Michael Kovrig (left) and Michael Spavor (right)

In December 2018, Canadian nationals Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig were taken into custody in China. It appeared that their detention on December 10 and subsequent indictment under the state secrets law were linked to the arrest of Huawei’s chief financial officer, Meng Wanzhou, in Canada on December 1.[1] In English-language media, the pair are frequently and colloquially referred to as the Two Michaels.[2][3][4]

Prior to his detention and arrest, Kovrig was working for the International Crisis Group out of its Hong Kong office. He previously worked for the United Nations and as a Canadian diplomat.[5] Spavor had been a consultant and the director of Paektu Cultural Exchange, an organization that promotes investment and tourism in North Korea.[6]

On September 24, 2021, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that Kovrig and Spavor had been released from detention in China after 1,019 days, shortly after Meng was released from house arrest in Canada.[7] Canadian officials initially insisted the espionage charges were trumped-up;[8] however, in 2023, Spavor accused Kovrig of using him for espionage without Spavor's knowledge, as Kovrig had passed on information relating to North Korea from Spavor to Canadian intelligence agencies.

Background

Michael Spavor

Michael Spavor was a consultant working in North Korea. He is a founding member and director of Paektu Cultural Exchange, an NGO that facilitates sports, cultural, tourism and business exchanges with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).[9][10][11]

Michael Kovrig

Michael Kovrig (born February 3, 1972)[12] is a Canadian former diplomat and geopolitical analyst and advisor working for the International Crisis Group, a transnational, independent, non-governmental organization focused on preventing and resolving deadly conflict through research and advocacy.[13]

Previously, Kovrig had worked as a diplomat and foreign service officer for Canada’s foreign ministry for nearly a decade.[14][15][16] He also worked for the United Nations Development Programme in New York City as a strategic communications specialist, and as a researcher for the firm that later became Rhodium Group.[17]

After being detained in December 2018, he was accused of "Spying on State Secrets or Intelligence for Parties Outside the Territory of China” by the Chinese government in May 2019. [18] His arrest is widely considered[19][20] to be political retaliation for the arrest of Meng,[21][22] though the Chinese government has denied any connection between the two cases.[23] Kovrig, Crisis Group and the Canadian government all insisted that he was innocent of all charges[24] and US President Joe Biden declared that he and Spavor were being used as “bartering chips”.[25]

Arrest of Meng Wanzhou

The detention of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor followed the arrest of Meng Wanzhou by Canadian authorities. Meng was the chief financial officer of the Chinese telecom giant Huawei, founded by her father Ren Zhengfei.[26] She was arrested at the Vancouver International Airport by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) at the request of the United States, pursuant to the extradition treaty between Canada and the United States.[27][28] On January 28, 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced financial fraud charges against Meng.[29][30] If proven guilty, Meng potentially faced up to 10 years' imprisonment per 18 U.S.C. § 1832.[31]

Arrest and detention

Kovrig joined the International Crisis Group in February 2017 as a senior adviser for North East Asia.[5] On December 10, 2018, Michael Kovrig was detained in Beijing around the same time as Michael Spavor, a Canadian consultant with a personal relationship with Kim Jong-un and a history of working with North Korea.[32] Following their detention, the men were transferred to detention facilities where they were interrogated for up to eight hours a day. The lights in their cells were reportedly left on 24 hours a day, and they were denied access to consular officials and to their lawyers.[1] The prosecutors of China later charged the two Canadians with espionage endangering China's national security. If proven, such a crime may result in life sentences or more, to ensure the nondisclosure of illegally gathered intelligence. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called their arrest "arbitrary".[33]

In March 2020, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, Kovrig was permitted by the Chinese government to have a telephone conversation with his sick father.[34]

On June 19, 2020, the men were formally charged with spying on national secrets and providing state secrets to entities outside of China.[1][35]

In the lead-up to the first high-level diplomatic talks between Chinese officials and American officials working for Joe Biden, Spavor and Kovrig's trial dates were announced. On March 19, 2021, a two-hour closed court hearing for Spavor ended with no immediate verdict and Dandong Intermediate people's court stating that it would set a date to release a decision later. Because the case involved Chinese national security law, the chargé d'affaires at the Canadian Embassy in China was denied entry to provide consular assistance. Diplomats from the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Australia, Sweden and Germany also sought access but were denied. Kovrig's trial was scheduled for March 22.[36] It ended with the identical statement - that the verdict will be announced at an unspecified later date.[37]

