Ground coffee being poured into a paper filter inserted in a Chemex filter holder and caraffe

A coffee filter is a filter used for various coffee brewing methods including but not limited to drip coffee filtering. Filters made of paper (disposable), cloth (reusable), or plastic, metal or porcelain (permanent) are used.[lower-alpha 1] Paper and cloth filters require the use of some kind of filter holder, whereas filters made out of other materials may present an integral part of the holder or not, depending on construction. The filter allows the liquid coffee to flow through, but traps the coffee grounds.

Overview

Used coffee filter
Micro photo of a paper filter

Paper filters remove oily components called diterpenes (like cafestol and kahweol);[1] these organic compounds, present in unfiltered coffee, have anti-inflammatory properties.[2] Metal, nylon or porcelain mesh filters do not remove these components.[3][lower-alpha 1] Several studies indicate that the mild consumption of paper-filtered coffee may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.[4][5]

Coffee filters of paper are made from about 100 g/m2 filter paper. The raw materials (pulp) for the filter paper are coarse long fiber, often from fast-growing trees, i.e. Melitta uses up to 60% of bambus in their filters since 1998.[6] Both bleached and unbleached filters are made.[7]

Typically, coffee filters are made up of filaments approximately 20 micrometres wide, which allow particles through that are less than approximately 10 to 15 micrometres.[8][9]

Some baristas claim that paper filters exhibit a "paperish" taste[10] and recommend to wash out the filter with a flush of hot water before filling the ground coffee into the filter.

Since paper filters filter out some components the resulting coffee is said to taste somewhat fruitier compared to permanent filters.

For a filter to be compatible with a filter holder (in the case of drip coffee preparation also called a dripper) or coffee maker, the filter needs to be a specific shape and size.

Disposable paper filters

History of paper filters

In 1782, Johann Georg Krünitz described a then-new method to extract coffee utilizing blotting paper in a (tinned) metal filter cone.[11][12][13]: 139–140 [14]

In Germany and the Netherlands, filter paper inserts were used in narrow conical metal filter holders called "Hamburger Spitztrichter" (Hamburg filter) to extract drip coffee.[15]: 977 [12]: 77ff. [13]: 139  In 1785, a silver filter was manufactured by Johann Christopher Hellmers, suggesting that porcelain versions existed even earlier.[16]: 63–64  Hamburg filters made out of (enameled) metal or porcelain were still very common in the early 1900s in Germany.[16]: 162–163 

In 1847, Elard Römershausen (aka Elard Romershausen and Elard [von] Rommershausen) experimented with paper filters while constructing an early "air press coffee machine".[13]: 137, 139 

In 1885, Heinrich Böhnke-Reich (aka Boehnke-Reich) warned of using old wall paper as coffee filters,[lower-alpha 1] but favourably described sheets of thick wool-style greyish paper which could be cut into shape for use as quick filters in a conical filter holder.[17]: 107–120 [16]: 162 

In 1894, the Wilda'sche coffee filter device by Eugen Wilda used single-use cloth filter bags, which, in the corresponding patent, were considered to be superior to paper filter bags presumably already in use at the time.[16]: 163 [13]: 139 

On 8 July 1908, the first commercial paper coffee filter was a 94 mm round filter disk devised by the German entrepreneur Melitta Bentz.[13]: 140–  She wanted to remove the bitter taste caused by overbrewing.[18] She patented her invention and formed a company, Melitta, to sell the coffee filters (in a format and size later named "1"[lower-alpha 2]), hiring her husband and two sons to assist her as the first employees.[13][19]

Filter shapes and sizes

Cone-, fan- or boat-shaped filters

Melitta filter systems and derivatives

In 1931, Paul Ciupka proposed conical paper coffee filters,[20]: 214ff [13]: 141  which led to the construction of a coffee filter named "Brasil" at the Göttinger Aluminiumwerke (now Alcan) in 1932.[16]: 166 [13]: 141  Melitta bought the rights to the corresponding patent[16]: 166 [13]: 141  and, also in 1932,[21] introduced the similar Schnellfilter (English: quick filter),[13]: 141  a cone-shaped filter holder with circular bottom with 8 (later 4) holes suitable for use with squarish sheets of filter paper, which still had to be pressed into shape through a metal cone.[13]: 141–142  These quick filter holders were manufactured of porcelain or metal, available in sizes named "100", "101", "102", and "103". This system was available up to 1939.[22]

Fan- or boat-shaped coffee filter, made of unbleached paper

In 1936,[13]: 141 [6] Melitta introduced the Filtertüte (English: filter bag) in various sizes. In Germany, Melitta holds a trademark on the term "Filtertüte" (English: filter bag) for the conical fan- or boat-shaped paper filter introduced in 1936,[23] that's why other manufacturers use terms like coffee filter, paper filter, etc.

