Mandarava
Shrine to Mandarava in cave above Lake Rewalsar, Himachal Pradesh, India

Mandāravā (IPA: [mɐndˈaːrɐʋaː], Skt., mandāravā 'Indian coral tree'[1], Tibetan: མནྡཱ་ར་བཱ་མེ་ཏོག, Wylie: man da ra ba me tog)[2] (also known as Pāṇḍaravāsinī)[3] was, along with Yeshe Tsogyal, one of the two principal consorts of great 8th-century Indian Vajrayana teacher Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche), a founder-figure of Tibetan Buddhism. Mandarava is considered to be a female guru-deity in Tantric Buddhism or Vajrayana.

According to her biographer Samten Lingpa, she was born a princess in Zahor, Bengal in eastern India.[4] She renounced her royal birthright at an early age in order to practice the Dharma. Mandarava is known as being highly educated at a very young age,[5] a rare accomplishment for a woman at that time. She was the primary student of Yeshe Tsogyal. Mandarava's devotion led her to bring at least 800 women, including her entire personal retinue, to the path of the Dharma, all before meeting her teacher, Padmasambhava.[6]

Mandarava is said to have attained full enlightenment in the company of Padmasambhava in the Maratika Cave in Nepal.[7] She is considered to have been a fully realized spiritual adept, yogini, and spiritual teacher.

Biography

There is one published English translation of Mandarava's complete spiritual biography which includes several chapters detailing each of her previous incarnations.[8] Portions of Mandarava's biography can be found in several other English language sources.[9]

Mandarava statue. Close-up. Mata Kuan Rani Temple, Mandi, 2010.

Early life

According to one tradition, Mandarava was born to Vihardhara, the King of Zahor, and his wife the Queen Mohauki (also known as Wangmo Ogema).[10] Her birth was said to be accompanied by miraculous signs[11][2] and her renunciation and spiritual inclination were apparent at an early age.[12][2]

Like many other accomplished yoginis, Mandarava was pressured to accept an arranged marriage instead of practicing the dharma. This theme is common to the lives of Yeshe Tsogyal and Ayu Khandro, among others. However Padmasambhava recognised her immediately as being ready for the dharma in the secret Dzogchen. As Mandarava was very beautiful and of high birth, news of her eligibility spread throughout India and China. As a result, many kings from these areas vied to marry her. Mandarava preferred to pursue her spiritual calling rather than marry.[13] Her father would not hear of this and had Mandarava imprisoned in the palace dungeon.[14]

It was during this time, in two different episodes, that Mandarava led at least 800 women, including her entire personal retinue, to the path of the Dharma. In the first incident, Mandarava gave teachings to a group of 300 noble women. Based on these teachings, this group of women all took the Bodhisattva vows, began serious meditation practice, and together built a temple where they could practice.[15] On another occasion, Mandarava interceded to end a war and then offered teachings to a group of 500 women who would have been affected by the war. They too took up serious spiritual practice as a result of Mandarava's dharma teachings.[16]

At this point, recognizing her seriousness, Mandarava's father sends all suitors away and Mandarava takes both ordination vows and bodhisattva vows. In order to protect his daughter, Mandarava's father then ordered all 500 women in her retinue to also undertake ordination. A new palace was built for Mandarava and her ordained retinue, not far from the palace of her parents.[17]

Meeting Padmasambhava

Mata Kuan Rani Temple shrine and attendant in Mandi, H.P., India

It was during a spiritual retreat with many of the women she converted to Buddhism, that Mandarava and her retinue met Padmasambhava.[18]

Mandarava's father was fearful of the contamination of the royal bloodline and what he perceived as Mandarava's apostasy. Thus, her father endeavoured to have both Mandarava and Padmasambhava purified by immolation through the flames of a pyre. Instead of finding their corpses incensed and charred, Vihardhara finds that the fire of the pyre has been transformed into Lake Rewalsar near Mandi (Zahor) in Himachal Pradesh, India, out of which arises a blooming lotus supporting the unharmed Mandarava and Padmasambhava. In this process, they achieve their secret names of Vajravarahi and Hayagriva, respectively. It is then that Mandarava's father blesses their relationship.[19][2]

Spiritual practice

Mandarava realized her calling to spread the Dharma with Padmasambhava, thereby fulfilling the prediction of her birth that she was a dakini. Thus, at 16 years of age, Mandarava became the first of Padmasambhava's five historical spiritual consorts and together they practiced at Maratika (known as Haleshi in the local dialect), the Cave of Bringing Death to an End. Maratika Cave, and later Maratika Monastery, is located in Khotang District of Nepal.[20] Both Mandarava and Padmasambhava achieved the unified vajra body on the vidyadhara level of mastery and realised some of the practices of long life or longevity that were concealed in the Maratika Cave as terma by 'Dakini Sangwa' (Wylie: mKha' 'gro gSang ba), the terma constituted the teachings of Buddha Amitabha and they were elementally encoded as terma at the behest of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. Later, while Padmasambhava continued to spread the teachings throughout the Himalayan region, Mandarava remained in India.

