Min Young-hwan
민영환
閔泳煥
Min Young Hwan
Portrait of Min Young Hwan
Minister of Military
In office
12 November 1896 – 19 January 1897
MonarchGojong of Korea
Preceded byYi Yun-yong
Succeeded byShim Sang-hun (Acting)
Minister of Interior
In office
1 March 1904 – 8 March 1904
MonarchGojong of Korea
Preceded byShim Sang-hun
Succeeded byYi Geun-myeong
Minister of Education
In office
8 March 1904 – 25 May 1904
MonarchGojong of Korea
Preceded byYi Yong-jik
Succeeded byYi Jaek-guk
Personal details
Born(1861-08-07)7 August 1861
Seoul, Joseon
Died30 November 1905(1905-11-30) (aged 44)
Seoul, Korean Empire
NationalityKorean
RelationsYounger Brother: Min Yeong-chan
OccupationKorean politician and general
AwardsOrder of the Golden Ruler (Posthumously)
Military service
Years of service1896-1905
RankLieutenant General
Min Yeong-hwan
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationMin Yeong-hwan
McCune–ReischauerMin Yŏng-hwan
Art name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationGyejeong
McCune–ReischauerGyejŏng
Courtesy name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationMun Yak
McCune–ReischauerMun yak
Posthumous name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationChungjeong
McCune–ReischauerCh'ung-jŏng

Min Yeong-hwan (민영환, 閔泳煥; 7 August 1861 - 30 November 1905) was a politician, diplomat, and general of the Korean Empire and known as a conservative proponent for reform. He was born in Seoul into the powerful Yeoheung Min clan which Heungseon Daewongun hated, and committed suicide as an act of resistance against the Eulsa Treaty imposed by Japan on Korea. He is remembered today for his efforts on behalf of Korean independence in the waning days of the Joseon dynasty and a statue to his memory now stands on a traffic island near Chungjeongno Intersection,[1] his namesake, after having previously been located at Anguk Intersection in 1957, before being moved due to road widening to near Donhwa Gate of Changdeok Palace in 1970 where it was criticized for not matching the surroundings, and then near the General Post Office next to Jogye Temple in 2003, where it was reportedly neglected until 2022.[2]

Biography

Early life

On 7 August 1861, Min was born in to the Yeoheung Min clan. Min's father, Min Gyeom-ho (민겸호, 閔謙鎬) was the Minister of Finance (Hojo). Min Young-hwan passed the Gwageo literary examination in 1878 and thereupon entered into government service as a junior librarian in the Royal Library (Gyujanggak).[3]

Min continued to rise through the ranks of Joseon officialdom, holding a succession of posts including a position in the Office of Special Advisors (Hongmungwan 弘文館) and tutor to the Crown Prince.[4] Min was one of the favorite officials of the King, and was posted to many important posts.[5] However, during the Imo Incident, Min's father was killed by the followers of Daewongun. As a result, Min resigned his posts and went into mourning. His aversion of the ancient military systems also contributed to the leaving of Min.[4] In 1884, Min reentered public service and was appointed an official of the Board of Personnel (Ijo 吏曹).[6] In March 1886, Min, who was posted as Hyeoppan Naemubusa, was ordered to secure Korea's independence by borrowing Russia's influence to check Qing's increasing influence. With Gaehwa Party, Min attempted to sign Second Choseon-Russia Secrete Agreement to achieve the King's will; however, this conspiracy was spotted by Min Young-ik, and Yuan Shikai, leading Li Hongzhang to consider even the abdication of Korean king. Gojong's plan thus failed, and Gaewha politicians, such as Gim Ga-jin and Gim Hak-wu, were banished.[7] At a young age, Min rose into power as Minister of Yejo in 1887, and Minister of Military in 1888 and 1890.[8] In an attempt to build a modernized navy, Min established Choseon navy or Gi Yeon Hae Bang Young, and employed an American navy instructor to modernise the navy.[7] In 1893, Min became the Justice Minister (刑曹判書),[9] and in November of that year, Min was appointed as Mayor of Seoul (漢城府判尹).[10] During the Donghak Peasant Revolution, Min was appointed as Byeol Ip-jik on 14 September 1894 (Lunar Calendar).[11] Min tried to suppress the revolution by stabilising public, arresting revolutionists, providing enough supplies to the Government army, and protecting government offices. Due to his harsh reactions, Min was hated by the revolutionists. Jeon Bongjun, who was the leader of the Donghak, denounced Min as being one of the most corrupted officials in the government with Min Young-jun[lower-alpha 1], and Go Young-gun.[12] After the Revolution, in 1895, Min was appointed as an minister to the United States.[13] However, the murder of the Queen, by Japanese troops in October 1895, prevented him from taking the post.[4]