The cone-shaped filter holders were refined to get a slot-shaped bottom (originally with 4 holes) more suitable for the filter bags, now looking more fan- or boat-shaped. Over the years the system was expanded to eventually consist of filter bag sizes "100" (for 1–2 cups à 1⁄6[24]–1⁄8 litre[25][26][24]), "101" (for 2–3[25] or 2–4 cups[26][24][27]), "102" (for 3–6,[25] 4–6[28] or 4–8 cups[26][24]), "103" (for 6–15,[25] 8–15 cups[26][24][29] or 10–15[30]), "104" (for 15–25[26][24] or 15–30 cups[25]), "105" (for 25–50[26][24][31] or 30–60 cups[25]), "106" (for 50–80[26][24] or 60–100 cups[32]), "112" (for 2 cups, with pot mount[33][34][35]) and "123"[36] (for 6–10 cups[37]). The system also included special types like tea filters "401" (1–6 cups,[38] compatible with "101"[36][24]) and "402" (for 3–9 cups,[39] compatible with "102"[40]) and the miniature filter "801" (for 1–2 or 1–3[41] small cups for children, or 1 normal cup[41]). Brigitta once marketed a fan- or boat-shaped filter size "502".[42][43] A disadvantage of the system was that one had to pour water continuously or several times while the proper amount of necessary water could only be guessed.

Therefore, in 1965[6] Melitta developed a new fan- or boat-shaped filter system with corresponding "1×" nomenclature: In this system the filters are sized big enough so that the whole amount of water (except for the water needed for blooming) can be poured in one go. Consequently, the filter sizes "1×2", "1×4", "1×6" and "1×10"[44] result in 2, 4,[45] 6, and 10 cups of coffee when filling the filter once. Since these filters only differ in height and have otherwise the exact same geometry, bottom width (about 49 mm) and angle (about 54°), the filter bags are interchangeable between filter holders of different sizes.

Both systems are still in use today in principle, but the sizes "103", "104", "105", "106", "112", "123", "401", "402", ("502",) "801" and "1×10" are no longer manufactured.

Common in the US are fan- or boat-shaped filters "#0" (similar to "100"), "#1" (similar to "101"),[lower-alpha 2] "#2" (similar to "102"),[lower-alpha 3] "#4" (similar to "1×4"),[lower-alpha 4] and "#6" (similar to "1×6"),[lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6] with "#2", "#4" and "#6" being particularly popular, as well as basket-shaped filters in an 8–12 cup home size and larger restaurant sizes.

Hario filter system

The Hario "vector 60" V60 is a cone-shaped brewer (with 60° angle), with ribs along the wall (to prevent the paper sticking and allowing air through) and a single large hole (to allow water to pass through unrestricted).[46] Hario began designing brewers in 1980, but the V60 was not released until 2004.[46][47] The brewer received the Japanese Good Design Award in 2007[48] and is used by many of the winners in the World Brewers Cup. The design was adapted to create the Hario W60, a brewer with a flat-bottomed mesh filter, in partnership with 2013 World Barista Champion Pete Licata, to "address the concern baristas have with 'flat bed' brewing".[49] The Hario Switch combines steeping with drip filtering.

Hario has cone-shaped paper filter bag sizes "01" (for 1 cup), "02" (for 1–4 cups) and "03" (for 1–6 cups).[50][47]

Other filter shapes

A basket-type coffee filter, here made of bleached paper

Saint Anthony Industries (SAI) introduced a conical filter called "C70" (2018) and a flat-bottom filter "F70" (2019) with a steep 70° angle.

Other Melitta filter sizes include the pyramid filters "202s", "203", "206(G)", "220(G)", "240(G)" and "270(G)", round filter disks "1" (94 mm), "1a" (60 mm), "2" (120 mm) and "2b", and "50",[6][51] circle filter rings (for percolators) "3 1⁄2 in." (89 mm),[52] "164mm", "190mm", "203mm", "235mm", "240mm", "244mm", "256mm", "260mm", "290mm", "330mm", "400mm" and "440mm", prepleated flat-bottom basket filters "(A)250/90" (250 mm/90 mm, also known as "90/250") and "(A)250/110" (250 mm/110 mm), roll filters "2004" as well as wrap filters (for percolators, 232 × 241 mm).[53][54] While some of them are still available today, most of them have fallen out of use for long.

