Migingo Island
Geography
LocationLake Victoria
Coordinates0°52′58″S 33°56′17″E / 0.88278°S 33.93806°E / -0.88278; 33.93806
Total islands1
Area2,000[1] m2 (22,000 sq ft)
Highest elevation15 m (49 ft)[2]
Kenya
Demographics
Population131[1] (2009)
Pop. density65,500/km2 (169600/sq mi)

Migingo is a 2,000-square-metre (0.49-acre; 0.20-hectare) island in Kenya on Lake Victoria.[3] The island was the center of a low-level territorial dispute between Kenya and Uganda and is extremely densely populated.[1] Migingo is a main source of fish to the Kenyan people.

History

Two Kenyan fishermen, Dalmas Tembo and George Kibebe, claim to have been the first inhabitants on the island. When they settled there in 1991, it was covered with weeds and many birds and snakes lived there.[4] Joseph Nsubuga, a Ugandan fisherman, says he settled on Migingo in 2004, when all he found on the island was an abandoned house.[5] Subsequently, other fishermen — from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania — came to the island because of its proximity to fishing grounds rich with Nile perch. An unusual claim in 2009 by some Kenyan fishermen was that since none of the Nile perch breed in Uganda (the nearest Ugandan land and nearest Ugandan freshwater is 85 kilometres (53 mi) away), the fish somehow "belonged to Kenyans".[3]

Uganda–Kenya dispute

In June 2004, according to the Kenyan government, Ugandan marine police pitched a tent on the island and raised the Ugandan flag and that of their police department. Ugandan and Kenyan police have since occupied the island at various times.[6]

A diplomatic row between the two countries arose in February 2009, when Kenyans living on Migingo were required to purchase special permits from the Ugandan government.[7]

On 12 March 2009, a Ugandan-government press release proposed that the matter be resolved by a survey, using as a guideline the boundaries set by the Kenya Colony and Protectorate Order in Council, 1926, which is copied into the Ugandan constitution, and which identifies the boundary line as tangentially touching the western tip of Pyramid Island, and then running in a straight line just west of due north to the western tip of Kenya's' Ilemba Island.[8]

On 13 March 2009, several government ministers, including the foreign-affairs ministers — Kenyan Moses Wetangula and Ugandan Sam Kutesa — met in Kampala, Uganda, and reached an agreement that the fishermen from both countries be allowed to continue conducting business as usual, until the boundary was determined by experts. They also agreed that Uganda would withdraw the 48 policemen it had deployed on Migingo.[9]

On 27 March 2009, Ugandan and Kenyan ministers travelled to the island where they held negotiations and addressed the residents. This ended in a row, with Ugandan First Deputy Prime Minister Eriya Kategaya taking issue with Kenyan Minister for Lands James Orengo for calling the Ugandan delegation "hyenas" during the meeting.[10] The Kenyan delegation demanded that Uganda withdraw its police. The Ugandan delegation insisted that they would remove the flag only after consulting their president and that the Ugandan policemen were there to keep law and order. Kenya's Internal Security Assistant Minister Orwa Ojode replied that he would be sending Kenyan police to the island.[10]

Amidst concerns that the dispute could affect cooperation between the two countries and within the East African Community, both Museveni and Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki had voiced confidence that the dispute, including fishing rights, will be resolved amicably.[11][12]

Territorial claims

In 2008–2009, the island itself was claimed by both Kenya and Uganda. In July 2009 a survey team found that the island is 510 metres (1,670 ft) east of the Kenya–Uganda border within the lake, a finding supported by openly available Google Earth imagery.[13][14] Since 1926, territorial ownership of the island has been consistently shown on maps and in language on official documents as Kenyan.[3]

Much, if not most, of the Ugandan protests revolve around the lucrative fishing rights, mostly for valuable Nile perch,[2] and Ugandan waters come within 510 metres (1,670 ft) of the island. In July 2009, the Ugandan government shifted its official position, stating that while Migingo Island was Kenyan, much of the waters near it were Ugandan.[15] The island had been claimed by the Ugandan government from 2008 until 11 May 2009 when Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni conceded that the island is in Kenya, but continued to point out that Kenyan fishermen were illegally fishing in Ugandan waters, which lie to the west of Migingo.[16] The Ugandan flag was lowered, Uganda withdrew its military troops, and agreed that all its police officers would leave the island.[9] A joint re-demarcation line of the border was launched on 2 June 2009 to recover and to place survey markers on land, making delineation of the boundary on the lake more precise, with results released in late July 2009 confirming that the island falls 510 metres (1,670 ft) on the Kenyan side of the line.[13][14]