Portrait by Henry Savage-Landor

In his Korean travel memoirs published in 1895, the artist A. Henry Savage-Landor records an interview and sketch portrait sitting by Min, known (in English) as Prince Min-Young-Hwan. At that time the Prince was Commander-in-chief of the army, and extended courtesy and gifts to the artist.[14]

Two Times of Visit to Europe

On 3 April 1896, Min was appointed as special minister to Russia to participate in the coronation of Czar Nicholas II.[15] His delegation carried 17 gifts for Nicholas II.[16] He went to Russia with his secretary Gim Deuk-ryeon, translator Gim Do-il, and vice minister of education Yun Chi-ho. Min received 20,000 Dollars from the Korean government for journey. Min's delegation got on ship named Empress on 11 April in Incheon.[17] Reason why Min was selected as special minister was because Min was a member of the Jeong-Deong Club, familiarizing him with many foreigners in Korea, and a moderate and loyal politician in the government.[7] Arriving Yokohama on 16 April, they visited Korean Legation and sailed to Canada, and[18] on 29 April, they arrived at Vancouver.[19] On 5 May, they arrived in Montreal.[20] They visited New York City, and embarked RMS Lucania.[21] After 7 days of sailing, Min's delegation arrived in Liverpool.[22] Next day, they arrived at the Berlin Friedrichstraße station,[23] then by 8:00 AM on 18 May, they reached Warsaw. They were welcomed by military officers in there.[24] On 19 May, they got on a train to Moscow,[25] and finally arrived at Moscow on 20 May.[26] Next day, Min visited the Palace of the Governor of Moscow.[27] On 22 May, Min visited the Czar. Min gave the letter of Korean king to the Czar. The Czar answered to Min, "Whenever it shall please your Majesty to inquire into the affairs of Corea, the Envoy extraordinary, is prepared and authorized by his government to present to Your Majesty in full the condition and needs of Corea."[28] To contact with Russian politicians, Min visited Saint Petersburg. He met Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and gave the five requests of the Korean government. The five requests were:[29]

  1. Guard for the protection of the King until the Corean army be drilled into a reliable force.
  2. Military instructors
  3. Advisors: One for the Royal Household to be near the King; one for the Ministry; one for mines, railroads, etc.
  4. Telegraphic connections between Russia and Corea on terms beneficial to both―An expert in telegraphic matters.
  5. Portrait sketch by A. Henry Savage-Landor (published 1895). The Prince was in mourning and secretly, with the King's permission, laid aside the mandatory white so he could be portrayed in blue robes.
    A loan of 3 million Yen to cancel the Japanese debt.

About these requests, Lobanov answered that they will answer as soon as possible.[29] On 13 June, Min got answers, from Lobanov which said that providing guards for the Korean King will not be possible because of predictable conflicts with English or German, but agreed with sending an economy instructor for paying off debt, establishing telephone lines and sending military inspectors.[30] Even though Russia showed a half-hearted answer to Korea, Min was brought 13 Russian military instructors.[31] These instructors were contract workers of the Joseon Government with three years of service.[32] After receiving answer from Lobanov, Min's delegation stayed in Russia until August and inspected Russian facilities, including military bases, courts, prisons, schools, and military bases.[33][34] Then, they returned to Korea through Novgorod, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, and Vladivostok, finally returning on 21 October 1896 and gave the letter of Nicholas II to Gojong in Russian legation.[35] Soon after his return, Min got interviewed by the Tongnip Sinmun, in which he said that the trip to Europe made him a new man. He proclaimed that he would do anything for the reform of Korea.[36] Right after the journey, on 12 November 1896, Min was appointed as Lieutenant general and Minister of Military.[37]

Min received Russian military instructors on 26 October 1896.[38] Min was expected to be a great military leader to modernise the Korean army.[39] These Russian instructors trained about 800 guards, which helped Gojong to return to the palace from the Russian legation.[31] However, Min's term as the minister of military was ephemeral. He had conflicts with Colonel Dmitry Putyata (the leader of the Russian instructors):[39] Putyata complained Min's incapacity for numerous times.[40] Furthermore, Min carrying out too radical reforms such as requiring short hairstyle made him have some disputes with conservatives and emperor,[41] which ended up resigning the post on 15 January 1897.

