Professor
Mohamed El-Amin Ahmed El-Tom
FAAS FIMA
محمد الأمين أحمد التوم
Ministry of Education
In office
5 September 2019 – 26 August 2022
Personal details
BornOctober 1941 (age 82)
Education
Scientific career
Institutions
ThesisNumerical Approximation of Functions of One or More Variables (1969)
Doctoral advisorDavid Christopher Handscomb

Mohamed El-Amin Ahmed El-Tom[1] (Arabic: محمد الأمين أحمد التوم; born October 1941), also known as Muhammad Al-Amin Al-Tom, is a Sudanese mathematician and the first Minister of Education after the Sudanese Revolution, serving between 2019 and 2022. During his tenure, he worked on various initiatives to improve education in Sudan, including the development of a comprehensive plan for the sector. However, El-Tom and his assistant, Omer al-Qarray, faced controversy over the inclusion of Michelangelo's famous painting, The Creation of Adam, in Sudanese school textbooks. The decision was met with strong opposition from some conservative Muslim groups, who argued that the image of God reaching out to Adam in the painting was inconsistent with Islamic beliefs and should not be included in textbooks.

Early life and education

Mohamed El-Amin Ahmed El-Tom[2][3][4] was born in October 1941.[5][6] He completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics from the University of Leeds with first class honours in 1965. This was followed by a Diploma in Advanced Mathematics from the University of Oxford in 1966 taking courses on Numerical Analysis, Functional Analysis, Group Theory, and Commutative Algebra.[7] He then completed a Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) in 1969, supervised by David Christopher Handscomb.[4][5][8]

Academic career

After his bachelor's, El-Tom became a junior scholar at the University of Khartoum (1962-65). Following his DPhil, he returned as a senior scholar between 1965 and 1968, where he helped establish the Mathematical Sciences School.[9] Subsequently, he took on a position as a research fellow at the Center de Calcul, University of Louvain, Belgium (1968-69).[2]

El-Tom advanced in his academic career, serving as a lecturer at the University of Ulster and later as a professor at Columbia University. His expertise also led him to roles at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), Qatar University, and the Sudan Centre for Educational Research. Subsequently, he was appointed as the dean of the University of Garden City.[10]

Research

El-Tom has published over 50 papers on integration convergence,[11] approximations,[12] and interpolation.[13][14] His work also focuses on the state and future of mathematics education[15] and mathematical research in Sudan,[1][16] Islamic countries,[17] Africa,[18] and North America.[19]

In March 1978, El-Tom chaired and organised the International Conference on Developing Mathematics in Third World Countries, in Khartoum, and The Status and Future of Higher Education in Sudan, in Cairo, in 1998. Additionally, he co-founded the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences in Dar es Salaam in 2003.[20]

Minister of Education

After the Sudanese Revolution, the Sudanese Teachers Committee and the Northern Entity Alliance, one of the components of the Revolutionary Front, nominated El-Tom to be the minister of the Ministry of Education, due to his "deep patriotism, professionalism and high efficiency",[21][22] and because "there is no person more qualified than him".[23][24] On 5 September 2019, he was appointed Minister of Education.[25][26]

Reforms

El-Tom, within the Council of Ministers, moved education from the ninth to second position in the government spending priorities, which were presented by the former Minister of Finance in charge of the Council.[27] He championed implementing free education.[28] Through donors, he provided $2 for each student per year.[27] He also tried to secure school meals.[29] El-Tom enacted new public and private education laws in 2020.[30][31]

El-Tom introduced an e-learning management system, linking all schools throughout Sudan.[32] He was also able to provide virtual training for hundreds of teachers by Sudanese companies, organisations and volunteers from abroad, who initially provided training in the English language. He developed a plan for training in mathematics. The Ministry of Education also authorised a regulation banning corporal punishment in educational institutions.[27][33]

El-Tom proposed offering financial support to students pursuing education degrees as a means to boost the college's enrollment figures and guarantee the production of well-prepared teachers upon graduation.[34][35] He is credited with improving the status of the teachers, by raising the salary of a new graduate from 3,000 SDG to more than 16,000 SDG per month.[36] He planned for the construction Exemplary Schools, in terms of buildings and content, called the Twenty-First Century Skills Schools, which was funded by international donors.[37]