Geography

A rocky and rugged piece of land with little vegetation, Migingo is one of three small islands in close proximity. The much larger Usingo Island is 200 metres (660 ft) to the east of the small white rectangle that is Migingo, and Pyramid Island, the largest of the three, is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) due south of Migingo and 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north of the Tanzanian border in Lake Victoria. On detailed maps, all three islands have been shown on the Kenyan side since the 1920s, when the Kenya Colony and Protectorate Order in Council, 1926 awarded all three islands to Kenya.[3][17] The boundary delineation in that 1926 agreement and the Constitution of Uganda state that the boundary line runs to "the westernmost point of Pyramid Island ... thence continuing by a straight line northerly to the most westerly point of Ilemba Island." A line connecting those two points runs 510 metres (1,670 ft) west of Migingo, placing the island within Kenya along with the larger Pyramid and Usingo Islands, as shown on most maps since 1926.[13][14][17] Tiny Migingo's location within 200 metres (660 ft) of the much larger Usingo Island is clear both on Google Earth and on widely available television network videos depicting aerial helicopter photography.[18] Migingo Island is so small that it is not displayed on some maps. However, it has not "emerged from the water" recently, despite a Uganda government official's claims. In the first decade of the 21st century, water levels have dropped only 0.5–1 metre (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in) in the lake from the normal level.[3][19] Recent photographs clearly show the island reaching 10–15 metres (33–49 ft) above the lake level.[2][20]

Demographics

The island has a population of about 131 (according to the 2009 census),[21] mostly fishermen and fish traders, who are served by four pubs, a number of brothels, and a pharmacy on the island.[22] It has a density of more than 65,500 people per square kilometer which makes it one of the most densely populated islands in Africa and the world.[23]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Frauenfelder, Mark (31 October 2016). "Migingo Island - Population density: 169,500/sq mi". Boing Boing. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 Shane Williams. "Big trouble on small island". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Gettleman, Jeffrey (17 August 2009). "Ripples of Dispute Surround Tiny Island Along Watery Border in East Africa". The New York Times. p. A4.
  4. ↑ Mayoyo, Patrick; Otieno, Elisha (11 March 2009). "Long-standing struggle for Migingo to be discussed". Daily Nation (Kenya). Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  5. ↑ Olupot, Milton. "Ugandan settled on Migingo in 2004". New Vision (Uganda). Archived from the original on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  6. ↑ "Kenya, Uganda to withdraw from disputed island: Nairobi". Reuters. 17 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  7. ↑ Oluoch, Nick (7 March 2009). "Uganda slaps work visas on Kenyans in Migingo". The Standard (Kenya). Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  8. ↑ Opolot, Fred (12 March 2009). "Migingo Island Press Release". Uganda Media Centre. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  9. 1 2 Otieno, Daniel; Otieno, Elisha (29 March 2009). "Migingo now a different kettle of fish". Daily Nation (Kenya). Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  10. 1 2 Otieno, Daniel; Otieno, Elisha (28 March 2009). "Migingo talks turn stormy". Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  11. ↑ "Museveni: Migingo row a shame". The Standard (Kenya). 15 March 2009. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  12. ↑ "Kibaki: We will resolve Migingo". Daily Nation (Kenya). 26 March 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 "New Vision Online : Ugandan surveyors return to Migingo". Newvision.co.ug. 3 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  14. 1 2 3
  15. ↑ AFP (2009-07-08). "AFP news report from the island from July 2009". Youtube.com. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  16. ↑ "Kenyan MPs' fury over island row". BBC News (Africa). 13 May 2009.
  17. 1 2 "International Boundary Study Kenya – Uganda Boundary" (PDF). College of Law. The Geographer Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Archived from the original on 10 April 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
  18. ↑ "21 July 2009 NTV African network television report". Youtube.com. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  19. ↑ Munaabi, Gideon. "Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries". Ugpulse.com. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  20. ↑ http://www.monitor.co.ug/artman/uploads/1/news2_9.jpg. Retrieved 1 June 2009. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ "Kenyan Population and Housing Census PDF | PDF | Census | Sanitation".
  22. ↑ Howden, Daniel (23 March 2009). "Migingo: Big trouble on small island". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2022-05-14. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
  23. ↑ "Migingo Island: Africa's 'smallest war'". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
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