On 11 January 1897, Min was again sent to Europe as Korean minister plenipotentiary to the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria,[42] and received 40,000 Dollars from the Government as the expense for his trip.[43] Another order that Min received from the government was to sign a secrete treaty with France and Germany for the protection of Korean autonomy. Min traveled to Saint Petersburg to persuade Russian government prolonging the term of Karl Ivanovich Weber and retract Weber's appointment as Russian envoy to Mexico, and organize a secrete treaty between Russia and Korea. However, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia remained unchanged about the replacement of Weber. On 5 June, Min arrived at London and joined Min Sang-ho next day. Furthermore, the Korean credentials was rejected by the British government. British secretary attached to Min Cavendish reported this fact to British financial instructor Brown and analyzed that this failure was because of Min's younger brother Min Yeong-chan whom he assessed as the most unpleasant person. Even worse, Min failed to sign treaties with France and Germany, bringing no diplomatic success from the trip.[44] Without finishing his duty, Min abruptly left Europe on 17 July 1897[12] and traveled to America, which delayed deployment of Russian instructors in Korea.[45] The Korean government was furious about Min's failure that they ceded the halted its financial aid to Min Young-hwan and Min Sang-ho.[46] Gojong removed him from his position on 30 July 1897.[47]

Korean Empire and suicide

Upon his return to Korea, Min became a fervent supporter of the Independence Club, and was interviewed by its newspaper The Independent (Dongnip Sinmun 獨立新聞). Two diplomatic trips to Europe made Min to be deeply engage in Gwangmu Reform.[48] Despite he request many reforms, only some (mostly about military) were actually executed.[49] After Bak Jeongyang cabinet was formed, Min returned to the Korean politics as a Special official of Gungnaebu.[50] Then Min rose into the power by being appointed as Minister of Military and Interior on 12 October 1898.[8] Min initiated military reform, starting with ordering all officers and soldiers to wear military uniforms on 14 October 1898.[51] On 5 November 1898, Min founded Heunghwa School arguing that people should import Western culture.[52] On 4 December 1898, Min became Chamjung of State Council of Korean Empire,[53] and Minister of Economy on 20 December 1898.[54] Min averred the reason why tax was not collected was because local officials are corrupted, and tried to stop the corruption of the local officials.[55] However, as the emperor started to oppress the liberal faction of Korea, Min, as a liberal politician, saw his positioned being threatened. Min lost his fell from the power and was replaced by conservative politicians.[56] On 15 March 1899, Min was appointed as envoy reside in America.[57] On 19 February 1900, Min became head of accounting of the Board of Marshals,[58] and for his service as the head of accounting of the Board of Marshals, Min received 1st Class of the Order of the Taegeuk.[59] He was posted as the military police commander from 2 August 1900,[60] and on 9 August Min was appointed as President of the Awarding section.[61] In 1902, Min established Reform party with Yi Dong-hwi.[62] The party succeeded the Independence Club as the reforming fraction of Imperial Korea.[63][64]

On 1 March 1904, Min was appointed as the Minister of Interior,[65] but shortly after he resigned[66] and became the Minister of Education on 8 March 1904.[67] As the Minister of Education, Min criticized the neglected ministry, and tried to appoint government officials among the graduates of public schools, and graduates of private school should enter the officialdom with an exam. The reform that Min desired to bring was planned to be a gradual change in 3 or 4 years. Moreover, he advised every children to attend school.[68] Regarding the Korean invasion of Manchuria, Min disagreed with the summon of Yi Bum-yun and claimed that Qing officials are spreading rumors about Korean forces in the area.[69] On May 25, Min resigned from his post of Minister of Education,[70] and on 26 May 1904, Min was appointed as head of accounting of the Board of Marshals.[71] His opposition against the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904 made Min to be posted as the chief of equerry, which was a comparable unimportant one.[49] Opposing the pro-Japanese cabinet, Min continued to serve as leisurely posts;[4] moreover, Min experienced conflict with the pro-Japanese organization Iljinhoe.[72] On 26 March 1905, Min was appointed as the prime minister following the resignation of Cho Byeong-shik.[4][73][74] As the prime minister, Min tried to stop shaman from being spread, which was illegal but already widespread. He recommended using police forces to ban shaman and his request was accepted.[75] He was removed from his post on 4 April 1905,[76] and became chief of equerry on June 24.[77] On 9 September 1905, Min was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs.[78] Shortly after the appointment, Min resigned his office.[79] Min recommended Han Kyu-seol as the next prime minister in order to prevent Korea being Japanese protectorship.[4] Min and Han sent Syngman Rhee to America to claim the independence of Korea.[80]