In March 2020, following the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Sudanese Ministry of Education delayed the secondary school exams initially set for 12 April. The new date was to be announced later. At a press conference, El-Tom stated that the decision prioritised the well-being of students and their families. He acknowledged the sudden nature of the decision and its impact on the preparations for the exams, which involved approximately 500,000 students.[38]

In August 2020, El-Tom argued against closing schools due to the pandemic, stating that many students would quit school and start working in markets, and a large part of the student body would forget previous lessons. However, he conceded to the Health Emergency Committee.[39] In September 2020, the Ministry of Education declared a delay in the school opening date, initially set for the 27th of that month, to 22 November. This decision was made in response to the unpreparedness of many schools across different regions of Sudan, which were adversely affected by floods and heavy rainfall.[40]

In November 2020, the World Bank Board of Directors approved an education project supported by a $61.5 million grant to support preparatory education in Sudan to maintain and improve basic education for children, with significant support for teachers, schools and communities. The project was planned to enhance the government's ability to formulate policies and monitor progress across the education system. This grant for education constituted the largest funding to support basic education in Sudan. The project covered all public schools, prioritising investment in disadvantaged and marginalised areas. In early 2020, the Global Partnership for Education provided an additional $11 million grant to support Sudan in strengthening programs to respond to the country's education needs in light of the COVID-19 pandemic.[41]

In November 2020, as part of an initiative to give 50,000 out-of-school children access to high-quality formal and informal education, the Education Above All (EAA) Foundation and its partner UNICEF signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Federal Ministry of Education of Sudan. According to a statement from EAA, the project was planned to put a special emphasis on enhancing learning environments and building capacity to ensure that children who are deprived of education receive a quality education, as well as increasing community involvement and raising awareness of the value of access to and enrolment in primary education.[42]

The new curriculum controversy

El-Tom's ministry had taken steps to reform the educational system in Sudan while advocating for "free education for all" by 2030. Regarding the curricula and their changes, El-Tom believed that the general trend, regardless of the subject, is to take into account the student's age and the readiness of their mind to absorb the material.[43] El-Tom addressed the debate about adjusting the number of Qur’an surahs for a specific stage. He clarified that when choosing a surah for a six-year-old, it should align with specific objectives and the child's ability to memorise and understand it effortlessly.[44][35] This task was carried out by the National Center for Educational Curricula, Training, Guidance and Research, led by Omer al-Qarray, which revised and developed elementary school curricula from grade one to grade six in 2020.[27]

A public debate ensued involving politicians, clerics, and journalists over proposals to change the school curricula, led by the Director of Curricula at the Ministry of Education, Omar Al-Qarai. At the same time, education experts and activists opposed the change. The controversy began after a proposal for a new history book for the sixth grade was leaked. Specifically, the painting The Creation of Adam by Renaissance artist Michelangelo caused controversy due to claims of it being heretical.[45] In January 2021, discussions about the curricula emerged on social media among Sudanese individuals. Additionally, accounts and pages were created that either criticized or supported Omar Al-Qarai.[46] The situation worsened as a video emerged featuring imam Muhammad Al-Amin Ismail, shedding tears during the Friday Khutbah.[47] In the video, he expressed his disappointment regarding the content in the new curricula before launching a criticism against Al-Qarai.[48][49]

The head of the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, Minni Minnawi, tweeted that the campaign led by some imams do not stem from motives to preserve religion, but rather was a political campaign aimed at obstructing change that begins with the educational curricula. The political secretary of the Justice and Equality Movement, Suleiman Sandal, stated in press statements that "a school curriculum will not be taught to our children that contains images that embody God while we are in the government". The leader of the National Umma Party, Abd al-Rahman al-Ghali, incited the government to dismiss al-Qarai pointing to Al-Qari's intellectual and political background as a member of the Republican Brotherhood, whose founder, Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, was executed in 1985 on charges of apostasy.[50][51]

The educational expert, Mubarak Yahya, head of the Sudanese Coalition for Education for All, criticised the regression of the curricula issue to the political arena and the quarrels that it entailed. He said that the curricula required a national conference to ensure proper construction of them at a high professional level and societal values and advice, far from politics. However a member of the Central Council of the Sudanese Gathering of the Teachers Committee, Ammar Yusef, believed that there is a campaign against Al-Qari behind which supporters of the former regime stand. But he pointed out that the Teachers' Committee did not participate in developing the new curricula.[50][52]