A squarish pyramid filter Filtra "602" was available as well.[55]

Other basket filter sizes include "101/317", "152/350", "152/457", "203/533" and "280/635".

Other round filter disks include 160 mm, 220 mm, 195 mm, 230 mm.

The Aeropress uses round paper filter disks with a diameter of 63 mm.

The German Tricolate coffee dripper uses round paper filter disks with a diameter of 88 mm.

The Kanas-based NextLevel drippers use proprietary round disk paper filters as well (95 mm for the LVL-10 and 77 mm for the Pulsar).[56]

The Hario cold brew dripper Slow Brew "Shizuku" (WDC-6) and Water Dripper Clear (WDW-6) take 58 mm round filter disks.

Chemex filter system

The six conical filter holder sizes for the Chemex coffee maker (originally introduced in 1941) and the Funnex utilize two different sizes of paper filters. A half-moon shaped filter paper (bleached: FP-2, unbleached: FP-2N) is used for the 3-cup holders (CM-1, CM-1C, CM-1GH) and the Funnex (CM-FNX), which must be folded before use. The larger holders for 5 (CM-2), 6 (CM-6A, CM-6GH), 8 (CM-3, CM-8A, CM-8GH), 10 (CM-10A, CM-10GH) and 13 cups (CM-4) can alternatively use prefolded square sheets (bleached: FS-100, unbleached: FSU-100), prefolded circle filters (bleached: FC-100) or unfolded circle filters (bleached: FP-1). The paper is 20–30% thicker than regular paper filters.

Other filter parameters and properties

Other important coffee filter paper parameters are strength, compatibility, efficiency and capacity.

If a coffee filter is not strong enough, it will tear or rupture, allowing coffee grains through to the coffee pot. Compatibility describes a filter medium's resistance to degradation by heat and chemical attack; a filter that is not compatible with the liquid passing through it is likely to break down, losing strength (structural failure). Efficiency is the retention of particles in a target (size) category. The efficiency is dictated by the particles or substances to be removed. A large-mesh filter may be efficient at retaining large particles but inefficient at retaining small particles. Capacity is the ability to "hold" previously removed particles while allowing further flow. A very efficient filter may show poor capacity, causing increased resistance to flow or other problems as it plugging up prematurely and increasing resistance or flow problems. A balance between particle capture and flow requirements must be met while ensuring integrity.

Reusable cloth filters

Flannel filter placed on a metal support in 1868.

Reusable cloth (such as cotton,[17][16]: 62, 162  hemp,[57][17][58]: 47 [16]: 162  linen,[11][57][58]: 47 [16]: 64  silk,[57][58]: 47 [16]: 64  wool,[57][58]: 47 [16]: 64  hair cloth,[11][16]: 64  horse hair,[57][58]: 47 [16]: 64  fustian, muslin[16]: 62  or flannel[16]: 62 ) has been used to filter coffee for a very long time.[11][59][60] Like paper, it strains out the coffee grounds, but the cloth filter allows more of the oil to come through than paper filters.[61] An example of a cloth filter is the bolsita in Costa Rican chorreador coffee makers.

Permanent filters

Vietnamese Phin metal filter
Indian permanent metal filter

Permanent filters can be divided into two groups:

The first type integrates the filter sieve with the holding mechanism into one part.

The second type of permanent filters are inserts to be used with a separate filter holder. For this, they are resembling the shape of disposable paper or reusable cloth filters otherwise used with those filter holders. Like them they can exhibit some amount of water bypass.

Permanent metal filters are also used to prepare filtered coffee, including Vietnamese iced coffee and Indian filter coffee. The "French press" (also referred to as cafetière) uses a metal filter. Other types of permanent filters are made of plastic, porous ceramics, or porcelain (like the special porcelain filter sieves of Büttner system coffee makers or the double-layered cross-slitted strainer made from through-glazed porcelain of Karlsbad-style coffee makers).[lower-alpha 1]

Filter holders

Filter holders are made out of plastic (including Makrolon/Exolon, Tritan), metal (stainless steel, copper, aluminium, emaille), ceramics, porcelain or glass.[lower-alpha 1] Most of them are designed to be used with disposable paper and reusable cloth filter inserts, but there is also an after-market of permanent filter inserts made out of plastic, metal or ceramics which can be used in filter holders originally designed for paper or cloth filters.[lower-alpha 1] Another type of permanent filters combines the actual filter sieve with its holding mechanism into one integral part.