Mandarava is said to have manifested her sambhogakaya form at the great Dharma Wheel of Tramdruk where she engaged in a dialogue of mantra and mudra with Padmasambhava. Extensive details of this are rendered in the Padma Kathang.

In addition, there is evidence that alongside Padmasambhava, Mandarava practiced the Hayagriva Mechar sadhana cycle which now comprises part of the Great Play of the Quintessential Lotus and the Treasury of One Thousand Essential Instructions of Tantra on the Union of Hayagriva and Vajravarahi. Later, during a meeting between Mandarava and Yeshe Tsogyal, Mandarava taught Yeshe Tsogyal the "thirteen pith instructions on Hayagriva".[21]

Through practice and diligence, Mandarava realised a degree of spiritual mastery equal to that of Padmasambhava, evidenced in her honorific name Machig Drupa Gyalmo (ma gcig grub pa'i rgyal mo), "Singular Queen Mother of Attainment".

Additional biographical sources

Additional biographical information about Mandarava can be found in the following sources.

Additional Tibetan language sources

Jamgon Kongtrul relates the story of Mandarava within In The Precious Garland of Lapis Lazuli.

Another story of Mandarava is found in the 14th century Padma Thang Yig Sheldrang Ma terma of Orgyen Lingpa.

Samten Lingpa (also known as Tagsham Nu Den Dorje), a terton from the second half of the 17th century, consecrated six folios to Mandarava and Padmasambhava and their meditation practices in Maratika Cave.

Additional English language sources

A summary of Mandarava's life, based on The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava,[8] can be found on The Treasury of Lives website.[9]

There is a description of the meeting of Yeshe Tsogyal with Mandarava to exchange spiritual teachings in Sky Dancer: The Secret Life and Songs of the Lady Yeshe Tsogyel.[22]

Emanations and reincarnations

Niguma, 11th century dakini and co-founder of the Shangpa Kagyu school of Vajrayana Buddhism

As Mandarava attained the vajra rainbow body (jalus), she is held to be present in the world now spreading and inspiring the Dharma through various incarnations in both the east and the west.

  • The dakini Niguma is considered to be an incarnation of Mandarava.[2]
  • The female tertön Jetsunma Do Dasel Wangmo Rinpoche (1928-2019) of Kham, Tibet, is understood as an emanation of Mandarava.[23]
  • In the USA, Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo was recognized by Lama Orgyen Kusum Lingpa as an emanation of Mandarava.[24][25]

Iconography

Mandarava statue in Samye Ling, Scotland

The iconography of Mandarava in her sambhogakaya form often depicts her with white skin with a tinge of red and wearing regal bodhisattva ornamentation. In this form, in her right hand she often holds the dadar (or arrow) a teaching tool and ritual implement which is a powerful polyvalent symbol of Dzogchen, disciplic succession, lineage and transmission.

Mandarava is also often depicted adorned with banners and a melong (or mirror) which is another ritual implement, teaching tool and polyvalent symbol of Dzogchen representing the clear, reflective and void (or empty and ethereal) nature of mind. Mandarava's left hand often holds a bumpa or long-life vase or wisdom urn of the ashtamangala.

Mandarava is usually depicted in a standing pose, yet there are some depictions of her seated (in meditative postures), and occasional depictions of Mandarava in an energetic dance, with her right leg raised, denoting her enlightened activity and dakini nature.

When depicted with Padmasambhava, Mandarava is often iconographically represented on his right side while Yeshe Tsogyal will be on his left.[26][27]

Teachings and lineages

Teachings and spiritual practices arising from Mandarava are being practiced today by a variety of lineages and Buddhist organizations. Many of these focus either on long life practices or the consecration of sacred spiritual medicines.

For example, the female terton Dechen Chökyi Wangmo (Wylie: bDe chen Chos kyi dBang mo; 1868–1927) revealed a terma that includes Mandarava.[28]

bDe chen Chos kyi dBang mo (Dechen Chökyi Wangmo) was a student of the famous Bon teacher Shar rdza bKra shis rGyal mtshan (1859–1934). When she was 51 years old (Earth-Horse Year/1918), near the hermitage of Nor bu phug, at dMu-rdo in rGyal mo rGya'i rong, she revealed a textual treasure (dBang mo'i rnam thar). This gter ma contains sixteen hagiographies of female saints, including those of Maṇḍarava and Ye shes mTsho rgyal, and seems to be one of the few Bonpo treasure texts revealed by a woman in recent times.[28]

The terton Chögyal Namkhai Norbu has realized and transmitted a terma of spiritual practices of Mandarava along with oral instructions specifying the iconography of Mandarava and how she is to be depicted in thangka.[29]

Other sources for Mandarava practices include Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche's terma as offered by Gochen Tulku Sang-ngag Rinpoche.[30]

The Chime Soktik, a terma received by Mandarava and Padmasambhava directly from Buddha Amitayus, has become the central long life practice of the Dudjom Tersar lineage.