Min Yeong-hwan in his dress uniform

On November 17, 1905, Japan succeeded in foisting upon Korea the Eulsa Treaty making Korea a Japanese protectorship. It is said that upon hearing of the treaty three days after it had been concluded, Min "fainted several times and vomited blood".[81] Min pleaded with Emperor Gojong to annul the treaty and execute the five Korean officials who had signed it, now widely referred to as the "Five Traitors of Eulsa" (Eulsa ojeok).[82] Even though the emperor illegalised the appealing the punishments for the five traitors, Min did not followed order and asked again on 29 November 1905.[83] He and Jo Byeong-se, who asked the Emperor with Min, waited for the Emperor's answers in Dae Ahan gate of the Deoksugung.[84] The Japanese military police imprisoned Min and Jo in Pyeong-li won, the supreme court of Imperial Korea.[4] After being released, Min realised that he should commit suicide.[80] He returned to house of Yi Won-sik, and committed suicide there with a small knife.[83] That night, Min attempted twice to commit suicide: first trial, however, was unsuccessful because the knife was too short to kill him.[85] It was his second trial that was actually successful. After this death, in his pockets were found five identical messages on the back of his calling cards to the representatives of China, Great Britain, the United States, France, and Germany in which he pleaded with those powers to recognize the true situation within Korea. He also left a final message directed towards the people of Korea (see below), in which he promised to help his fellow countrymen "from the nether world" if they would strengthen their collective will and spirit and exercise their learning in an all out effort to "restore our [Korean] freedom and independence."[86] Min received a state funeral from the government, in which about 6,000 to 7,000 people attended his funeral,[87] and thousands of people mourned for his death.[88] Yun Chi-ho wrote the following about Min's death: "Min Yong Whan committed suicide. I wish he had died fighting, if he had decided to die. All honors to his calm courage. All honors to his patriotism. All honors to his heroic death. His death will do more good than his life."[89]

After death

State funeral of Min Young-hwan

Some officials, including Jo Byeongse,[90] and his rickshaw puller, committed suicide following Min's death.[91]

Min was posthumously appointed as Dae-Gwang-Bo-Guk-Seung-Rok Dae-bu(大匡輔國崇祿大夫), which was the highest office of the Korean officialdom.[92] Gojong gave him posthumous name "Chung mun",[93] and Order of the Golden Ruler for his honour to the country.[94] His posthumous name was revised to "Chung jeong" on 3 December 1905.[95] He was buried in Yongin.[4] Min was enshrined in the Jongmyo on 16 February 1921.[96]

After the independence of Korea, Min was commemorated as one of the zealot in December 1945.[97] According to a survey done to Korean students in 1952, Min was one of the most respected people along with Sejong the Great, and Yi Sun-sin.[98] In 1962, Min was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit for National Foundation by the South Korean government.[4]

Reforms

His journey to Europe made him to have a great desire of reforming his country.[36] For this reason, Min was supported by Independence Club and acted as one of the key ministers of Gwangmu Reform.[99]

Military reforms and political reforms

Since Min visited many European countries and witnessed their military system, he was considered as the best man to mobilise the Imperial Korean Army by Europeans. However, Min did not met the expectations after he was appointed as minister of military.[100] He brought Russian military instructors to modernise the army in 1896 and was appointed as Minister of Military right after returning from russia..[101] However, min was criticized by Russian officers that he did not met the expectation.[40] Even not meeting the expectation, Min still knew that the military system of Joseon should be modernised, and tried to carry on military reforms. He engaged in the establishment of Military Academy of Korean Empire. He contributed to the augment of the Qinwidae, establishment of the Siwidae, the military band and the Board of Marshals.[48] In 1904, Min was appointed as one of the Editors of Military system,[102] even though it was a military reform led by Imperial Japan[103] to check the growing of Imperial Korean Army.[104]

