K. 468, "for use at installation of new journeymen" (1785)
  • Cantata for tenor, male chorus, and orchestra, Die Maurerfreude ("The Mason's Joy") K. 471 (1785)
  • The Masonic Funeral Music (Maurerische Trauermusik), K. 477/479a (1785), for orchestra, which was composed for an actual Masonic funeral
  • Two songs for tenor, male chorus, and organ used for the opening and closing ceremonies of the lodge in Austria "Zur Neugekrönten Hoffnung":
    • Zur Eröffnung der Freimaurerloge: "Zerfließet Heut, Geliebter Brüder", K. 483 (1786)
    • Zum Schluß der Freimaurerloge: "Ihr Unsre Neuen Leiter", K. 484 (1786)
  • The Little German Cantata (Kleine Deutsche Kantate) entitled Die ihr die unermesslichen Weltalls Schöpfer ehrt, for tenor and piano, for use at meetings of the "Colony of the Friends of Nature," K. 619 (1791)
  • The Little Masonic Cantata (Kleine Freimaurer-Kantate) entitled Laut verkünde unsre Freude, for two tenors, bass, male chorus, and orchestra, K. 623 (1791)
  • Song for male chorus and orchestra, "Laßt uns mit geschlungen Händen," K. 623a, ("for the close of the lodge" and intended final chorus to K. 623) (1791; attribution uncertain)

The story and music of his opera The Magic Flute is also considered to have strong Masonic influences.

List of fellow Masons

The following is a partial list of family members, patrons, and colleagues who were Masons.

Mozart's grandfather Johann Georg, a bookbinder, was raised among the extended Mozart family in Augsburg, in the house of Johann's own grandfather David Mozart. David and his children were distinguished architects and master operative (craft) masons of the Augsburg guild (as contrasted to speculative freemasons).[17] But close affinities among operative and speculative existed in this period.

Notes

  1. ↑ It has further been suggested that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is represented on the far right, sitting next to his friend Emanuel Schikaneder. The fact that the two men wear a golden square (an exclusive insignia of the chairman and the first supervisor) precludes this identification. For discussion of these errors see Michael Lorenz: "Neue Forschungsergebnisse zum Theater auf der Wieden und Emanuel Schikaneder", Wiener Geschichtsblätter, 4/2008, (Vienna: Verein für Geschichte der Stadt Wien, 2008), pp. 15–36
  2. 1 2 Solomon 1995, 321
  3. ↑ Deutsch 1965, 231. Deutsch's book records Mozart's visits to "Zur wahren Eintracht", preserved in the lodge attendance records.
  4. ↑ Solomon 322
  5. ↑ Deutsch 1965
  6. ↑ Solomon 1995, 327
  7. ↑ Thomson (1977) p. 14.
  8. ↑ Thomson (1977) p. 107.
  9. ↑ quoted in Thomson (1977) p. 41.
  10. ↑ Thomson (1977) p. 60.
  11. 1 2 Thomson (1977) p. 42
  12. ↑ Corp, Edward (2011). The Stuarts in Italy, 1719-1766. Cambridge University Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780521513272.
  13. ↑ Peter Paul Fuchs "A Resolution of Mozart and Freemasonry: Enlightenment and the Persistence of Counter-Reformation" in The Bull's Apron: The Aesthetic Theory of Masonic Art and Material Culture. Alexandria: Association of Masonic Arts, 2015
  14. ↑ David J. Buch: Magic Flutes and Enchanted Forests, The University of Chicago Press, 2008.
  15. ↑ Deutsch (1965, 236): "On [11 February 1785] Haydn was admitted to the 'Concord' lodge; but as he never again appeared there, he never passed the apprentice stage."
  16. ↑ Braunbehrens 1990, 318
  17. ↑ "Die Kunstlerfamilie Mozart". Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.

References

  • Braunbehrens, Volkmar (1990). Mozart in Vienna. New York: Grove and Weidenfeld.
  • Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Solomon, Maynard (1995). Mozart: A Life. HarperCollins.
  • Thomson, Katherine (1977). The Masonic Thread in Mozart. London: Lawrence and Wishart. ISBN 0853153817.
  • Till, Nicholas (1992). Mozart and the Enlightenment, London: Faber
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