Associations

The city of Mandi in Himachal Pradesh, India, is said to be named after Mandarava,[31] and many shrines and important pilgrimage sites to Mandarava can be found there today.

There may be a relationship between Mandarava and the tree with the same colloquial name and the scientific name of Erythrina (also called the 'coral tree').[2] Chapter 16 of the Lotus Sutra mentions, "Mandarava blossoms rain down, scattering over the Buddha and the great assembly. This has been verified by numerous sources".[32]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Apte, Vaman Shivaram (1965). The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary: containing appendices on Sanskrit prosody and important literary and geographical names of ancient India (4th Revised and Enlarged ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 743. ISBN 978-0-89581-171-4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Padmasambhava 1994, p. .
  3. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, p. 20.
  4. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 78, 116.
  5. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 97–101.
  6. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 105–108, 113–118.
  7. ↑ Buffetrille 2012.
  8. 1 2 Samten Lingpa 1998.
  9. 1 2 Jacoby 2007.
  10. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, p. 174.
  11. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 82–91.
  12. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 92–96.
  13. ↑ Padmasambhava 1994, p. : "He allowed her to choose, without pressure, the life she was called to".
  14. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, p. 126.
  15. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 105–108.
  16. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, p. 113-118.
  17. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 128–30.
  18. ↑ Gyatso, Janet. In Samten Lingpa 1998, "Introduction", p. 9.
  19. ↑ Samten Lingpa 1998, pp. 142–151.
  20. ↑ about 185 kilometres south west of Mount Everest.
  21. ↑ Changchub & Nyingpo 2002, p. 163.
  22. ↑ Dowman 1984, p. 147-150.
  23. ↑ Chodar 2013, pp. 3, 53.
  24. ↑ Sherrill 2000.
  25. ↑ Johnson 2004.
  26. ↑ Meulenbeld 2001, p. 52.
  27. ↑ Huntington & Bangdel 2004, p. 150.
  28. 1 2 Rossi 2008, pp. 371–72.
  29. ↑ Norbu 1999.
  30. ↑ Tara's Refuge 2013.
  31. ↑ Dowman 1984, p. 265.
  32. ↑ Watson n.d.

Works cited

  • Buffetrille, Katia (2012). "Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves". In Buffetrille, Katia (ed.). Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 31. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 163–208. ISBN 978-9004232174. ISSN 1568-6183 – via Academia.edu.
  • Chodar, Thubten (2013). Luminous Moonlight: The Biography of Do Dasel Wangmo. Translated by Sarah Schneider. Pagosa Springs, CO: Machig Publication. ISBN 978-0989358804.
  • Dowman, Keith (1984). Sky Dancer: The Secret Life and Songs of the Lady Yeshe Tsogyel. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-9576-7.
  • Changchub, Gyalwa; Nyingpo, Namkhai (2002). Lady of the Lotus-born: The Life and Enlightenment of Yeshe Tsogyal. Translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. Boston & London: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-544-1.
  • Huntington, John; Bangdel, Dina (2004). The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art. Chicago: Serindia Publications. ISBN 978-1932476019.
  • Jacoby, Sarah (August 2007). "Mandāravā". The Treasury of Lives. ISSN 2332-077X. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  • Johnson, Allie (April 22, 2004). "Trouble in Shangri-La". The Pitch. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  • Meulenbeld, Ben (2001). Buddhist Symbolism in Tibetan Thangkas: The Story of Siddhartha and Other Buddhas Interpreted in Modern Nepalese Painting. Netherlands: Binkey Kok. ISBN 978-9074597449.
  • Norbu, Namkhai (1999). The Practice of Long Life on the Immortal Dakini Mandarava. Series of Teachings. Vol. 118 E. Shang-Shung Editioni.
  • Padmasambhava (1994). Advice from the Lotus-Born: A Collection of Padmasambhava's Advice to the Dakini Yeshe Tsogyal and Other Close Disciples. Translated by Erik Pema Kunsang. Boudhanath, Arhus & Hong Kong: Rangjung Yeshe Publications. ISBN 962-7341-20-7.
  • Rossi, Donatella (2008). "Mkha' 'gro dbang mo'i rnam thar, The biography of the gter ston ma Bde chen chos kyi dbang mo (1868-1927?)". Revue d'Études Tibétaines. 15: 371–78.
  • Samten Lingpa (1998). The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava: the Indian Consort of Padmasambhava. Translated by Lama Chönam; Sangye Khandro. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0861711444.
  • Sherrill, Martha (April 16, 2000). "The Buddha from Poolesville". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  • Tara's Refuge (April 14, 2013). "Mandarava Empowerment". Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  • "Chapter Sixteen: The Life Span of the Tathagata". The Lotus Sutra. Translated by Watson, Burton. n.d. Retrieved 2022-12-08 – via Nichiren.info.

Further reading

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