Min wrote the lyrics for the national anthem of the Korean Empire. He also tried to increase the authority of the Emperor by making an ensign of Emperor, Crown Prince, and Princes. Simultaneously, Min supported Korean parliament, Jungchuwon, which weakened the authority of the Emperor.[48] When government led by Bak Jeongyang and Min was formed on 13 October 1897, after days of protests of the Independence Club, the government started to actually establish a parliament. However, the emperor checked the reform advocating government officials, such as Min, by posting pro-Russian, conservative officials in important positions. As a result of these efforts of Min, Bak, and members of the Independence Club, a proper parliament, Jungchuwon was established.[105]

Supporting Independence Club

Min was a great supporter of the Independence club. He was part of the club from when it was Jeongdong Club, with Yun Chi-ho, Ye Wanyong, Yi Sang-jae, and Soh Jaipil.[106] From many travels around the world, Min realised the need of the Joseon to reform its system. Because of this, Min had conflicts with the Hwangguk Club, a conservative club of Korea which hated Independence club, and members of Hwangguk Club even tried to murder Min.[48] Min's support of Independence Club made him to fall from power when Independence Club was dissolved by false rumors of their political rivals.[107]

Education

Min stressed the importance of education. He investigated some schools with his own property.[48] He established a school named Heunghwa school.[108] Min was the first principal of the school. The school grew larger because it was the only school with night-time courses. However, the increase of students also led to a financial hardship, which led the school to disestablish in 1911.[109]

Blood Bamboo

One year after Min's death, it was widely reported that a bamboo plant appeared where his bloody clothes had been laid. Many people thought the bamboo grew nurtured by Min's blood so that the bamboo was called Hyeoljuk (血竹), or "Blood Bamboo". Mysteriously, the number of its leaves was 45, Min's age at the time of his death.[110]

Assessment

Horace Newton Allen wrote, "Min Yong Whan. Formerly known as the Good Min, latterly somewhat disappointing. Good intentions but feeble and vacillating. Ostensibly the present head of the Min clan," about Min.[111]

Family

  • Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
  • Great-Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandmother
    • Internal Princess Consort Pungchang of the Pungyang Jo clan (풍창부부인 풍양 조씨, 豊昌府夫人 豊壤 趙氏) (1659 - 1720); Min Yu-jung's third wife
  • Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
    • Min Jin-yeong (민진영, 閔鎭永) (1682 - 1724); Queen Inhyeon's younger half-brother
  • Great-Great-Great-Grandfather
    • Min Ak-su (민악수, 閔樂洙)
  • Great-Great-Grandfather
    • Min Baek-sul (민백술, 閔百述)
  • Great-Grandfather
    • Min Dan-hyeon (민단현, 閔端顯)
  • Great-Grandmother
    • Lady Park of the Malyang Park clan (본관: 말양 박씨, 朴氏); (박일환의 딸) daughter of Park Il-hwan (박일환, 朴日焕)
  • Grandfather
    • Min Chi-gu (민치구, 閔致久) (1795-1874)
  • Grandmother
    • Lady Yi of the Jeonju Yi clan (? - 17 November 1873). (전주 이씨, 全州 李氏); (이옥의 딸) daughter of Yi Ok of Dongdeokrang (1773 - 1820) (통덕랑 이옥, 李火玉); aunt to Yi Ha-jeon, Prince Gyeongwon (경원군 이하전) (1842 - 1862)
  • Father
    • Min Gyeom-ho (민겸호, 閔謙鎬) (1838 - 10 June 1882)
  • Step Father
    • Min Tae-ho (민태호, 閔泰鎬) (1828 - ?)
  • Mother
    • Lady Seo (서씨, 徐氏); (서경순의 딸) daughter of Seo Gyeong-sun (서경순, 徐庚淳)
  • Sibling(s)
    • Younger brother: Min Yeong-chan (민영찬, 閔泳瓚) (1873 - 1948)
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Kang of the Geumcheon Kang clan (금천 강씨, 衿川 姜氏); Min Yeong-chan's first wife
      • Sister-in-law: Lady Me-ri of the Hu clan (후메이리, 胡美梨); Min Yeong-chan's second wife (Chinese)
        • Nephew: Min Hong-sik (민홍식, 閔弘植)
        • Niece: Lady Min
  • Wife and children
    • Lady Park Soo-young of the Bannam Park clan (박수영 반남 박씨); daughter of Park Yong-hun (박용훈)
      • Son: Min Beom-sik (민범식, 閔範植) (1896 - 1934): Studied abroad in France and Germany but did not have a notable occupation because of the Japanese interruption.
        • Grandson: Min Byeong-cheol (민병철, 閔丙哲)
        • Grandson: Min Byeong-gi (민병기, 閔丙岐) (1926 - 1986); former professor at Korea University
        • Grandson: Min Byeong-il (민병일, 閔丙逸)
      • Son: Min Jang-sik (민장식, 閔章植)
        • Grandson: Min Byeong-deok (민병덕, 閔丙德)
        • Grandson: Min Byeong-jin (민병진, 閔丙鎭)
      • Son: Min Gwang-sik (민광식, 閔光植)
        • Grandson: Min Byeong-seop (민병섭, 閔丙燮)
        • Grandson: Min Byeong-geon (민병건, 閔丙建)