On August 10, 2021, the Dandong Intermediate People's Court found Michael Spavor guilty of espionage. The evidence presented at the trial was not made public.[38] Spavor was sentenced to eleven years in prison, in addition to the confiscation of ¥50,000, and his deportation. The statement released by the court did not specify when the deportation would take place, but China typically deports convicted foreigners after the completion of their prison sentence.[39][40][41][42]

Canada's Ambassador to China, Dominic Barton, accused the Chinese government of timing Spavor's verdict, as well as that of Robert Schellenberg one day prior, to coincide with that of Meng, which was occurring simultaneously in Canada.[43]

Michael Kovrig was tried on March 22, 2021; the verdict was to be announced at an unspecified later date.[37] The trials were held in closed sessions[37] in accordance with China's rules of criminal procedure for national security cases.[44] As of August 11, 2021, the verdict was still unknown to the Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Marc Garneau.[45]

International response

Their arrest became a subsequent point of contention for Canada–China relations.[33]

On January 21, 2019, more than 220 political and academic individuals signed a letter calling on China to release Kovrig and Spavor.[46]

On April 23, 2020, the 500th day of Kovrig's detention, Trudeau said consular visits for the detained Canadians were being blocked on account of the coronavirus lockdown.[47]

On September 5, 2021, a "March for the Michaels" was held in Ottawa to mark the thousandth day of Spavor and Kovrig's detention.[48] Organized and attended by the families of the two Michaels, about 150 people gathered to walk 7000 steps, meant to replicate the number of steps Kovrig took daily to maintain fitness in his prison cell.[49][50]

Release and aftermath

On September 24, 2021, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the two Michaels were released and returning to Canada on a plane with Canadian Ambassador to China, Dominic Barton.[51][52] Their release came on the same day that Meng was released after the dropping of her extradition request as part of her deferred prosecution agreement with the US Department of Justice.[53][54] Kovrig and Spavor arrived at Calgary International Airport the next morning, where they were greeted by Trudeau and Foreign Affairs Minister Marc Garneau. Spavor remained in Calgary, while Kovrig flew to Toronto Pearson International Airport to meet his family.[55]

At a press conference held on September 27, China Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Hua Chunying maintained that the cases of Meng and the two Michaels were separate, stating that the two had "applied for release on bail for medical reasons".[56]

A 2023 Global News investigation claimed that then-Liberal MP Han Dong privately advised a senior Chinese diplomat to hold off freeing Kovrig and Spavor in 2021. In a statement, Dong said that although he had spoken to the consul-general, he had not initiated it, and he had not suggested delaying the release of the Spavor and Kovrig, instead calling for their release.[57] Following his review into allegations of Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections, Special Rapporteur David Johnston said that allegations that Dong had told Chinese officials to extend the detention of Kovrig and Spavor were false.[58]

Request for government settlement and allegations of intelligence sharing

According to a report by The Globe and Mail in November 2023, Spavor is seeking a multimillion dollar settlement against the federal government for involving him in espionage activities without his knowledge. Spavor alleges that he provided Michael Kovrig with intelligence on North Korea, which Kovrig then secretly gave to the Canadian government and its Five Eyes allies without Spavor's permission, leading to their arrest and detention.[59] According to the report, a "highly placed source" told The Globe that Kovrig was "considered an intelligence asset, as a diplomatic officer at the Global Security Reporting Program (GSRP) within the Canadian embassy in Beijing, and later when based in Hong Kong at International Crisis Group."[59]

In December 2023, The Globe and Mail reported that the Canadian government has offered CA$3 million each to Kovrig and Spavor, while Spavor's lawyer is seeking $10.5 million.[60]

In a statement, Global Affairs Canada denied that Kovrig was involved in espionage.[61] Kerry Buck, a retired diplomat and senior fellow at the University of Ottawa's Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, also rejected claims of espionage, saying that "GSRP diplomats write diplomatic reports. As with all diplomatic reports, they are read by people in Ottawa, including the CSIS. [...] In no world does this make GSRP diplomats 'spies'."[62]