Filter holders for cone-, fan- or boat- as well as for flat-bottom shaped (paper) filters can be distinguished by features of their mechanical construction, some of which also have a significant influence on taste, brewing time, utility and how (easy) to clean the filter holder:

  • filter geometry (Melitta-, Hario-, or SAI-style filter shape and angle, etc.)
  • filter size (depending on filter geometry and system for a different number of cups and/or different pouring styles)
  • rib structure (straight (Melitta, Hario), interrupted (Seltmann Weiden or Beem), or origami design), direction (straight down (Melitta), spiral (Hario, Seltmann Weiden, Beem)), spacing (narrow, sparse) and location (whole inner surface of filter cone, only at lower half of filter cone) to influence bypass and clogging
  • bottom structure (with or without ridges) to influence channeling and clogging
  • number of draining holes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10 or 12) and diameter (one large hole as for Hario-, one or more equally-sized small holes as for Melitta-style filters, combination of a large center hole with small surrounding holes as for the Torch Mountain dripper, or an adjustable count of holes as with the December dripper)
  • material (porcelain, ceramics, stainless steel, copper, aluminium, glass, plastic)[lower-alpha 1] and color
  • mount (standard plate mount for pots or cups, affixable pot mount (like Melitta 112), ring mount for a coffee stand or tripod, long cylinder outlet to fit Thermos bottles (like Fröfilt K or Alfi Aroma Plus filters, or the Friesland filter adapter), single-cup filter mount)
  • type of handle (none, style of handle, number of grips)
  • special features like stopper valves (as for Melitta 401/402 tea filter holders, the Melitta Amano, the Clever Dripper, the Hario Switch, or the NextLevel Pulsar), cup-viewing windows (as for Zero Japan Bee House filters,[62] Melitta filter holders since 2018, or the Le Crueset dripper), anti-dribbling "tripod" plate design, design for simultaneous pouring into one or two cups (as for Melitta filter holders since 2018), double-walled design for better thermal insulation (as for Melitta Oslo Form 23 filters,[63] KPM Café Berlin LAB filters #2/#4,[64][65] the Seltmann Weiden No Limits Barista filter #2,[66][67] the Melitta 111th Anniversary Set filter 102,[68][69] the Fellow Stagg X/XF drippers, the Chemex Funnex, the notNeutral Gino dripper, the Villeroy & Boch Coffee Passion V60 filter,[70] the Brewista Tornado Duo filters, or the Etkin 8-cup and 2-cup drippers), or a collapsible design for easier storage
  • accessories like a water spreader or cover lid or top-plate to help water distribution and reduce the temperature decline during pouring, a saucer to catch coffee droplets after use, a mounting stand, or coffee chilling stones.

Metal and porcelain filter holders store more heat than glass or plastic filters and therefore should be pre-heated to avoid too large temperature drops during pouring.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coffee filters.

Notes

Melitta porcelain filter holder "102" with too large paper filter bag "1×4"[lower-alpha 3]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Since filters and filter holders get in direct contact with hot water and coffee, an acidic solution, they should meet all criteria for food contact materials, which some materials, depending on local regulatories, may not. This holds particularly true for materials used in some older or historic filters. Metal alloys may contain problematic ingredients like lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) or chromium (Cr). Aluminium (Al) is suspected to cause Alzheimer disease. Various plastics may contain bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), phthalates, etc. Food-grade stainless steel and ceramics, and in particular silicate-based glass and porcelain are considered safe.
  2. 1 2 Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #1 (Melitta 101) must not be confused with paper filter sizes Melitta 1 for round filter disks or Hario 01 for cone-shaped filters.
  3. 1 2 Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #2 (Melitta 102) must not be confused with the fan- or boat-shaped paper filter size Melitta 1×2, cone-shaped filter size Hario 02, or with Melitta 2 round filter disks. Melitta 102 has a different geometry and is significantly larger than Melitta 1×2, almost as large as Melitta 1×4. The size #2 Ritzenhoff & Breker "Rio 101" porcelain filter holder incorrectly associates this with size 101.
  4. ↑ Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #4 (Melitta 1×4) must not be confused with the much larger fan- or boat-shaped filter size Melitta 104. Still, the size #4 Ritzenhoff & Breker "Rio 104" porcelain filter holder incorrectly associates this with size 104.
  5. ↑ Fan- or boat-shaped filters of size #6 (Melitta 1×6) must not be confused with the much larger fan- or boat-shaped filter size Melitta 106.
  6. ↑ Another reason for this easier nomenclature becoming more popular is because Melitta has trademarked the names of their filter bag sizes at least in Germany.