Honours

 Korean Empire

Foreign awards

 Russian Empire

 Japanese Empire

Notes

  1. ↑ Later Min Young-hwi

References

  1. ↑ "민영환선생동상". Kakao Map. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  2. ↑ Park, Gyu-ri (9 August 2022). "'Chungjeong-gong' Min Yeong-hwan seonsaeng dongsang, chungjeonglo-e jali jabneunda". Yonhap. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  3. ↑ Finch 2002, p. 4.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "민영환(閔泳煥) - 한국민족문화대백과사전". encykorea.aks.ac.kr. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  5. ↑ Yi 2014, p. 103-106.
  6. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. "이호준 등에게 관직을 제수하다". Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  7. 1 2 3 독립기념관. "민영환".
  8. 1 2 공훈전자사료관. "민영환". e-gonghun.mpva.go.kr.
  9. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (1 October 1893). "민영환을 형조 판서에 임명하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  10. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (23 November 1893). "민영환 등에게 관직을 제수하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  11. ↑ 동학농민혁명자료총서 (26 September 1894). "군국기무처 장정 1894년 6월 26일". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  12. 1 2 Yi 2014, p. 110.
  13. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. "민영환을 특명 전권공사에 임명하여 미국에 주재하라고 명하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  14. ↑ Chapter XI in Corea or Cho-sen, Land of the Morning Calm A. Henry Savage-Landor (1895) William Heinemann, London https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/13128/pg13128-images.html#Page_166 Retrieved 17 September 2023
  15. ↑ 조선·대한제국 관보 (3 April 1896). "赴俄公使閔泳煥隨員尹致昊參書官金得鍊金道一이本月一日上午八時에出發홈". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  16. ↑ "Gifts from Gojong to Russian emperor are revealed in 127 years". www.donga.com. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  17. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (11 April 1896). "11th.Saturday". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  18. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (17 April 1896). "17th.Friday. Empress of China". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  19. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (29 April 1896). "29th.Wednesday. Vancouver". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  20. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (5 May 1896). "5th. Tuesday. Pleasant. Montreal". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  21. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (9 May 1896). "9th.Saturday. N.Y. and S.S. Lucania". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  22. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (16 May 1896). "16th.Saturday.Liverpool London. Queensboro". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  23. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (17 May 1896). "17th.Sunday. Holland. Germany". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  24. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (18 May 1896). "18th. Monday. Warsaw, Russian Poland". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  25. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (19 May 1896). "19th. Tuesday. On train". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  26. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (20 May 1896). "20th.Wednesday. Moscow". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  27. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (21 May 1896). "21st.Thursday. Moscow". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  28. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (22 May 1896). "22nd.Friday. Moscow". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  29. 1 2 Yun, Chi-ho (5 June 1896). "5th.Friday. Beautiful. A shower". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  30. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (13 June 1896). "13th.Saturday. Pleasant a.m." db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  31. 1 2 Yi 2014, p. 107.
  32. ↑ Imperial Russia Foreign Affairs Documents. "교관들과의 계약안". contents.nahf.or.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  33. ↑ Bella Pak. Russian diplomacy and Korea.1888–1897. Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences,2004 . 271 p.
  34. ↑ Yi 2014, pp. 107–108.
  35. ↑ Yi 2014, p. 108.
  36. 1 2 Finch 2002, p. 116-117.
