Misaki (Japanese: 御先, "misaki") are a collective term for spirit-like existences in Japan like gods, demons and spirits, among other supernatural entities. Their name comes from a kannushi's vanguard.[1]

Summary

Flag of Yatagarasu at Kumano Hongū Taisha
Kitsune of Fushimi Inari

Misaki are subordinate to the high-ranking divine spirits, and when divine spirits appear in the human realm and are said to be the small-scale divine spirits that appear as omens or to serve as their familiar spirits.[2][3][4]

Misaki can be often seen as animals. The Yatagarasu that appears in Japanese mythology is one type of misaki, and when Yatagarasu guided Emperor Jimmu during Jimmu's eastern journey, this provides one example of the characteristics of misaki.[5] Also, the kitsune within Inari Ōkami household are also one type of misaki, and like these Yatagarasu and kitsune, those that appear as heralding something important and the incarnation of gods are also considered misaki.[1] In Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture, on January 11, when they first hoe the field, they would say "kamisaki kamisaki" and call for the bird, and there is an event for praying "noutate" for the sake of the year's plentiful harvest.[5]

Spirit possession

In folk religion, especially in western Japan, misaki are connected to the faith in spirit possession, and like yukiaigami and hidarugami among others, the onryō of people who die of unexpected deaths and are not prayed for would frequently possess humans and cause calamities.[1][4] Like stated previously, these misaki are small-scale spirits, but as small-scale as they are, the method of cursing is quite remarkable.[3] Misaki are generally unable to be seen by the eyes,[6] and are frequently encountered as a type of premonition of sicknesses and other things.[3] When people walk on paths devoid of other people, it is said that sudden coldness or headaches are due to misaki.[3] Since they are frequently said to float in the air, these illness are said to be because one has "come in contact with misaki-wind."[3] In Hagi, Yamaguchi Prefecture, those who faint due to intracranial hemorrhage are also said to have "come in contact with misaki-wind."[7] In the Chūgoku region, it is said that the spirit of humans who die violent deaths become misaki.[3]

As a spirit possession, depending on the place they appear, they are also called "yama-misaki" (山ミサキ, "mountain misaki") (Yamaguchi Prefecture, Shikoku) or "kawa-misaki" (川ミサキ, "river misaki") (Shikoku), and it is said that a kawa-misaki becomes a yama-misaki once it enters a mountain.[8] In the Miyoshi District, Tokushima Prefecture, it is said that when one senses fatigue at a river, it is because one has "become possessed by a kawa-misaki."[9]

In Shikoku, these spirit possession are called hakaze, and it is said that humans and domestic animals who encounter them will become ill, and sometimes even die.[10][11]

In the Kōchi Prefecture and the Fukuoka Prefecture, they are seen as a type of funayurei, and the spirits of people who die at sea are said to become misaki, and are said to possess fishing boats and inflict harm such as making the boat completely unable to move.[3][12] This is commonly called "shichinin misaki," and it is said that they would go away when one takes the ashes left over after cooking and drops them off the back of the boat.[12] In the Fukuoka Prefecture, they are also considered a type of funayurei.[12]

Also, in western Japan, in the Tsugaru Region, Aomori Prefecture, when one is possessed by a misaki, one's body would shake without stop as if one's whole body was put in cold water, and like in Kōchi, by throwing the ashes from the firewood used in cooking off the ship, the misaki would be exorcised.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 3 桜井徳太郎編 (1980). 民間信仰辞典. 東京堂出版. pp. 276–277頁. ISBN 978-4-490-10137-9.
  2. ↑ 草野巧 (1997). 幻想動物事典. Truth in fantasy. 新紀元社. pp. 296頁. ISBN 978-4-88317-283-2.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 草野巧・戸部民夫 (1994). 日本妖怪博物館. 新紀元社. pp. 246頁. ISBN 978-4-88317-240-5.
  4. 1 2 村上健司編著 (2000). 妖怪事典. 毎日新聞社. pp. 318頁. ISBN 978-4-620-31428-0.
  5. 1 2 宗教民俗研究所編 (2003). ニッポン神さま図鑑. 祥伝社黄金文庫. 祥伝社. pp. 135–136頁. ISBN 978-4-396-31337-1.
  6. 1 2 多田克己 (1990). 幻想世界の住人たち IV 日本編. Truth in fantasy. 新紀元社. pp. 175頁. ISBN 978-4-915146-44-2.
  7. ↑ 桜田勝徳. "島 1巻3号 長門六島村見聞記（下）". 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース. 国際日本文化研究センター. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  8. ↑ 妖怪事典. pp. 127頁.
  9. ↑ 武田明. "民間伝承 4巻2号通巻38号 山村語彙". 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  10. ↑ 和田正洲. "民俗 通巻24号 ミサキ". 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  11. ↑ 中央大学民俗研究会. "常民 3号 ハカゼ 高知県幡多郡三原村 調査報告書". 怪異・妖怪伝承データベース. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  12. 1 2 3 千葉幹夫 (1991). 妖怪お化け雑学事典. 講談社. pp. 63–64頁. ISBN 978-4-06-205172-9.
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