References

  1. ↑ Gloess, Alexia N.; Schönbächler, Barbara; Klopprogge, Babette; D'Ambrosio, Lucio; Chatelain, Karin; Bongartz, Annette; Strittmatter, André; Rast, Markus; Yeretzian, Chahan (April 2013) [2012-06-05, 2013-01-08, 2013-01-10, 2013-01-30]. "Comparison of nine common coffee extraction methods: instrumental and sensory analysis" (PDF). European Food Research and Technology. Wädenswil & Zürich, Switzerland: Springer Science+Business Media. 236 (4): 607–627. doi:10.1007/s00217-013-1917-x. eISSN 1438-2385. ISSN 1438-2377. S2CID 31366362. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31. (21 pages) (Supplemental material)
  2. ↑ Cárdenas, Casimiro; Quesada, Ana R.; Medina, Miguel A. (2011-08-09). McCormick, David L. (ed.). "Anti-Angiogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Kahweol, a Coffee Diterpene". PLoS One. 6 (8): e23407. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623407C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023407. PMC 3153489. PMID 21858104. Correction
  3. ↑ Cornelis, Marilyn C.; El-Sohemy, Ahamed (November 2007). "Coffee, caffeine, and coronary heart disease". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. 10 (6): 745–751. doi:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f05d81. ISSN 1363-1950. PMID 18089957. S2CID 35221890. Diterpenes present in unfiltered coffee and caffeine each appear to increase risk of coronary heart disease. A lower risk of coronary heart disease among moderate coffee drinkers might be due to antioxidants found in coffee.
  4. ↑ Tverdal, Aage; Selmer, Randi; Cohen, Jacqueline M.; Thelle, Dag S. (2020-04-22). "Coffee consumption and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and total mortality: Does the brewing method matter?". European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. SAGE Publishing. 27 (18): 1986–1993. doi:10.1177/2047487320914443. eISSN 2047-4881. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 32320635. S2CID 216083549. Unfiltered brew was associated with higher mortality than filtered brew, and filtered brew was associated with lower mortality than no coffee consumption.
  5. ↑ LaMotte, Sandee (2022-04-22). "The healthiest way to brew your coffee -- and possibly lengthen your life". CNN. Archived from the original on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  6. 1 2 3 4 https://web.archive.org/web/20230310205124/https://www.melitta-group.com/datei.php?src=download/111-Jahre-Melitta_Zeitstrahl-Allgemein.pdf
  7. ↑ Paulapuro, Hannu Viljami [in Finnish] (2000). "5". Paper and Board grades. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. p. 114. ISBN 952-5216-18-7.
  8. ↑ "Mixtures and Solutions - Coffee Filter and Diatomaceous Earth". Science Curriculum Support Project. Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University. 2003. Archived from the original on 2012-01-07.
  9. ↑ "Seal face lubrication". McNally Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10.
  10. ↑ "Tassenfilter - Der neue Tassenfilter Marke Rosenthal" [The new cup filter] (in German). Nürnberg, Germany: Rosenthal. Archived from the original on 2023-12-31. Retrieved 2023-12-31. Der Kaffee kommt mit keinem Metall in Berührung, behält daher sein natürliches Aroma. […] Durch Verwendung des doppelt geschlitzten, durchaus glasierten Siebes, kommt das lästige Filtrierpapier, das dem Kaffeearoma schädlich ist, in Fortfall.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Krünitz, Johann Georg (1784). "Kaffe" [Coffee]. In von Pfeiffer, Johann Friedrich (ed.). Oekonomische Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Stats- Stadt- Haus- u. Landwirthschaft, in alphabetischer Ordnung [Economic encyclopedia] (in German). Berlin: Joachim Pauli. pp. 100–264 [172]. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-06-03. pp. 172–173: Die neuerlich eingeführte Weise, den Kaffetrank durch das Filtriren zu verfertigen, ist wohl unstreitig die beste. Man legt nähmlich in einen dazu gemachten blechernen, wohl verzinnten, Filtrirhut oder Trichter, (Kaffe-Sieb) ein reines, feines Leinwand-Tüchlein oder Haartuch, oder, weil dieses durch den öfteren Gebrauch leicht unrein gemacht werden könnte, lieber weißes Lösch- und Druck-Papier, und nimmt jedes Mahl neues; in dieses schüttet man den gemahlenen Kaffe, setzt den Trichter über einen erwärmten Topf oder Kanne, und gießt allmählich siedendes Wasser darauf. Auf solche Art zieht das Wasser aus dem Kaffe die Kräfte, und filtrirt ganz klar durch das Tuch oder Papier. Das Wasser aber muß langsam aufgegossen werden; man könnte auch, um die Kraft destobesser auszuziehen, diesen durchgeseiheten Trank nochmahl in den Trichter zurück gießen, und durch den gemahlenen Kaffee zum zweiten Mahl laufen lassen. Ein solcher filtrirter Kaffe ist nicht nur gesunder, als der abgekochte, sondern hat auch noch andere Vorzüge. Man kann solchen nicht nur nach Belieben wieder erwärmen und aufkochen, und er bleibt immer klar, sondern der Geschmack ist auch besser, welches leicht daraus abzunehmen ist, weil der in dem Trichter zurück gebliebene Kaffe nicht, wie der andere, der im Topfe sich zu Boden setzt, nochmahl auf- und ausgekochet werden kann, und, wenn solches ja geschähe, man ein Getränk erhält, welches gar nicht nach Kaffee schmeckt, sondern einen recht wiederlichen Geschmack hat.
  12. 1 2 Bramah, Edward Roderick; Bramah, Joan (1995) [1989]. Coffee Makers - 300 years of art & design. Translated by Auerbach, Georg (2 ed.). London, UK: Quiller Press Ltd. ISBN 1-870948-33-5. (2+2+166+8+2 pages) (NB. Original 1989 edition was by Lucchetti editore, Bergamo, Italy.); Bramah, Edward Roderick; Bramah, Joan (1995) [1989]. Kaffeemaschinen - Die Kulturgeschichte der Kaffeeküche [Coffeemachines - The cultural history of the coffee kitchen] (in German). Translated by Auerbach, Georg (Special ed.). Stuttgart, Germany (originally: Munich, Germany): Parkland Verlag (originally: Blanckenstein Verlag). p. 152. ISBN 3-88059-826-6. (168+2 pages) (NB. The German translation contains many typographical errors.)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Beutelspacher, Martin (July 2006). "Techniken der Kaffeezubereitung. Auf dem Weg zu einer Optimierung des Kaffeegenusses". In Mohrmann, Ruth-Elisabeth [in German] (ed.). Essen und Trinken in der Moderne. Beiträge zur Volkskultur in Nordwestdeutschland (in German) (1 ed.). Münster, Germany; New York, USA: Waxmann Verlag GmbH / Waxmann Publishing Co.. pp. 125–146. ISBN 978-3-8309-1701-4. ISSN 0724-4096. Retrieved 2023-06-09. (159+1 pages)
  14. ↑ jam (2008-06-19). "Kaffee-Revolution mit Blechdose und Löschpapier". Saarland. Saarbrücker Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 2023-06-03. Denn die Methode, mittels Löschpapier und einem blechernen Trichter Kaffee zuzubereiten, wird bereits in der 1784 erschienenen "Oeconomischen Encyclopädie" von Johann Georg Krünitz unter dem äußerst ausführlichen Eintrag "Kaffe" als bekannt vorausgesetzt - und als beste Art der Kaffeebereitung gepriesen. Aber offenbar hatte sich zuvor noch niemand die Mühe gemacht, diese Idee zu Geld zu machen.
  15. ↑ Holzborn, Adolf (c. 1928). Der Eisenwarenhandel. Ein Lehr- u. Nachschlagewerk für den Handel mit Eisenwaren und Haus- und Küchengeräten (in German) (1 ed.). Nordhausen, Germany: Heinrich Killinger Verlagsgesellschaft. p. 977.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bersten, Ian; Bersten, Helen (1993). Coffee floats, tea sinks. Through History and Technology to a Complete Understanding (1 ed.). Sydney / Roseville, Australia: Helian Books. ISBN 0-646-09180-8. (284+4 pages)
  17. 1 2 3 Böhnke-Reich, Heinrich (1885). Der Kaffee in seinen Beziehungen zum Leben. Für Haus und Familie und für Gebildete aller Stände. Festschrift zum zweihundertjährigen Jubiläum des Kaffee's in Österreich und Deutschland (in German) (2nd expanded ed.). Berlin & Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von Fr. Thiel. (xii+224 pages)