  37. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. "이윤용을 농상공부 대신에, 민영환을 군부 대신에 임명하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  38. ↑ French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Document (26 October 1896). "【114】 러시아 교관들을 지휘할 푸차타 대령의 서울 도착". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  39. 1 2 French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Documents (17 January 1897). "【1】조선 군대 개혁을 위해 초빙된 러시아 군사 교관단 문제". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  40. 1 2 Finch 2002, p. 119.
  41. ↑ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea (8 November 1898). "(9) 獨立協會의 大臣 排斥에 관한 詳報의 件". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  42. ↑ 사료 고종시대사 (11 January 1897). "고종, 민영환을 영국 등 6개국의 특명전권공사로 임명함". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  43. ↑ Russian Ministry of Navy Documents. "1/13 Мая 1897 года". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  44. ↑ Kim 2002, p. 98-102.
  45. ↑ Putyata, Dmitry. "참모본부 소속 푸탸타 대령의 한국에 관한 1897년 11월 6일자 보고서 사본". contents.nahf.or.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  46. ↑ Kim 2002, p. 103.
  47. ↑ 사료 고종시대사. "고종, 유럽 6개국 주재 특명전권공사 민영환을 면직함". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 우리역사넷. "민영환". contents.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  49. 1 2 "민영환 - Encyves Wiki". dh.aks.ac.kr. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
  50. ↑ 한국사. "(2) 排日親露政策의 擡頭".
  51. ↑ "새로 피명한 군부대신 민영환씨가". Jeguk Sinmun. 14 October 1898.
  52. ↑ 삼천리 제4권 제9호. "自叙傳". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  53. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat. "의정부 참정에 민영환을 임용하였다". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  54. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat. "의정부찬정 학부대신에 의정부찬정 탁지부대신 박정양을 제수하라는 조령". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  55. ↑ "탁지대신 민영환씨가". Jeguk Sinmun. 19 January 1899. Retrieved 2022-08-14.
  56. ↑ 신편한국사. "2) 독립협회·만민공동회의 강제 해산".
  57. ↑ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea. "(14) [韓國의 現況報告]".
  58. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (19 February 1900). "김규홍 등에게 관직을 제수하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  59. 1 2 사료 고종시대사 (22 April 1900). "광무 황제, 청안군 이재순 등에게 서훈할 것을 명함". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  60. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. "원수부 회계국 총장 육군 부장 민영환에게 헌병대 사령관을 겸임하게 하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  61. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. "농상공부 대신 민병석에게 궁내부 대신의 사무를 임시로 서리하게 하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  62. ↑ 근대사연표. "李東輝. 민영환, 改革黨 조직". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  63. ↑ 국사관논총. "I. 成長過程과 初期活動(1871~1904)". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  64. ↑ 한민족독립운동사. "2) 애국계몽운동에 대한 연구 동향과 과제". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  65. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (1 March 1904). "내부 대신에 육군 부장 민영환을 제수하라는 조령". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
  66. ↑ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea. "(9) [한국의 內政 개혁에 관한 보고 및 京義 군용 철도 부설의 件]".
  67. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (8 March 1904). "민영환을 학부대신으로, 김가진을 농상공부대신에 임명하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  68. ↑ Hulbert 1904, p. 122.
  69. ↑ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea. "(43) [墾島 시찰 李範允 소환보다는 淸國 公使에 조회하여 문제 해결하자는 照復]".
  70. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (25 May 1904). "적임이 아니므로 체차해 주기를 청하는 학부 대신 민영환의 사직 상소". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  71. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (26 May 1904). "학부 대신에 의정부 찬정 이재극을 제수하라는 조령". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  72. ↑ Records of Japanese Legation in Korea. "(34) [一進會 현황에 관한 조사보고]". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  73. ↑ 고종시대사. "侍從武官長 閔泳煥을 議政府參政大臣". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  74. ↑ "[참정대신 조병식이 재차 사직상소하여 민영환이 참정대신에 새로이 임명됨]". Jeguk Sinmun.
  75. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (17 April 1905). "법부 등에서 무당이나 점쟁이를 붙잡아 조율할 것을 청하는 참정대신 민영환의 계". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  76. ↑ 조선·대한제국 관보. "3月10日, 3月23日, 4月2日, 4月4日". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  77. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (24 June 1905). "법부 대신에 농상공부 대신 박제순을 제수하라는 조령". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  78. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (9 September 1905). "학부 대신에 내부 대신 이지용을 임용하였다". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  79. ↑ 조선·대한제국 관보 (12 September 1905). "外部大臣閔泳煥辭職疏".