Omer al-Qarray blamed the Minister of Religious Affairs and Endowments, Nasr al-Din Mufreh, for his silence even when some clerics called for his death. Al-Qari had insisted that he would not step down unless a decision was taken to cancel the curricula in response to pressure.[53][54] However, Al-Qarai resigned soon afterwards on 7 January 2021.[55]

The Sudanese Teachers Committee affirmed that there would be no turning back from the project of radical change in the education system that was initiated by the Ministry of Education, and great strides were made in it.[56]

Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok formed a national committee to review the curricula, and to submit its report after two weeks. The committee ensured that specialists prepared each subject and that the curriculum met high-quality educational goals, professional and national standards, and was teachable.[57]

Formation of a new government

On 8 February 2021, Sudanese Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok issued a decision to relieve the ministers of the transitional government from their positions in preparation of a new government formation.[58] The statement added that the ministers would continue in their positions as caretakers until the formation of the new government and the completion of handover procedures once the Transitional Sovereignty Council had announced the formation of the new government. The statement indicated that the new formation would not include the name of a Minister of Education, as consultations were still taking place regarding this ministry.[59]

El-Tom was excluded from the new cabinet's nomination list by the Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, who submitted the list to the Transitional Sovereignty Council under the pretext that El-Tom had failed a "security check". The Sudanese Teachers Committee protested the exclusion.[60][61] El-Tom considered his exclusion from the ministry due to a failed security check a “disgrace to his reputation”, which caused him "psychological harm". He told Al-Ekhbari: "I am now an accused citizen, and those accusing me must prove whether I am an agent, or have I committed a crime, or been involved in corruption, or what?".[62] He mentioned that he received calls questioning if he had committed any wrongdoing that might have led to his exclusion from the ministry.[63][64]

The Teachers Committee - the leading component of the Sudanese Professionals Association - announced its rejection of the partisan quota of the ministry, and supported El-Tom. In May 2021 and after two months of the post being vacant, a memorandum calling on the Prime Minister to name El-Tom as Minister of Education was signed by a group of civil society organisations, university professors and intellectuals.[65] The memorandum also demanded the approval of the laws drawn up by the competent committees to reform education including the Public Education Law of 2020, the Private Education Law of 2020, and the Law of the National Center for Educational Curricula, Training, Guidance and Research 2020.[66][67]

In April 2021, the Ministry of Education denied that El-Tom has resigned, contrary to what was being circulated on social media.[68][69] However, on 26 August 2021, El-Tom announced that he had submitted his resignation letter to Hamdok because Hamdok sanctioned the new curriculum, after it had been approved by the Minister of Education.[70]

Afterwards, Hamdok demanded that each book of the textbooks be carefully reviewed by authors, language specialists and designers, including illustrators and makers of pictures. Hamdok also requested that the draft of the book be sent to reviewers specialised in the subject of each book. Hamdok called for the rewriting of the history book for the sixth grade and the preservation of the contested surahs without removing any of the verses, and keeping all the units and lessons that were removed from the mathematics textbooks.[71] Hamdok met with delegations of Islamic and Christian clerics, alongside the Minister of Religious Affairs, Nasr al-Din Mufreh, to discuss reviewing the curriculum developed under Omer al-Qarray's leadership at the National Curriculum Center.[72]

Personal life

El-Tom is married with three children.[60]

Awards and honours

El-Tom was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (FIMA) in 1978,[73] and a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences (FAAS) in 1986.[74] He was a member of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy, between 1984 and 1989. He is also a member of the Arab Thought Forum, Jordan since 1985,[75] the Mathematical Association of America, USA since 1992, the American Mathematical Society, USA since 1995,[76] and the Sudanese National Academy of Sciences since 2007.[3]

In response to an invitation from the Global Science Program at Uppsala University, El-Tom participated in attending the 2013 Nobel Prize event in Stockholm.[77] In 2021, he was elected Sudan’s personality of the year by Al Khatim Adlan Center for Enlightenment and Human Development (KACE).[78][27]