In response to the report, Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin argued that the Canadian position on the Michaels detention being arbitrary had been "debunked by facts over time" and that the allegations were "a complete distortion of facts and blame-shifting".[63]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Nathan Vanderklippe. China charges Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor with espionage Archived July 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Globe and Mail, June 20, 2020.
  2. ↑ Jeremy Nuttall; Douglas Quan (June 24, 2020). "'Two Michaels' fight is bigger than Canada, global observers say – and the world is watching". The Toronto Star. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  3. ↑ Paul James; Renee Bernard (October 11, 2020). "'Two Michaels' given consular access, Canada's former ambassador to China still skeptical". City News AM 1130. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Two Michaels". Global News. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  5. 1 2 "Michael Kovrig". Crisis Group. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Michael Spavor: The detained Canadian close to Kim Jong-un". BBC News. December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  7. ↑ "China has released detained Canadians Kovrig, Spavor: PM". CTVNews. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Trudeau says China invented charges for Canadian detainees after Meng's arrest". cbc. March 3, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Michael Spavor: The detained Canadian close to Kim Jong-un". BBC News. December 13, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  10. ↑ Alam, Hina; McCarten, James (September 25, 2021). "Meng Wanzhou free as extradition case dropped by the United States". National Post. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  11. ↑ "Cocktails with Kim Jong Un: the Canadian jailed in China for spying". France 24. August 11, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ "Preventing War. Shaping Peace". Crisis Group. July 7, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  14. ↑ MacCharles, Tonda; Chiu, Joanna (December 11, 2018). "Ex-diplomat who worked on Trudeau's Hong Kong visit detained in China". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  15. ↑ "Michael Kovrig: Canadian ex-diplomat 'held in China'". BBC News. December 12, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  16. ↑ Canada, Global Affairs (October 20, 2004). "VISIT OF CANADA'S SPECIAL ENVOY FOR PEACE IN SUDAN". www.canada.ca. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  17. ↑ "Michael Kovrig". Crisis Group. February 20, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  18. ↑ V, Nathan; erKlippe (June 19, 2020). "China charges Canadians Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor with espionage". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  19. ↑ "Prison term raises pressure on Canada and US in high-stakes China standoff". The Guardian. August 11, 2021. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  20. ↑ Xiao, Eva (August 11, 2021). "China Sentences Canadian Citizen to 11 Years for Espionage in Case at Heart of Diplomatic Standoff". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  21. ↑ News (April 18, 2020). "No visitors for Michael Kovrig, Michael Spavor due to COVID-19 as 500th day in Chinese prison nears | National Post". National Post. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2020. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  22. ↑ Clarke, Donald. "Opinion | China is holding two Canadians as hostages. It's not even denying it". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  23. ↑ Nectar Gan, Jessie Yeung and Steve George (August 13, 2021). "Beijing has denied taking political hostages. Experts say the fates of two Canadians suggest otherwise". CNN. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  24. ↑ Tunney, Catharine (March 18, 2021). "Canada says it's being locked out of detained Canadians' trials in China".
  25. ↑ "'Human beings are not bartering chips': Biden calls for China to release 2 Michaels - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  26. ↑ "China unveils top 500 private firms, Huawei peaks list". XinhuaNet.com English. Xinhua. August 29, 2018. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Extradition in Canada" (Press release). Department of Justice Canada. December 12, 2018. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  28. ↑ Fife, Robert (December 5, 2018). "Canada arrests Huawei's global chief financial officer in Vancouver". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  29. ↑ Lynch, Sarah (January 28, 2019). "U.S. unseals indictments against China's Huawei and CFO Meng Wanzhou". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  30. ↑ Martell, Allison; Mehler Paperny, Anna (January 10, 2020). "Canadian prosecutors say case against Huawei CFO is about fraud, not sanctions". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  31. ↑ 18 U.S.C. § 1832. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  32. ↑ "Detention of Michael Kovrig". Crisis Group. December 12, 2018. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  33. 1 2 Staff; agencies (September 5, 2019). "Canada: Trudeau accuses China of using 'arbitrary detentions' for political ends". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Michael Kovrig granted phone call by China with ill father amid coronavirus pandemic". Global News. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  35. ↑ Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor: China charges Canadians with spying Archived August 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, BBC, June 19, 2020
