Lyre Abbey
Lyre Abbey (17th century)
Monastery information
Full nameThe Abbey of Our Lady of Lyre
Other namesAbbaye Notre-Dame de Lyre
Orderby mid-12th century Benedictine
Established1046
Disestablished1790
Dedicated toVirgin Mary
Diocese Rouen
People
Founder(s)William FitzOsbern, Lord of Breteuil, Earl of Hereford.
Important associated figuresRobert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, Thomas Becket, Cardinals Jean Le Veneur, Hippolyte d'Este, Louis d’Este, Louis of Lorraine (1586-1588), Louis of Lorraine (1593-1598), Jacques Davy Duperron, Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan Maurists.
Site
LocationLa Vieille-Lyre, Eure, France
Coordinates48°55′06″N 0°45′00″E / 48.9183°N 0.75°E / 48.9183; 0.75
Visible remainspart of abbot’s residence

Lyre Abbey (French: L'abbaye Notre-Dame de Lyre) was a monastery in Normandy, founded in 1046 at what is now the village of La Vieille-Lyre. From the mid-12th century it was a Benedictine house. It was abolished at the French Revolution and the abbey buildings mostly destroyed.

History

Foundation

One of the many monasteries that sprang up in Normandy in the 11th century, the abbey of Lyre was founded in 1046, a near contemporary of Bec Abbey and the two great monasteries at Caen, the Abbaye aux Dames and the Abbaye aux Hommes (Saint-Étienne).

William FitzOsbern, (c. 1020-1071), Lord of Breteuil, and his wife Adeliza de Tosny founded the abbey.[1] FitzOsbern is one of the very few proven companions of William the Conqueror known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He was a relative and close counsellor of William, being later made Earl of Hereford. From its founder the abbey received important grants in its immediate vicinity, but also further afield.[2] In the wake of the Norman conquest FitzOsbern became one of the great magnates of early Norman England, acquiring extensive lands there, from which he made generous donations to Lyre Abbey, which emerges in the Domesday Book as one of the Norman abbeys with the greatest landholdings in England.[3]

Throughout the 12th century Lyre continued to receive lands and rents both in England and in Normandy. The principal benefactor in this period was Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, Count of Meulan, a major figure close to Kings Henry I and Stephen. This was a period when Lyre’s scriptorium was very active, bearing witness to the abbey’s vitality and prestige by the quality of the illuminated manuscripts it produced and which are now conserved in libraries throughout Europe. In the mid-12th century the monks undertook the rebuilding of the abbey church but in 1188 it was destroyed in a fire. The subsequent rebuilding, in 1199, then lasted until the French Revolution.[4]

During the century following the abbey extended by purchase its lands and rents. The visitation carried out in 1269 by Eudes Rigaud, Archbishop of Rouen,[5] records the presence of 37 monks in the monastery, but also 15 more resident in England or in Wales[6] at the Lyre dependencies of Carisbrooke (Isle of Wight), Hinckley (Leicestershire), Livers Ocle (Herefordshire) and Wareham (Dorset) in England and Llangua (Monmouthshire) in Wales.

Decline

The Order of St Benedict underwent a crisis from the 12th century onwards and the baton passed in some sense to the Cistercian Order and to the new formula of the mendicant orders, in particular the Franciscans and the Dominicans. The donations of the wealthy faithful followed the trend and Lyre Abbey was no exception among existing monasteries in finding itself with reduced donations.

Seal of Abbot Guillaume Le Bas

The Hundred Years' War was an accelerating factor in the decline, the abbey being twice pillaged by the forces of King Charles II of Navarre (Charles the Bad) in about 1359 and again in 1365. In 1419, Normandy came under English rule. When, however, in 1430, a new abbot Guillaume le Bas, a monk of Jumièges Abbey, was imposed on the monastery, the monks resisted on the grounds that he was too favourable to England and in 1440 it took an escort of English troops to enable the abbot to take possession. When in 1449, the forces of Charles VII of France retook the territory, Guillaume le Bas submitted to the new regime but the opposition of his monks continued. The abbot resisted and finally left the abbey only in 1463, when he was appointed Latin Bishop of Avlonari in Greece.

A whole new chapter of woes opened for Lyre as for so many other monasteries with the advent of commendatory abbots. High-ranking outsiders, not rarely laymen, were appointed to be heads of monastic houses as a reward for their service to the crown. Few resided at the monastery, but through an intermediary they syphoned off a substantial proportion of the monastery’s income. In the first half of the 16th century the commendatory abbot of Lyre was the Cardinal, Bishop of Lisieux, who occupied more or less simultaneously the same post at six other abbeys including Mont-Saint-Michel and Bec. While the revenues flowed out to the commendatory abbots, the monastery buildings in many places fell into ruin for want of funds to repair them.

The Lyre Abbey arms after 1646[7].

In 1646 an important change came about when the then commendatory abbot, the Bishop of Évreux, Jacques Le Noël du Perron brought to the abbey the Maurist reform.[8] The aggregation to the Congregation of Saint-Maur meant at first an influx of more monks to join the existing community. A new and more austere lifestyle was introduced and a dedication to scholarly activities. From the end of the 17th century the Maurists reconstructed practically all the abbey buildings, but the new burst of energy did not succeed in galvanizing recruitment and in 1698 there were only 7 monks.[9]

The arrival of the Maurists did not mean that the appointment of commendatory abbots had ceased and in the 18th century Lyre was in the hands of two prelates of the House of Rohan, both Prince Bishops of Strasbourg.

Suppression

The end of Lyre Abbey at the time of the French Revolution came in two phases.