References

  1. 1 2 el., Tom, Mohamed El Amin Ahmed (2006). Higher Education in Sudan : towards a new vision for a new era. [Sudan Centre for Educational Research u.a.] ISBN 99942-829-2-1. OCLC 914738863. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-01-02.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. 1 2 "African Doctorates in Mathematics". www.math.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  3. 1 2 "El-Tom Mohamed El-Amin Ahmed | The AAS". African Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  4. 1 2 "Mohamed El Tom - The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.mathgenealogy.org. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  5. 1 2 "109655915". viaf.org. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  6. ↑ "ISNI 0000000081750874 El-Tom, M. E. A. ( 1941- )". isni.oclc.org. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  7. ↑ "Welcome! - The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.mathgenealogy.org. Archived from the original on 2020-12-26. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  8. ↑ African Doctorates in Mathematics: A Catalogue. Lulu.com. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4303-1867-5.
  9. ↑ "محمد الأمين التوم .. رجل بقامة الوطن!!". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2021-04-20. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  10. ↑ "تعرٌف على ... وزير التربية والتعليم بجمهورية السودان .. محمد الأمين التوم | مشاهير". arbyy.com. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  11. ↑ el., Tom, M. E. A. (1970). Convergence of best l spline approximations. Université Catholique de Louvain. Séminaire de Mathématique Appliquée et Mécanique. OCLC 897738184.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ G., W.; Stroud, A. H. (April 1973). "Approximate Calculation of Multiple Integrals". Mathematics of Computation. 27 (122): 437. doi:10.2307/2005635. ISSN 0025-5718. JSTOR 2005635.
  13. ↑ El Tom, M. E. A. (September 1979). "On best cubature formulas and spline interpolation". Numerische Mathematik. 32 (3): 291–305. doi:10.1007/bf01397003. ISSN 0029-599X. S2CID 122340129.
  14. ↑ Chidume, Charles (2009-03-27). Geometric Properties of Banach Spaces and Nonlinear Iterations. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-84882-189-7.
  15. ↑ Halai, Anjum; Clarkson, Philip (2015-12-17). Teaching and Learning Mathematics in Multilingual Classrooms. Springer. ISBN 978-94-6300-229-5.
  16. ↑ El Tom, Mohamed El Amin Ahmed (2008). Sudanese universities as sites of social transformation (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  17. ↑ Congress, The Library of. "- LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  18. ↑ Task Force on Higher education and Society (2000). Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. World Bank. ISBN 978-0-8213-4630-3.
  19. ↑ Tor, Halvorsen; Jorun, Nossum (2017-02-23). North-South Knowledge Networks Towards Equitable Collaboration Between: Academics, Donors and Universities. African Minds. ISBN 978-1-928331-30-8.
  20. ↑ Congress, The Library of. "Muʼtamar Wāqiʻ wa-Mustaqbal al-Taʻlīm al-ʻĀlī fī al-Sūdān (1998 : Cairo, Egypt) - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  21. ↑ "لجنة المعلمين السودانيين ترفض إبعاد «التوم» من الوزارة بذريعة «الفحص الأمني» | شبكة صقر الجديان الإخبارية". Saqraljidyanews (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  22. ↑ cfeditor (2021-02-06). "كيان الشمال يرشح بروفيسور محمد الأمين التوم للتربية والتعليم". Sudan (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  23. ↑ "ترشيح بروفيسور محمد الأمين التوم للتربية والتعليم". Akhbaralsudan (in Arabic). 2021-02-06. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  24. ↑ staff, فريق التحرير (2021-02-06). "كيان الشمال يرشح بروفيسور محمد الأمين التوم للتربية والتعليم - عاجل". الراكوبة نيوز (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  25. ↑ "حكومة السودان ترى النور.. سيدة على رأس الخارجية والجيش يتولى الداخلية والدفاع". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  26. ↑ "بالأسماء.. حمدوك يعلن تشكيل الحكومة السودانية". العربية (in Arabic). 2019-09-05. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 الديمقراطي, جريدة (2021-04-20). "البروفيسور محمد الأمين التوم شخصية العام". اخبار السودان (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  28. ↑ "رسوم المدارس الخاصة تثير استياء الآباء وتربية الخرطوم:"التوافق هو الحل"". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2020-09-01. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  29. ↑ خالد, مقداد. ""يونيسيف": 6.9 ملايين تلميذ خارج الفصول.. لماذا يتسرّب ثلث طلاب السودان من المدارس؟". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  30. ↑ الهامش, صوت (2021-06-01). "مجموعة مدنية تطالب باعادة محمد الأمين التوم الى منصب وزير التربية والتعليم". اخبار السودان (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  31. ↑ "محمد الأمين التوم وزير التربية في فترة حكومة حمدوك في حديث مثير لـ(الصيحة): لم نغيِّر المناهج وهذا (…) ما حدث – صحيفة الصيحة" (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  32. ↑ "النهوض بالتعليم: وعي جديد". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2020-08-23. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  33. ↑ "Sudan | Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children". Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  34. ↑ الفاروق, يقول (2021-05-31). "وزارة التربية والتعليم في مهب الريح!! - النيلين" (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  35. 1 2 "محمد التوم في "بلا قيود " تسرب عدد كبير من التلميذات من مرحلة الأساس كان بسبب الجوع". BBC News عربي (in Arabic). 2020-10-21. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  36. ↑ "بالصورة: تواضع وزير التربية والتعليم السوداني يلهب مشاعر رواد مواقع التواصل - النيلين" (in Arabic). 2019-10-10. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  37. ↑ "الحد الأدنى لأجور المعلمين.. الأزمة مستمرة". صحيفة السوداني (in Arabic). 2022-10-05. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  38. ↑ Salamah.Abdulhameed. "كورونا يؤجل امتحانات الشهادة الثانوية في السودان". Alaraby (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  39. ↑ "السودان: وزير التربية والتعليم يتمرد على قرار إغلاق المدارس.. كورونا ليست سببا ويكشف تفاصيل خطيرة عن العام الدراسي وتوقف الدراسة — تاق برس" (in Arabic). 2020-12-18. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  40. ↑ omar.katip. "فيضانات السودان تؤجل فتح المدارس". Alaraby (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  41. ↑ "61.5 مليون دولار من البنك الدولي لدعم التعليم في السودان". العين الإخبارية (in Arabic). 2020-11-22. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  42. ↑ "QFFD signs MoU to provide education to 50,000 children in Sudan". Gulf Times. 2020-11-30. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  43. ↑ "السودان: وزير التربية والتعليم يحذر من مساعٍ لإفشال الثورة بالطعن في «القراي»". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2021-01-04. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  44. ↑ "حقائق صادمة : وزير التعليم السوداني (٤٠٪) من طلاب الثانويات لا يقرأون". صحيفة التغيير السودانية , اخبار السودان (in Arabic). 2019-11-09. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  45. ↑ وكالات, الرؤية ـ (2021-01-04). "مايكل أنجلو يثير الجدل في السودان". صحيفة الرؤية (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  46. ↑ Salamah.Abdulhameed. "مقترحات تغيير المناهج الدراسية تثير أزمة في السودان". Alaraby (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  47. ↑ MEMRI TV Videos, Sudanese Imam Has Meltdown over Inclusion of Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam in History Textbook, YouTube, archived from the original on 2023-03-05, retrieved 2023-03-05
  48. ↑ شاهد بكاء الشيخ الدكتور محمد الأمين إسماعيل والمصلين حرقة على ما يفعل القراي, archived from the original on 2023-02-08, retrieved 2023-02-08
  49. ↑ Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (2021-02-10). "Letter from Africa: How a text book exposed a rift in Sudan's new government". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
  50. 1 2 فضل, أحمد. "القراي مجددا في عين العاصفة.. المناهج الجديدة بالسودان تثير المنابر ومنصات التواصل". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  51. ↑ عاين, شبكة (2021-08-26), مناهج التعليم السودانية.. إقصاء الأديان الأخرى - Ayin network - شبكة عاين (in Arabic), archived from the original on 2023-01-02, retrieved 2023-01-02