  18. ↑ Bellis, Maria (2017-04-07). "Love Your Latte? This is the History of Coffee". Humanities: History & Culture. ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 2023-03-19. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
  19. ↑ "The invention of the coffee filters - Melitta Bentz, mother of filter coffee: Inventor and entrepreneur". German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA). 2023-01-27. Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
  20. ↑ Ciupka, Paul (1931). Taschenbuch des Kaffee-Fachmanns [Pocketbook of the coffee expert] (in German) (1 ed.). Hamburg, Germany: Otto Meissners Verlag. (311 pages)
  21. ↑ "Melitta-Schnellfilter". Archived from the original on 2022-03-13.
  22. ↑ "Melitta-Schnellfilter". Archived from the original on 2022-03-31.
  23. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20221215085051/https://www.mdr.de/geschichte/mitteldeutschland/orte/dresden/kaffeefilter-melitta-bentz-dresden-erfindung-100.html
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Original Melitta Kaffee-Schnellfilter 100 und 401". Archived from the original on 2023-03-02.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 https://web.archive.org/web/20230226143822/https://www.sampor.de/index.php?id=2328
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gebrauchsanleitung für Melitta Schnellfilter https://web.archive.org/web/20230226161249/https://www.ebay-kleinanzeigen.de/s-anzeige/kaffeefilter-original-melitta-102/2302199422-86-4322
  27. ↑ "Melitta - Produktwelt - Melitta Kaffeefilter Porzellan 101". Archived from the original on 2016-04-24.
  28. ↑ "Melitta - Produktwelt - Melitta Kaffeefilter Porzellan 102". Archived from the original on 2016-10-16.
  29. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230226144946/https://www.sampor.de/assets/images/getraenke-und-co/filter/kaffeefilter_melitta_13b.jpg
  30. ↑ "Melitta Schnellfilter 103 Dreiloch 10-15 Tassen". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  31. ↑ "Vintage Melitta Kipp- Warmhaltekanne Typ 905 + Schnellfilter Alu Porzellan 1950 | eBay". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26.
  32. ↑ "Interessengemeinschaft "RETTET DEN HUELBACH"". Archived from the original on 2017-03-16.
  33. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230328131748/https://www.sampor.de/index.php?id=2740, https://web.archive.org/web/20230328132310/https://www.sampor.de/assets/images/alles-aus-papier/anleitungen/ga_melitta_112_01a.jpg, https://web.archive.org/web/20230328132530/https://www.sampor.de/assets/images/alles-aus-papier/anleitungen/ga_melitta_112_01c.jpg, https://web.archive.org/web/20230328131750/https://www.sampor.de/assets/images/alles-aus-papier/anleitungen/ga_melitta_112_01.jpg
  34. ↑ "Melitta Filter No. 112 - Etsy.de". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  35. ↑ "Melitta Porzellan Filter Schnellfilter 112 weiß 3-Loch grüne Schrift 50er/ 60erJ". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  36. 1 2 Sander, Antje; Siems, Maren; Wördemann, Wilfried; Meyer, Stefan; Janssen, Nina (2015). Siems, Maren (ed.). Melitta und Friesland Porzellan - 60 Jahre Keramikherstellung in Varel [Melitta and Friesland Porzellan - 60 years manufacturing of ceramics in Varel]. Schloss Museum Jever (in German). Vol. Jever Heft 33 (1 ed.). Oldenburg, Germany: Isensee Verlag. pp. 23, 42. ISBN 978-3-7308-1177-1. Begleitkatalog zur Ausstellung: Jeverland - in Ton gebrannt. (48 pages)
  37. ↑ "Melitta Minden Kaffee Filter 123 2 Loch 50er Kaffeefilter | eBay". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26.
  38. ↑ "SUCHE alte Melitta Kaffeefilter Porzellan". Archived from the original on 2023-03-02.
  39. ↑ "Melitta Teefilter 402 mit Brühstab". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  40. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230328131348/https://www.sampor.de/index.php?id=4039
  41. 1 2 "Original Melitta Puppenkaffee 801 Sammlerstücke". Archived from the original on 2023-04-02.