Consequent upon the decision taken on 13 February 1790 by the National Assembly to dissolve all religious orders, the ten monks of Lyre were thrown into crisis. Already their relations with the local villagers were tense, exacerbated by the revolutionary propaganda which included them in the hated landowning classes. By nightfall on 16 May several of the abbey’s valuables had already been stolen, though some of the locals accused the monks themselves of being responsible. As the situation evolved, the community, minus the prior and subprior, were in effect prisoners for months in their own house. When finally they were allowed to leave, the abbey as a monastic community ended seven and a half centuries of existence.

In the second phase, the abbey buildings, having been like all similar properties throughout France declared possessions of the state, started to be leased out from September 1790 and were then eventually sold off in lots. The abbey church was made the parish church, but its parlous condition prompted the parishioners to abandon it again for their original church. In November 1797 they were vindicated when the abbey church collapsed in part, and in early 1798 the decision was taken to sell off the rest of the buildings. There was a general demolition; stone and funeral monuments were all carried off and the trees felled. By 1804 an official survey noted that there was no further trace of the abbey, except for part of the abbot’s residence.

Abbots

Monastic abbots

  • Robert du Châlet (c. 1050-), first abbot.
  • Erfast[10]
  • Bernon
  • Ernault or Arnault
  • Hildevert or Hildebert
  • Gilbert I de Glos
  • Guillaume I
  • Raoul I[11]
  • Hildier (-1147)[12]
  • Guillaume II (1148-1166)
  • Osbert or Osbern (-1177)[13]
  • Geoffroy I (1177-1206)[14]
  • Guillaume III de Ferrières (1206-1216)[15]
  • Robert de l’Isle (1216-1221)
  • Richard of Leicester (1221-1226)
  • Jean I d’Almenesches (1226-1241)
  • Geoffroy de la Vallée (1241-1246)
  • Gilbert de la Haye (1246-1262)
  • Robert II de Gauville (1262-1282)
  • Raoul II de Romilly (1282-1296)[16]
  • Guillaume IV Héduart (1297-1329)
  • Hildier II (1330-1331)
  • Robert III (1332-1334)
  • Guillaume V Tesson (1334-1350)
  • Jean II (1350-1362)
  • Guillaume VI Leblond (1362-1367)
  • Guillaume VII (1367-1374)
  • Georges Nizier or Le Mercier (1374-1389)
  • Astorge de Beauclerc (1390-1400)
  • Etienne du Pré (1400-1414; resigned)
  • Simon de Monceaux (1414-1440)
  • Guillaume Le Bas (1440-1463; later Latin Bishop of Avlonari)

Commendatory abbots before the Maurist Reform

Commendatory Abbots from the Maurist Reform

  • Jacques Le Noël du Perron (1622-1648; died 1649)
  • Louis Barbier de La Rivière (1649-1670)
  • Jacques Bretel de Grémonville (1670-1686)
  • Jean-Jacques Séguier de La Verrière (1688-1689)
  • Louis VI de Calvière (1689-1698)
  • Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan (1698-1713; a cardinal)
  • Pierre de Pardaillan de Gondrin (1713-1733)
  • Louis Constantin de Rohan (1734-1779)
  • François de Narbonne-Lara (1779-1789; last abbot)

Burials

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Lewis, C. P. (2004). "William fitz Osbern, earl". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9620. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ↑ Marie Fauroux (ed.), Recueil des actes des ducs de Normandie (911-1066), in Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie 36 (1961), acte n. 120
  3. ↑ S.F. Hockley, William FitzOsbern and the Endowment of his Abbey of Lyre, in R. Allen Brown (ed.), Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies III, Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1981, pp. 96-105.
  4. ↑ Charles Guéry, Histoire de l’abbaye de Lyre, Imprimerie de l’Eure, Évreux, 1917, p. 37.
  5. ↑ Honoré Fisquet, La France pontificale (Gallia Christiana): histoire chronologique et biographique [..] Metropole de Rouen: Rouen, Etienne Repos, Paris, 1864, pp. 123-132.
  6. ↑ Théodose Bonnin (ed.), Registrum visitationum archiepiscopi rothomagensis, Le Brument, Rouen, 1852, pp. 218, 306, 626.
  7. ↑ Armes de l'abbaye
  8. ↑ Charles Guéry, Histoire de l’abbaye de Lyre, Imprimerie de l’Eure, Évreux, 1917, p. 240.
  9. ↑ Louis Duval, État de la généralité d’Alençon sous Louis XIV, 1890, p. 34.
  10. ↑ Like his successors till Raoul I, he was a monk from the Abbey of Saint-Evroul. Cf. Cassandra Potts, Monastic Revival and Regional Identity in Early Normandy, Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 1997, pp. 112, 188
  11. ↑ A monk from Bec Abbey who introduced the Rule of St Benedict
  12. ↑ A monk from the Abbey of Saint-Evroul
  13. ↑ A younger brother of Abbot Guillaume II, he gave hospitality to the exiled Thomas Becket.
  14. ↑ The youngest brother of Abbot Guillaume II
  15. ↑ He was made a canon of Hereford Cathedral
  16. ↑ Resigned on the grounds of age
  17. ↑ Half-brother of King Henry IV of France. Cf. Joseph Bergin, The Making of the French Episcopate, 1589–1661, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, p. 581; Louis Dussieux, Généalogie de la maison de Bourbon: de 1256 à 1871, Lecoffre, Paris, 1872, p. 81; Nicolas Louis Achaintre, Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de Bourbon, t. 2, Mansut, Paris, 1825, p. 26.

Reading

  • Charles Guéry, Histoire de l’abbaye de Lyre, Imprimerie de l’Eure, Évreux, 1917. gallica.bnf.fr
  • Laurent Ridel, Nigel Wilkins, Notre-Dame de Lyre : Histoire d'une abbaye disparue, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Presses universitaires de Rouen et du Havre, 2019, (ISBN 979-10-240-0452-5).
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