  52. ↑ "مدير المناهج السودانية في عين العاصفة بسبب لوحة لمايكل أنجلو". الشرق الأوسط (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  53. ↑ "تغيير المناهج .. صورة عن قرب". صحيفة السوداني (in Arabic). 2021-01-06. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  54. ↑ "د. القراي : حديثهم عن الغاء القرآن من المناهج لا يستحق الرد عليه - النيلين" (in Arabic). 2019-12-04. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  55. ↑ "SudanTimes - من هو مدير المركز القومي للمناهج عمر القراي؟". 2019-12-23. Archived from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
  56. ↑ "وزير التربية والتعليم لـ( الإخباري): لا تراجع عن المناهج الجديدة ولوحة (خلق آدم) مميزة - النيلين" (in Arabic). 2021-01-03. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  57. ↑ "لجنة لمناهج (القراي).. هل (ردة) من حمدوك ؟". صحيفة السوداني (in Arabic). 2021-01-30. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  58. ↑ فضل, أحمد. "وزراء سياسيون يخلفون التكنوقراط.. حكومة جديدة في السودان ببرنامج للتطبيع والاقتصاد". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-03. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  59. ↑ "رئيس الوزراء السوداني يحل حكومته تمهيدا لإعلان تشكيلة جديدة". www.aljazeera.net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  60. 1 2 "لجنة المعلمين السودانيين تصدر بيانًا وترفض استبعاد محمد الأمين التوم - النيلين" (in Arabic). 2021-02-08. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  61. ↑ "عاجل : لجنة المعلمين : استبعاد البروفيسور محمد الأمين أحمد التوم من قائمة الترشيحات التي تم رفعها إلى مجلس الشركاء، بحجة " الفحص الأمني"!!!". شبكة السودان نيوز (in Arabic). 2021-02-08. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  62. ↑ "تسوية بلا ضفاف .. بقلم: وجدي كامل". سودانايل (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  63. ↑ "محمد الأمين التوم: استبعادي من الوزارة بالفحص الأمني إشانة سُمعة وسبّب لي ضرراً نفسياً - النيلين" (in Arabic). 2021-02-09. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  64. ↑ "تعقيب على الطاهر ساتي… لا تكن كالببغاء .. عقله في أذنيه !! (2-2) .. بقلم: د. عمر القراي". سودانايل (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  65. ↑ "التربية تنفي إستقالة الوزير بروفيسور محمد الأمين التوم". Al Sudan net (in Arabic). 2021-01-11. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  66. ↑ Darfur 24 (2021-06-01). "مذكرة لرئيس الوزراء تطالب باعادة تعيين محمد الامين التوم وزيرا لتربية". موقع دارفور٢٤ الاخباري (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  67. ↑ "مذكرة تطالب رئيس الوزراء بتسمية البروفسور محمد الامين التوم وزيرا للتربية والتعليم". سودانايل (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  68. ↑ "التربية تنفي إستقالة بروفيسور محمد الأمين التوم". صحيفة اخبار اليوم الالكترونية (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2021-01-23. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  69. ↑ "وزير التربية والتعليم محمد الأمين التوم لـ(السوداني):لم أقدم استقالتي وهذا ما قلته (…)". صحيفة السوداني (in Arabic). 2021-03-14. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  70. ↑ "تفاصيل استقالة وزير التربية والتعليم السوداني - صحيفة ترانيم". www.mslslat.info (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  71. ↑ "حمدوك يصدر قراراً بشأن فك تجميد المناهج الجديدة". صحيفة السوداني (in Arabic). 2021-03-06. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  72. ↑ "(أنصار السنة) في ميدان الانتقالية اللعب خارج منطقة الجزاء!". صحيفة السوداني (in Arabic). 2021-07-03. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  73. ↑ "African men 1". Maths History. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  74. ↑ "Fellow | The AAS". Programmes | The AAS. Retrieved 2023-09-04.
  75. ↑ Bishai, Linda S. (2008). "Sudanese Universities as Sites of Social Transformation". US Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  76. ↑ "من هو محمد الأمين التوم وزير التعليم العام الجديد بالسودان والسيرة الذاتية له". كلمة دوت أورج (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  77. ↑ "بروفسير محمد الامين احمد التوم يشارك في حفل توزيع جائزة نوبل". سودانايل (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  78. ↑ "التغيير الالكترونية | مركز الخاتم عدلان يكرم البروف محمد الأمين التوم «شخصية العام» في السودان". موقع نبض. Archived from the original on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.