  80. 1 2 한국학진흥사업성과포털 [한국학중앙연구원]. "민영환". waks.aks.ac.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  81. ↑ Finch 2002, p. 24.
  82. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (28 November 1905). "매국한 역적을 주벌할 것을 청하는 시종부 무관장 민영환 등의 상소". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  83. 1 2 Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea (30 November 1905). "(336) [韓日協約을 반대한 閔泳煥 自殺 件]". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  84. ↑ 두산백과. "민영환". terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  85. ↑ Yi 2014, p. 121.
  86. ↑ Finch 2002, p. 175.
  87. ↑ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea (1905-12-18). "(217) 故 閔泳煥 장례식의 件". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  88. ↑ Yi 2014, pp. 117–121.
  89. ↑ Yun, Chi-ho (30 November 1905). "30th. Thursday". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-25.
  90. ↑ Hwang, Hyeon. "1. 趙秉世의 殉節". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  91. ↑ Hwang, Hyeon. "6. 인력거 인부의 殉死". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  92. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (30 November 1905). "죽은 민영환과 이한응에게 벼슬을 추증하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-06.
  93. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (30 November 1905). "민영환에게 충문공이라는 시호를 주다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  94. 1 2 Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (1 December 1905). "죽은 민영환에게 대훈위 금척 대수훈장을 주다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2021-12-15.
  95. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (3 December 1905). "민영환의 시호를 충정공으로 고치다". Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  96. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. "이왕직 장관 이재극이 종묘의 방의 개수와 의식 절차에 대해 문의하다".
  97. ↑ 자유신문 (24 December 1945). "순국선열추념대회, 서울운동장에서 거행". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  98. ↑ 동아일보 (1 December 1952). "남녀 학생의 의식조사 결과". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  99. ↑ "광무개혁(光武改革) - 한국민족문화대백과사전". encykorea.aks.ac.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  100. ↑ French Ministry of Foreign Affairs Documents (17 January 1897). "【1】조선 군대 개혁을 위해 초빙된 러시아 군사 교관단 문제". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
  101. ↑ 신편한국사. "(5) 군사·경찰제도". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
  102. ↑ Journal of the Royal Secretariat (16 July 1904). "군제의정관에 육군 부장 민영환 등을 임명하였다". db.itkc.or.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  103. ↑ "의정관(議政官) - 한국민족문화대백과사전". encykorea.aks.ac.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  104. ↑ 신편한국사. "다. 한국 정부군의 견제".
  105. ↑ 신편한국사. "4) 의회설립운동".
  106. ↑ 국사관논총. "V. 獨立協會 活動". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  107. ↑ 신편한국사. "2) 독립협회·만민공동회의 강제 해산". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  108. ↑ 우리역사넷. "가. 사인 중심의 사학발전". contents.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  109. ↑ "흥화학교(興化學校) - 한국민족문화대백과사전". encykorea.aks.ac.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  110. ↑ Hwang, Hyeon (1906). "8. 민영환의 血衣生笋". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  111. ↑ Allen, Horace Newton. "알렌이 스티븐스에게 주기 위하여 한국 주요 인물들의 명단을 작성한 건". Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  112. ↑ Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (16 September 1904). "이승응에게 금척 훈장을 수여하고, 윤용선 등에게 이화장을 수여하다". sillok.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
  113. ↑ 사료 고종시대사. "고종, 임무를 마치고 러시아에서 돌아온 전권공사 민영환을 접견함". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  114. ↑ Records of the Japanese Legation in Korea (31 October 1897). "(60) 러시아 陸軍武官 來韓 件". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  115. ↑ Records of Japanese Legation in Korea. "(11) 한국 관리 敍勳에 관한 건". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 2022-08-03.

Further reading

Yi, Seoung-hyeon (2014). "민영환의 '殉國' 담론에 대한 고찰". 江原史學. 26: 99–146.

Finch, Michael (2002). Min Yong-hwan: A Political Biography. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824825201.

Hulbert, Homer (1904). The Korea Review.

Kim, Won-Mo (2002). "한국의 영국 축하사절단 파견과 한·영 외교관계". The Oriental Studies (32): 87–126 – via KCI.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Min Young-hwan.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.