Mormyrinae
The Peters' elephantnose fish, Gnathonemus petersii, has the largest brain-to-body weight ratio of all known vertebrates.[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Osteoglossiformes
Family: Mormyridae
Subfamily: Mormyrinae
Genera

see text

The subfamily Mormyrinae contains all but one of the genera of the African freshwater fish family Mormyridae in the order Osteoglossiformes. They are often called elephantfish due to a long protrusion below their mouths used to detect buried invertebrates that is suggestive of a tusk or trunk (some such as Marcusenius senegalensis gracilis are sometimes called trunkfish though this term is usually associated with an unrelated group of fish). They can also be called tapirfish.

Fish in this subfamily have a high brain to body mass ratio due to an expanded cerebellum (called a gigantocerebellum) used in their electroperception.[2] Linked to this they are notable for holding the zoological record at around 60% as the brains that consume the most energy as a percentage of the body's metabolic rate of any animal.[1] Previous to this discovery, it was the “human brain, which had been thought to hold the record in this respect”.[1]p. 605 The human brain in comparison uses only 20%.[3]

Mormyrinae is the largest subfamily in the Osteoglossiformes order with around 170 species.

Unique brain percentage of body energy consumption

The range with which the adult brain in all animals regardless of body size consumes energy as a percentage of the body's energy is roughly 2% to 8%.[3] The only exceptions of animal brains using more than 10% (in terms of O2 intake) are a few primates (11–13%) and humans.[3] However, research published in 1996 in The Journal of Experimental Biology by Göran Nilsson at Uppsala University found that mormyrinae brains utilize roughly 60% of their body O2 consumption.[1] This is due to the combination of large brain size (3.1% of body mass compared to 2% in humans) and them being ectothermic.[1]

The body energy expenditure of ectothermic animals is about 1/13 of that of endotherms but the energy expenditure of the brains of both ectothermic and endothermic animals are similar.[1] Other high brain percentage (2.6–3.7 % of the body mass) animals exist such as bats, swallows, crows and sparrows but these due to their endothermy also have high body energy metabolism. The unusual high brain energy consumption percentage of mormyrinae fish is thus due to them having the unusual combination of a large brain in a low energy consuming body.[1] The actual energy consumption per unit mass of its brain is not in fact particularly high and indeed lower (2.02 mg g1 h1) than that in some other fish such as Salmonidae (2.20 mg g−1 h−1). In comparison, that of rats is 6.02 mg g−1 h−1 and humans 2.61 mg g−1 h−1.[1]Table 1

The oxygen for this in low oxygen conditions comes from gulping air at the water surface.[1]

Large brains

Unlike mammals, the part of the brain enlarged in mormyrinae fish is the cerebellum[2] not the cerebrum and reflecting this is called a gigantocerebellum.[4] This enlarged cerebellum links to their electroreception. They generate weak electrical fields from specialized electric organ muscles. To detect these fields from those created by other mormyrinae fish, their prey animals, and how their nearby environment distorts them, their skin contains three types of electroreceptors. The electroperception they enable is used in hunting prey, electrolocation, and communication (Knollenorgans are the specialized electrical detection organs for this function).[5] This electroperception, however, requires complex information processing in special neurocircuitry since it is dependent upon the ability to distinguish between self-generated and other generated electric fields, and their self-created aspects and their environment modification. To enable this specialized information processing, with each self-generated electrical discharge, an efference copy of it is made for comparison with the detected electric field it creates. The cerebellum plays a key role in processing such efference copy dependent perception.[6] The muddy waters where they live has resulted in such electroperception playing a key role in their survival and this has resulted in their gigantocerebellum.[4]

Classification

The classification by osteology-based traits of Mormyridae into the two subfamilies of Mormyrinae and Petrocephalinae has been confirmed using molecular phylogeny methods.[7] The classification below comes from FishBase.[8]

In culture

This section is an excerpt from Mormyridae § In culture.[edit]
Bronze figurine of Oxyrhynchus fish, Late Period-Ptolemaic Egypt
The Medjed was a sacred fish in Ancient Egypt. At the city of Per-Medjed, better known as Oxyrhynchus, whose name means "sharp-nosed" after the fish, archaeologists have found fishes depicted as bronze figurines, mural paintings, or wooden coffins in the shape of fishes with downturned snouts, with horned sun-disc crowns like those of the goddess Hathor. The depictions have been described as resembling members of the genus Mormyrus.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nilsson G (1996) "Brain and body oxygen requirements of Gnathonemus petersii, a fish with an exceptionally large brain" Journal of Experimental Biology, 199(3): 603-607. Download
  2. 1 2 Bell CC, Szabo T (1986). Electroreception in Mormyrid fish. Central Anatomy. pp. 375–421. In: Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W, (eds.), Electroreception. New York, Wiley ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1
  3. 1 2 3 Mink JW, Blumenschine RJ, Adams DB. (1981). Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis. Am J Physiol. 241(3):R203-12. PMID 7282965
  4. 1 2 Nieuwenhuys R. Nicholson, C. (1969). A survey of the general morphology, the fiber connections and the possible functional significance of the gigantocerebellum of mormyrid fishes. pp. 107–134. In Neurobiology of Cerebellar Evolution and Development. (ed. R. Llinás), American Medical Association. OCLC 174641159
  5. ↑ Friedman MA, Hopkins CD. (1998). Neural substrates for species recognition in the time-coding electrosensory pathway of mormyrid electric fish. J Neurosci. 18(3):1171-85. PMID 9437037
  6. ↑ Bell CC. (2002). Evolution of cerebellum-like structures. Brain Behav Evol. 59(5-6):312-26. PMID 12207086
  7. ↑ Lavoué S, Bigorne R, Lecointre G, Agnèse JF. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships of mormyrid electric fishes (Mormyridae; Teleostei) inferred from cytochrome b sequences.Mol Phylogenet Evol. 14(1):1-10. PMID 10631038
  8. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2018). "Mormyridae" in FishBase. May 2018 version.
  9. ↑ Van Neer, Wim; Gonzalez, Jérôme (2019). "A Late Period fish deposit at Oxyrhynchus (el-Bahnasa, Egypt)". In Peters, Joris; McGlynn, George; Goebel, Veronika (eds.). Documenta Archaeobiologiae Animals: Cultural Identifiers In Ancient Societies? (PDF). Rahden, Westfalia, Germany: Verlag Marie Leidorf. ISBN 978-3-89646-674-7.
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