  42. ↑ "Kaffeefilter aus Kunststoff - Größe 502 - Bisher Unbenutzt". Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  43. ↑ "Brigitta Filtertüten Gr. 502 Pack 80 [4006508124473] - Angebote - YouPickIt". Archived from the original on 2023-03-01.
  44. ↑ "Objekt #1" (in German). Hattingen, Germany: Museum Bügeleisenhaus Heimatverein Hattingen/Ruhr. 2014-05-23. Archived from the original on 2023-02-25. Retrieved 2023-02-25.
  45. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20161016194258/http://www.melitta.de:80/de/Melitta-Kaffeefilter-Porzellan-1x4-850.html
  46. 1 2 "V60 - HARIO CO., LTD". global.hario.com. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
  47. 1 2 Kumstova, Karolina (2018-05-16). "The Story and Development of Hario V60". European Coffee Trip. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
  48. ↑ "dripper V60series [VD-01, VD-02, VD-03, VDC-01, VDC-02]". Good Design Award. Retrieved 2022-08-27.
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  52. ↑ "Melitta Rundfilter in der geschlossenen Originalverpackung (149)". Archived from the original on 2023-05-07.
  53. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20230226102504/https://www.esmeyer-shop.de/out/pictures/generated/product/1/1300_1300_90/584-008.jpg
  54. ↑ "Melitta|Rapid". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26.
  55. ↑ "Kaffeefilter Exoten". Archived from the original on 2023-02-20.
  56. ↑ Prince, Mark (2023-07-20). "There's No Bypassing the NextLevel Brewers". Coffeegeek. Archived from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 Jöcher, G. A., ed. (1825). "Kaffee, Thee und Chocolade". Jöchers gemeinnützige Magie (in German). No. Heft 17. Leipzig, Germany: Literarisches Central-Comptoir.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 Ciupka, Paul (1949). Kaffee-Ersatz und Kaffee-Zusatz (in German). Vol. 1. Hamburg, Germany: Otto Meissners Verlag. p. 47.
  59. ↑ "Kaffee". Bilder-Conversations-Lexikon für das deutsche Volk (in German) (1 ed.). Leipzig, Germany: F. A. Brockhaus. 1837. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2018-07-02. Besser ist es, den Kaffee in einen Filtrirsack zu thun und das siedende Wasser darauf zu gießen.
  60. ↑ "Kaffee". Pierer's Universal-Lexikon der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (in German) (4 ed.). Altenburg, Germany: Verlagsbuchhandlung von H. A. Pierer. 1865 [1857]. Archived from the original on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2018-07-02. Gewöhnlich aber filtrirt man ihn noch vor dem Gebrauch, Andere aber bereiten ihn auch durch mehrmaliges Aufgießen siedenden Wassers über, in seine Leinwand gethanen gemahlenen K.
  61. ↑ Hoffmann, James Alexander (2018). The World Atlas of Coffee (2 ed.). Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-78472-429-0.
  62. ↑ https://www.homegrounds.co/beehouse-coffee-maker-review/
  63. ↑ https://friesland-porzellan.de/oslo-form-23
  64. ↑ https://stilundmarkt.de/Fuers-Sortiment/In-der-Kueche/KPM-Cafe-Berlin
  65. ↑ https://www.weitz-porzellan.de/media/2b/5c/58/1654191835/100108167_47_RZ_KPMFilter_Anleitung_A4_12.pdf
  66. ↑ https://hotel.seltmann.com/barista-filter-2-m5324-00003-no-limits.html?___store=hotel_de&___from_store=hotel_en
  67. ↑ https://www.topp-and-more.de/kataloge/kueche/katalog-kueche-seltmann-promotion-2017.pdf
  68. ↑ https://www.kleinanzeigen.de/s-anzeige/melitta-jubilaeums-set-102-kaffeefilter-aus-porzellan/2406480643-86-1214
  69. ↑ https://www.kleinanzeigen.de/s-anzeige/porzellan-kaffeefilter-kanne-melitta-geschenkset/2416344895-86-9195
  70. ↑ "Coffee Passion doppelwandiger Kaffeefilter Villeroy & Boch". Archived from the original on 2023-06-08.

Further reading

  • Gagné, Jonathan [at Wikidata] (2020). "5. Filters". In Zimmer, Jean (ed.). The Physics of Filter Coffee (1 ed.). Scott Rao. pp. 105–125. ISBN 978-0-578-24608-6. (xvi+249+3 pages)
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