Martinair Flight 138
A Martinair Douglas DC-8 similar to the aircraft involved in the accident
Accident
Date4 December 1974 (1974-12-04)
SummaryControlled flight into terrain due to pilot error
SiteMaskeliya, Sri Lanka
6°53′32″N 80°29′26″E / 6.89222°N 80.49056°E / 6.89222; 80.49056
Aircraft
Aircraft typeMcDonnell Douglas DC-8-55CF[1]
OperatorMartinair on behalf of Garuda Indonesia
RegistrationPH-MBH
Flight originJuanda International Airport, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
StopoverBandaranaike International Airport, Colombo, Sri Lanka
DestinationJeddah International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Occupants191
Passengers182
Crew9
Fatalities191
Survivors0

Martinair Flight 138 was a chartered flight from Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, to Colombo, Sri Lanka. The aircraft was operated by the Dutch airline Martinair on behalf of Garuda Indonesia. On 4 December 1974, the aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8-55CF,[1] crashed into a mountain shortly before landing, killing all 191 people aboard – 182 Indonesian hajj pilgrims bound for Mecca, and nine crew members.[2][3] The crash remains the deadliest in Sri Lankan aviation history and the third-deadliest involving a DC-8, after Arrow Air Flight 1285 and Nigeria Airways Flight 2120.[4] At the time of the crash, it was the second-deadliest aviation accident in history, after the crash of Turkish Airlines Flight 981 which occurred earlier that same year.[5]

Flight 138 departed Juanda International Airport in Surabaya at approximately 12.03 UTC, with a stopover at Bandaranaike Airport in Colombo. At around 16.30 UTC air traffic control in Colombo cleared the flight. At 16.38 UTC another air traffic controller is said to have intervened, cleared the flight down to 5,000 ft (1,500 m) and reported clearing to 8,000 ft (2,400 m). Colombo approach then cleared the flight down to 2,000 ft (610 m) at 16.44 and told the flight to expect a runway 04 approach. The crew aboard Flight 138 were then asked to report when the airport was in sight. The crew then continued their descent until the aircraft crashed into Saptha Kanya Mountain range at an altitude of approximately 4,355 ft (1,327 m) and at around 40 nmi (74 km; 46 mi) east of Colombo.

Aircraft and crew

The aircraft was a McDonnell Douglas DC-8 which carried the registration PH-MBH built in 1966. It was fitted with Pratt and Whitney engines which were modified by KLM. The aircraft was owned by the Dutch company Martinair.[4][6]

The crew of Flight 138 was Captain Hendrik Lamme, First Officer Robert Blomsma, Flight Engineer Johannes Wijnands, Purser Ingrid van der Vliet and Flight Attendants Henrietta Borghols, Abdul Hamid Usman, Lilik Herawati, Titia van Dijkum, and Hendrika van Hamburg.[7]

Location

A panoramic view of Virgin hills (Saptha Kanya) mountain range.

The aircraft crashed on the fifth mountain of a range of hills known as "Saptha Kanya" at Therberton estate, Maskeliya, Sri Lanka. It crashed at around 40 nautical miles from Bandaranaike International Airport, Katunayake.[4]

The crash location according to villagers

Cause

Investigators listed the cause of the accident to be a "collision with rising terrain as the crew descended the aircraft below safe altitude owing to incorrect identification of their position vis-a-vis the airport. The investigation is of the opinion that this was the result of dependence on Doppler and Weather Radar Systems on board PH-MBH which left room for misinterpretation."[4]

Events leading to the accident

The aircraft took off from Surabaya International airport Indonesia at approximately 1200 hours on 4 December 1974 to proceed to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia with a programmed stop at Bandaranaike Airport, near Colombo. The aircraft contacted Katunayaka approach control at around 1616 hours indicating that they were 130 miles (113 nmi; 209 km) away and so approach reported the weather conditions and requested the aircraft to change over to Colombo area control for a descent clearance.

The aircraft then descended from 35,000 feet (11,000 m) and was handed back over to approach control. Approach control then cleared the aircraft down to 2,000 feet (610 m) and the flight crew was required to report back if they sighted the airfield or if their position was overhead the 'Katunayake Non-Directional Beacon'. This message was acknowledged by the crew but there was no further communication with the aircraft. Eyewitnesses stated that the plane was flying at a level below normal and there was no evidence of a fire on board and all the engines sounded normal with no malfunctions evident. The sound of the aircraft exploding on impact was heard clearly by residents close to the site of the crash.

Later it was discovered that the aircraft had crashed into the fifth mountain.[4]

Repeated attempts to make contact with the aircraft from approach control met with no success and in consultation with Colombo area control the distress phase was initiated. Search and rescue operations began subsequently. The country of registry of the aircraft (The Netherlands) and the country of manufacture (USA) were informed. Indonesia was also informed of the accident as many of the passengers were nationals of that country.[4]

Memorial

A small memorial has been built in the town of Norton Bridge, which is several miles from the crash site. In addition, a tire which was recovered from the crash site has been put on display to the public. The tire, even though displayed in public, remains property of the Norton Bridge Police. Sri Lankan artist Anton Jones sang about the incident in his song "DC8." A second memorial, placed by family members from Asia and Europe, has been put on the slopes below the place of accident. Approximately 30 years after the accident, Martinair added a plaquette with only the eight names of the crew. On the Lelystad Airfield a memorial has been placed as well. The reason for this location is unknown.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Francillon, René J. (1988). McDonnell Douglas aircraft since 1920 ([Rev. ed.]. ed.). Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. p. 592. ISBN 0870214284.
  2. ↑ "1970". martinair.com. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  3. ↑ "Martinair Holland Flight 138 Hits Mountain Descending into Rising Terrain". timelines.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ranter, Harro. "Accident description". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  5. ↑ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 TC-JAV Bois d'Ermenonville". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  6. ↑ "PH-MBH Garuda Indonesia Douglas DC-8-50". www.planespotters.net. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  7. ↑ "REPORT ON THE ACCIDENT TO MARTINAIR DC-8 PH-MBH ON 14 DECEMBER 1974" (PDF). Ministry of Transport, Department of Civil Aviation. 16 June 1975. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
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