  36. ↑ "Michael Spavor's trial in China ends without a ruling". CBC News. Thomson Reuters. March 18, 2021. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  37. 1 2 3 "Trial of Michael Kovrig concludes with verdict to come later, Chinese court says". CBC. Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  38. ↑ Westcott, Ben (October 10, 2021). "Canadian businessman sentenced by Chinese court to 11 years in prison for spying". CNN. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  39. ↑ "Michael Spavor: Canadian jailed for 11 years in China on spying charges". BBC News. August 11, 2021. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  40. ↑ Bilefsky, Dan; Hernández, Javier C. (March 19, 2021). "Canadians Alarmed by Trial of Businessman Accused of Spying in China". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  41. ↑ "迈克尔•斯帕弗为境外刺探、非法提供国家秘密一案公开宣判". Archived from the original on August 11, 2021.
  42. ↑ McKeen, Alex (August 10, 2021). "Canadian Michael Spavor found guilty of espionage charges in China, sentenced to 11 years". Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  43. ↑ "'Not a coincidence': China has tied fates of detained Canadians to Meng case, experts warn - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
  44. ↑ "Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China". english.mofcom.gov.cn. People's Republic of China: Ministry of Commerce. July 7, 1979. Retrieved September 30, 2021. ... cases involving state secrets or the private affairs of individuals shall not be heard in public.
  45. ↑ D'Andrea, Aaron (August 11, 2021). "Garneau unsure when Michael Kovrig verdict will come as China sentences 2 Canadians". Global News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  46. ↑ "Mr. Xi, release these two Canadian citizens". The Globe and Mail Inc. January 21, 2019. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  47. ↑ "Held for 500 days: Trudeau confirms China blocking visits to Canadian duo". South China Morning Post. April 24, 2020. Archived from the original on April 28, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  48. ↑ "'March for the Michaels': Families and supporters of Kovrig and Spavor mark 1,000 days in detention - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  49. ↑ Blanchfield, Mike (September 5, 2021). "Kovrig, Spavor supporters march in support of freeing the prisoners, as China objects". CTVNews. Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  50. ↑ Deachman, Bruce (September 6, 2021). "On the two Michaels' 1,000th day of captivity, hundreds march in Ottawa". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  51. ↑ Andy Blatchford (September 24, 2021). "Huawei's Meng returns to China after striking deal with U.S." POLITICO. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  52. ↑ Neustaeter, Brooklyn (September 24, 2021). "China has released detained Canadians Kovrig, Spavor: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  53. ↑ "Huawei's Meng Wanzhou flies back to China after deal with US". BBC News. September 25, 2021. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  54. ↑ "China releases detained Canadians Kovrig, Spavor after extradition against Meng Wanzhou dropped". CTVNews. September 24, 2021. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  55. ↑ Paas-Lang, Christian (September 25, 2021). "Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor arrive in Canada after nearly 3-year detention in China". CBC News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  56. ↑ MacCharles, Tonda (September 27, 2021). "Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor granted bail for medical reasons, not because Meng Wanzhou was released". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  57. ↑ Cooper, Sam (March 22, 2023). "Liberal MP Han Dong secretly advised Chinese diplomat in 2021 to delay freeing Two Michaels: sources". Global News. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  58. ↑ Djuric, Mickey (May 23, 2023). "5 things we learned from David Johnston's first report on foreign interference". CBC News. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  59. 1 2 "Spavor blames fellow prisoner Kovrig for Chinese detention, alleges he was used for intelligence gathering". The Globe and Mail. November 18, 2023. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  60. ↑ "Ottawa ready to pay financial settlements to the two Michaels over their ordeal in Chinese prisons". The Globe and Mail. December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  61. ↑ "Suggestion Kovrig, Spavor involved in espionage perpetuating 'false narrative,' GAC says after report". CTV News. November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
  62. ↑ Cecco, Leyland (November 20, 2023). "Canada-China detention feud reopened after claims of 'unwitting' espionage". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
  63. ↑ "China says Canada is distorting facts over jailing of 'Two Michaels'". South China Morning Post. November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
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