Ma'anyan
Pronunciation[maʔaɲan]
Native toIndonesia
RegionKalimantan
Native speakers
150,000 (2003)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3mhy
Glottologmaan1238

Maanyan or Maʼanyan (also Maanjan or Maanyak Dayak) is an Austronesian language belonging to the East Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000 Ma'anyan people (one of the Dayak peoples) living in the province of Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is most closely related to the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar, although these languages are not mutually intelligible due to geographical distance.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Fricative s h
Trill r
Lateral l
Approximant w j

/r/ can also be heard as a tap sound [ɾ].

Vowels

Front Back
Close i u
Open ɛ a

/i, u/ can be heard as [ɪ, ʊ] in closed syllables.[2]

Connection with Malagasy

The Malagasy language is an Austronesian language spoken in Madagascar. Malagasy is believed to have originated from the Southeast Barito language, and Ma'anyan is believed to be its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords.[3][4] It is known that Ma'anyan people were brought as labourers and slaves by Malay and Javanese people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD.[5][6][7] There is high lexical similarity with other East Barito languages like Paku (77%) and Dusun Witu (75%).

Vocabulary

Vocabulary comparison between Malay, Banjarese, Ma'anyan, and Malagasy.

MalayBanjareseMa'anyanMalagasyEnglish
monyetwarikwarikvarika ('lemur')monkey
bembanbambanwaman
bulianbalianwadian
patihpatihpatisregent
lamalawaslawahlavalong (as in time)
kawankawalkawal/hengaunamanafriend
obattatambatatambatambavymedicine
senangarayarayravohappy, easy
masihmagunpagunmanangona ('to accumulate')to keep ...ing
aryaariauria
demangdamangdamhongspider

References

  1. ↑ Ma'anyan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Gudai, Darmansyah (1988). A Grammar of Maanyan, A Language of Central Kalimantan. Australian National University.
  3. ↑ Dahl, Otto Christian (1951). Malgache et maanjan: une comparaison linguistique. Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (in French). Oslo: Egede-Instituttet. p. 13.
  4. ↑ There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See Adelaar, K. Alexander (2006). "The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence". In Truman Simanjuntak; Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh; Muhammad Hisyam (eds.). Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences. pp. 8–9.
  5. ↑ Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The Culture History of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi:10.1007/bf00997802. hdl:2027.42/45256.
  6. ↑ Burney, David A.; Burney, Lida Pigott; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Jungers, William L.; Goodman, Steven M.; Wright, Henry T.; Jull, A. J. Timothy (2004). "A Chronology for Late Prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.
  7. ↑ Kumar, Ann (2012). "Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia's Maritime Reach". In Wade, Geoff (ed.). Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 101–122.
Maʼanyan language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator


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